Development of International Chinese Language Education in Iran:An Analysis in the Context of Iran’s Foreign Language Policy Characteristics

This paper focuses on examining the relevant policies concerning Chinese language education within Iran’s foreign language education policy framework from the perspective of its historical context.By analyzing the characteristics of Iran’s foreign language policy and the current situation of Chinese language teaching in Iran,this paper studies the future development of international Chinese language education in Iran.

The Influence of Congress on US Foreign Policy

As the legislative branch,congress,with the executive branch,and the judiciary branch together constitute the three components of the US government.Its impact cannot be ignored.This essay is mainly focused on the status and influence of the Congress in foreign policy.By giving a general introduction to the Congress from its constitutional power,its influence in diplomatic policies,the essay highlighted the importance of the involvement of Congress in foreign policy.

U. S. Foreign Policy Trend

Wang: We have discussed issues concerning the influence of "overthrowing Saddam" at the regional level and its trend. Next, it is necessary for us to go deeper and discuss it at the global level. It is very clear that "striking Iraq," "overthrowing Saddam," and "

Trump Administration’s Foreign Policy:Structure, Causes and Impacts

The US administration's foreign policy embodies the strategic framework of great power competition,the slogan of“America First,”and fragmented decision-making.An alignment of factors such as the response to changes in international and domestic environments,the reconstruction of US national identity,the electoral political pressure that Donald Trump faces,and the confluence of Trump and establishment elites creates complex outcomes.Inherently political and partisan,Trump's foreign policy may already have had some irreversible negative impacts,and it is certain that US foreign strategy and policy have entered a major directional adjustment phase.

China's Foreign Policy under New Circumstances (Ⅱ)

The Iraq war and the North Korean nuclear crisis are the two big events that are attracting worldwide attention. The many debates and changes that have arisen around the globe from these two issues, with the former in particular, cannot but cause

Egypt, Possible Conflict and Cooperation Areas in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran

A country’s foreign policy process is also a decision-making process. Foreign policy is a rational, multifaceted, and balanced area that needs to be thought and executed. States operate within the framework of the decisions of governments. The decision-making process can change its direction with reflections and influences from national, regional, and international politics. While some theories think that governments/decision-makers are rational actors, there are other theories. Decision-makers/governments are able to make decisions in accordance with national interests. Who or which institution will determine what a country’s national interest is and whether its foreign policy is in the national interest. Claiming that a foreign policy carried out by political will is in line with national interest and gives it a certain degree of legitimacy and authority. The main problem here is the identification of national interest with the discourse/policies of those officially responsible for the conduct of foreign policy. National interest can best be determined if it has become a verifiable expression of the priorities of a nation. Heads of state trust their advisors in their immediate surroundings when making foreign policy decisions, so it is important to recognize the composition of the immediate environment. In authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, such as Iran, ideology and leader are vital in foreign policy. The Iranian geopolitics, the ideological structure of the political regime, and the constitutional structure, which is constitutionally effective and superior, should be analyzed in order to examine Iran’s foreign policy. This comprehensive assay will naturally exceed the purpose and scope of this study.

Major Features of the New Situation and China's Foreign Policy

Speaking of "China’s foreign policy under new circumstances," there are five features of the new circumstances in my opinion. All these five features will not fundamentally change in accordance with major events such as the Iraq war, and to a certain extent, determine that China’s basic foreign policy need not and will not make major adjustments.

Russian Foreign Policy in Putin Presidency

Valadimir Putin assumed office as President of Russia on 7th May. It is a signfor Russia to enter into a new era. Attention is called to how Russia will imple-ment its foreign policy during Putin presidency, and what is the prospect. I Mr. Putin has started readjusting Russian foreign policy early as Acting Presi-dent. According to the newest version of the "Concept of National Security" andthe "New Foreign Doctrine", it is obvious that Russia will carry on pragmatic for-

THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUR FOREIGN POLICY

After the bombing of our embassy in Belgrade, Chinese students of internationalrelations tensely discussed about China’s international environment. The manyopinions fell into two basic groups. One expressed the belief that the war in Kosovobrought about a fundamental change of the international environment; the othergroup thought that the Kosovo War merely reflected the post-Cold War interna-tional reality rather than changing the international environment. In order to cor-

An Assessment of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and the African Union Security Architecture:Neo-conservative Perspectives

The beginning of the 21st century witnessed a strategic shift in Nigeria’s foreign policy.After the return of Nigeria to civilian rule in 1999,new multilateral diplomacy had to be embarked upon towards the promotion of democracy,peace,and security in Africa.One notable and distinctive feature of the country’s foreign policy from the inception of the Fourth Republic(1999)has been its promotion of African stability through the democratisation process.Nigeria has consistently used the African Union(AU)to pursue an agenda which can be described as neo-conservative,in restoring democracy,peace,and security,in Africa.Given this,this paper examines the neo-conservative foreign policy objectives and the role of the Nigerian state within the African Union security architecture towards the nurturing and advancement of democracy,peace,and security since the return to the civilian rule in 1999.

Readjustment in U.S. Foreign Policy

At the dawn of the new century, the Republicans returned to the White House after eight years in opposition. When President George W. Bush and his foreign policy team were striving to realize their diplomatic ambition, the events of September 11 led them to readjust their foreign policy, thereby a remarkable feature can be seen in Mr. Bush’s initial diplomacy.

