Analysis of Genetic Differences between Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb. and Luffa cylindrica(L.)Roem. by ISSR Markers

The genetic differences among Luffa acutangula （L.） Roxb., Luffa cylindnca （L.） Roem. and their F1 hybrid and F2 population were analyzed by ISSR technolo- gy. The results showed that the genomic DNA of test materials showed a high diversity; the genetic similarity coefficient between both parents was only 0.395; the bands of F1 hybrid mainly consisted of both parents＇; neither FI nor F2 was inherit- ed singly from male or female parent; there was greater genetic variation among F2 population.

Chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.,Curcuma glans K.Larsen&J.Mood and Curcuma cf.xanthorrhiza Roxb.collected in Thailand

Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb.Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Agar-well diffusion assay was used to study the antimicrobial activity and also broth-micro dilution techniques were examined for minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) against four bacterial strains and yeast.Results: The gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed monoterpenes predominantly(88.53%) in the rhizome oil of Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. Sesquiterpenes(50.10%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil of C. glans, while monoterpenes(45.55%) and sesquiterpenes(45.81%) were found in C. aeruginosa with a significant amount. The major components of C. aeruginosa were characterized as camphor(29.39%) and germacrone(21.21%). Germacrone(15.76%), b-pinene(9.97%)and camphor(9.96%) were found as major compounds in the rhizome oils of C. glans while a-terpinolene(24.86%) and p-cymen-7-ol(12.17%) were found as major compositions in Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. The essential oils were tested against four bacterial strains and yeast. As a result, the rhizome oil of C. aeruginosa exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus [inhibition zone(21.94 ± 0.24) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL],Bacillus cereus [inhibition zone(20.83 ± 0.36) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL], and Candida albicans [inhibition zone(11.60 ± 0.30) mm, MIC 250 μg/mL].Conclusions: The essential oils from three Curcuma species possessed greater activity against the gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results suggest that the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Curcuma spp. might be a potential source of natural antimicrobial substances.

多叶姜黄(Curcuma comosa Roxb.)的化学成分

目的对泰国产姜科姜黄属植物多叶姜黄（Curcuma comosa Roxb．）干燥根茎甲醇提取物的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定。方法C.comosa Roxb．的甲醇提取物经乙酸乙酯-正丁醇-水依次萃取后，对各萃取部分采用正一反相硅胶柱色谱和制备型HPLC进行分离，经理化常数测定、核磁共振技术分析等方法鉴定了化合物的结构。结果分离得到8个化合物，分别被鉴定为异蓬莪术环二烯酮（isofuranodienone，1），蓬莪术环二烯酮（furanodienone，2），1（10）Z，4Z-蓬莪术二烯-6-酮[1（10）Z，4Z-furanodiene-6-one，3]，泽泻醇（alismol，4），2，2，6-三甲基-1-氧螺[2，5]辛-5-烯-4-醇（2，2，6-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[2，5]oct-5-en-4-ol，5），卜羟基-α，α，4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醇（1-hydroxy-α，α，4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol，6），6-羟基-3（卜羟基-1-甲基乙基）-6-甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮（6-hydroxy-3（1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl）-6-methyl-2-cyclohexen—1—one，7），（1S，2S，4R）-1，8桉叶素-2—O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（（1S，2S，4R）-2-hydroxy-1，8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside，8）。结论化合物3—8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

沉香(Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.)茎次生木质部结构的研究

利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,对沉香(Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.)茎次生木质部结构进行解剖研究,探讨其构造特点。结果表明,茎材横切面为散孔材,生长轮不明显,导管分子单穿孔板,木材分子非叠生,绝大多数射线为异形Ⅲ型,管孔排列方式多为茎向复管孔或管孔团,具有内函韧皮部。

商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的锰耐性和超积累

超积累植物的确证对成功实施重金属污染环境植物修复是必不可少的。通过野外调查和营养液培养试验 ,研究超积累植物商陆 (PhytolaccaacinosaRoxb )的锰富集特性 ,结果表明 ,商陆对生长介质中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。商陆在锰含量高达 114× 10 3 mgkg-1的尾矿废弃地上依然生长良好 ,叶锰含量最高达 19 3× 10 3 mgkg-1。温室培养条件下 ,当生长介质中Mn浓度为 8 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,虽然其生物量与对照相比有所降低 ,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高 ,商陆叶和茎的Mn含量逐渐增加 ,生物富集系数则逐渐降低 ,但是地上部分锰积累量则先增加后减少。当Mn浓度为 5 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆地上部分锰积累量达到最大值 2 5 8 2mgplant-1;当Mn浓度为 12 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆仍能完成整个生命周期 ,叶锰含量达到最大值 36 4× 10 3 mgkg-1,生物富集系数为 5 5。不同锰供应水平下 ,商陆吸收的锰有87%～ 95 %被转移到地上部分。这进一步验证商陆的锰超积累特性 ,为利用超积累植物对大面积污染土壤实施植物修复提供了有力证据 。

刺桐(Erythrina arborescens Roxb.)原形成层向维管形成层转化的研究

作者对刺桐原形成层向维管形成层转化的研究表明 ,刺桐的维管形成层为叠生形成层 ,由分散的、排列成环的原形成层束转化而来 ,其转化过程是渐进的 .在初生生长的很早阶段就出现了长、短两类细胞 ,即原初的纺锤状原始细胞和原初的射线原始细胞 .它们分别发育转化为维管形成层中的纺锤状原始细胞和射线原始细胞 .在转化过程中 ,长细胞的端壁由平截转变为尖削 ,短细胞则由短的长方形转变成近等径的多边形 .原初的射线原始细胞和射线原始细胞皆含有淀粉粒 ,纺锤状原始细胞的叠生状态直到次生生长出现以后才由于连续的径向垂周分裂而获得 .在 1～ 4年生枝中 ,随着年龄的增长 ,射线高度减小 ,宽度增加 .射线原始细胞可以伸长而转变成纺锤状原始细胞 ,从而将轴向的高射线隔分成矮射线 ,纺锤状原始细胞也可以由于横分裂而产生新的射线 .纺锤状原始细胞的长度一般为 170～ 2 90 μm ;射线原始细胞的长度一般为 2 8～ 5 3μm .

An investigation of cellular distribution of manganese in hyperaccumlator plant Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. using SRXRF analysis

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. （P acinosa） is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from southern China. It is a good candidate for phytoremediation of manganese（Mn） polluted soil for its high biomass and fast growth. Knowledge of the tissue localization and identification of heavy metals can provide essential information on metal toxicity and bioaccumulation mechanisms. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy （SRXRF） microprobe was used in this study to investigate the cellular distributions of Mn and other elements in root, stem, leaf, petiole and midrib of P. acinosa. The highest Mn content was found in the vascular tissues of root, stem, petiole and midrib. Cortex in root played a key role in Mn absorption and Mn was limited in the vascular bundle during the process of transportation in stem. Moreover, Mn content in leaf epidermis was higher than that in mesophyll, which suggested that the sequestration of Mn in leaf epidermis might be one of the detoxification mechanisms of P. acinosa. The significance of other elemental （such as P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu） distribution patterns and the correlation with Mn were also discussed.

Analysis of Genetic Relationship of 64 Local Varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.in Guangdong Based on ISSR Marker

[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the genetic relationship of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.from the Pearl River Basin in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces.[Method] Genetic diversity of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.was analyzed by ISSR molecular marker technique.The genetic relationship among these local varieties was researched by UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient.[Result] 128 bands were amplified from the total DNA of 64 local varieties using 13 ISSR primers,of which 109 bands accounting for 85.15% were polymorphic.It meant that there was rich genetic diversity among the local varieties tested.The genetic similarity coefficients among 64 local varieties were relatively high with a range of 0.500 0-0.929 7.In addition,64 local varieties were divided into two categories and the second could be further divided into 10 subcategories.It was suggested that the genetic relationship of 64 local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.based on ISSR marker analysis has a certain correlation with geographical distribution.[Conclusion] ISSR marker technology was suitable for evaluating genetic relationship and genetic diversity of local varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.in Pearl River Basin,and could provide scientific basis for DNA fingerprinting and identification of varieties of Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