Iranian Foreign Policy During Rouhani Presidency: Perspective on Change and Continuity

When Hassan Rouhani as 11th president of Iran was elected,there was a great expectation of changing the Iranian foreign policy.As it was great hope for recovering Iran’s economy.Following his election victory in 2013,President Hassan Rouhani spoke of his desire to construct Iran’s foreign policy with the objective of enhancing mutual trust between Iran and other countries,avoid extremism,and build trust over Iran’s nuclear ambitions.Direct talks with the US soon followed,paving the way for a succession of interim deals and confidence building measures that finally led to the JCPOA.However,despite the euphoria in the Western academic circles on Rouhani who would rapidly change Iran’s foreign policy,there remain constraints in his ability to radically alter the foundations of post-1979 Iranian foreign policy.In fact,the Rouhani administration has pursued a very cautious foreign policy and has maintained the general geopolitical objectives underlying Iran’s external orientation ever since the 1979 Islamic revolution.National interests and state survival have always triumphed over idealistic revolutionary impulses in Iran’s wider foreign policy.This has remained a feature of Rouhani’s foreign policy as well.

Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy in the New World Order System: Foreign Policy Direction and its Determinants

Similar to other countries in the world,there is a linkage between domestic and international actor forces involved in the formulation of Ethiopian foreign policy,since 1991.Obviously,this is due to the fact that foreign policy and domestic politics are interdependent and could spill over into each other.As the goal of every country’s foreign policy is promoting national interest,Ethiopian foreign policy among other things achieving economic development through economic diplomacy.This study aimed to explore determinants of Ethiopian foreign policy in the post 1991.Methodologically,it employed secondary source of data collection and data analysis.The result of this study would shade light on the set of factors that determine Ethiopian foreign policy with the change of global world order from bipolar to multi polar system.It highlighted the challenges and opportunities faced in realizing policy goals by taking into account certain bilateral relations Ethiopia has as case study.The change of global political order witnessed within the end of Cold war has also implications on the Ethiopian foreign policy.As a result of New World Order system,Ethiopian foreign policy orientation is changed from purely stubborn Marxist ideology,to flexible developmental state with numerous alliances,paying great emphasis for economic development,at the expense of security issue.

New Systemic Order and Foreign Policy Strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East

The international system has characteristics that have a direct influence on the foreign policy of the countries.Among these,the systemic cycle of power is one of the most conspicuous features of the global system and the regions that affect this issue.In this vein,the systemic order resulting from the cycle of power in the strategic policy-making circle of units can play a limiting role and influence the type of strategy and strategy.The Islamic Republic of Iran is also one of the units of international order;hence,it is not exceptional.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to examine the order of the Middle East and,accordingly,to determine the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in that region.Accordingly,it assumes that the regional order in the Middle East puts defense strategies,especially deterrence and passive defense,at the forefront of the strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East.So,the present paper,while explaining the order of the international system and the order of the Middle East region,designs the foreign policy strategies of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Tsar Legacy: Russian Foreign Policy in the Mediterranean Area from the Romanovs to Putin

This paper aims at offering an analysis of the attempts of Russian empire before, and the Soviet empire later, until to now, to exert its influence in the Mediterranean area. Drawing also from Russian archival sources, the relations between the Soviet Union and Russia, on one side, and some countries in the Mediterranean or Adriatic areas, like former Yugoslavia or Syria, will be examined. Part of the historiography, firstly Soviet and then Russian, continued to maintain a theory, according to which Stalin’s foreign policy choices were made as a sheer reaction to English and American challenges in the region which goes from the Adriatic to the Persian Gulf. According to others, Stalin’s foreign policy was formed during and immediately after World War II and was dictated by Stalin’s personal ambitions, reinforced by the victory over Nazi Germany. However, the documents consulted until now allow for a new approach and a new evaluation of the events. The picture that emerges from an analysis of the new documentation is more complex than what could have been imagined. The clarification of the objectives and actions to be undertaken in various European countries, where communist regimes were intended to be established, was dictated by pragmatic considerations and by the development of the situation in the various countries under the Soviet influence. In addition, the USSR indirectly aimed at influencing foreign as well as internal policy in countries, such as Italy, which did not belong to the Soviet sphere.

A More Pragmatic and Flexible Foreign Policy

During his second tenure, Clinton will pay more attention to diplomatic workand may make some adjustments in his foreign policy while maintainingcontinuity of the policy during his first tenure.1. The guideline of foreign policy of the new administration would be charac-terized by the following three features:

Reflections on Foreign Language Education Policy Reform in China Under the Background of“One Belt and One Road”Initiative

The initiative of“One Belt and One Road”is an important development strategy under the new normal economic background of China,and foreign economic development relies heavily on foreign language talents of the nation.However,the current foreign language education in China has faced problems from a shortage of compound foreign language talents,inadequacy of foreign languages offered,and imbalanced regional development.Given that the initiative has higher requirements for cultivating foreign language talents,we hold that China’s current foreign language education policy may reform from conducting theoretical studies of foreign language teaching,offering more foreign languages and enhancing professional development of teachers.Conversely,China’s foreign language talents can contribute more to the effective and smooth implementation of the“One Belt and One Road”initiative.