Cytotoxicity study of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D breast cancer cell line

Objective:To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis[Garcinia cowa Roxb.(G.cowa)]on T47 D breast cancer cell line.Methods:The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out against human breast cancer cell line(T47D) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay.The extract was added at various concentrations(0.1.1,10 and 100 μg/mL).The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC_(50),that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract.Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope.Results:The 3-(4.5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltelrazolium bromide assay showed that ethanol extract of G.cowa exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on T47 D with IC_(50) value of(5.10+1.68) μg/mL.Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure to ethanol extract of G.cowa was observed under phase contrast microscope in a dosc-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results suggest the possible use of ethanol extract of asam kandis for preparing herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

Bibliometric Analysis on Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. in China during 2006-2016

The development prospect of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. is receiving much concern of domestic researchers. In this paper,literature of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. was taken as basis,and bibliometric analysis method was used to make statistics of distribution of years,research institutions,authors,and research fields. The results showed that research fields of Pennisetum Sinese Roxb. in China were mainly ecological restoration,accounting for 13. 27% of the total literature; the research took on dynamic and diversified cooperation trend. In recent 5 years,the number of papers significantly increased,accounting for 93. 04% of the total literature. The distribution of authors and regions were relatively concentrated,but the overall level of research is low.

Antimicrobial activity from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. against rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi

In vitro antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum leaves, fruits, stems, and the essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves together with their constituents were investigated against two rice pathogenic fungi： Rhizoctonia solani （sheath blight causal agent） and Bipolaris oryzae （brown spot causal agent）, and two rice pathogenic bacteria： Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo） （bacterial leaf blight causal agent） and pv. oryzicola （Xoc） （bacterial leaf streak causal agent）. Among them, the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and fruits, and the essential oil showed significantly high potential anti-rice microbial activity. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane leave and fruit extracts, myristicin, sarmentine, brachystamide B, brachyamide B, and piperonal were isolated. Moreover, the major constituent of its oil was also myristicin. Myristicin and brachyamide B revealed the highest potent inhibition against R. solani and B. oryzae （half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC5o） of 0.69 and 0.12 mmol L-I）, respectively. Moreover, brachyamide B and piperonal displayed most antibacterial activity against Xoo （MIC/MBC 7.62/1.90 mmol L-1） and Xoc （MIC/MBC 2.59/20.75 mmol L-1）, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil also exhibited the antimicrobial activity against all tested rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. These compounds and the oil were first evaluated for anti-rice pathogenic microbial activity.

Study on Induction of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Polyploids with Colchicine

[ Objective ] This study aimed to obtain Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids and provide high-efficiency raw materials for the preparation of biological pesticides. [Method] Terminal bud growing points of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. seedlings were treated with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% colchicine and 1% agar solution for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, while Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. without treatment was adopted as the control. The mutagenic effect of various concentrations of colchicine was calculated. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants were identified using morphological, anatomical and cytological methods. [ Result] Induction with 0. 2% colchicine for 48 h led to the highest mntagenic effect. Compared with the control, leaf width and leaf thickness of mutants were enhanced by 40. 15% and 33. 25%, respectively; vertical and horizontal diameter of stomata of mutants were enhanced by 30.25% and 60.82%, respectively ; the stomata density of mutants was improved by 150%. Identification of meiotic chromosome of pollen mother cells using compression method showed that the chromosome number of microspore cells of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants was n = 2 x = 36, while that of the control was n = x = 18, indicating that the mutants were tetraploids. [ Conclusion ] Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids were induced using the traditional liquid droplet method, which was easy and direct with simple operation and good effect to acquire a large number of polyploid materials within a short time.

Study on PEG6000 Treatment on Budding Percentage And Germination Rate of Allium Tuberosum Roxb.Seeds

Allium tuberosum Roxb is very popular for its function of stomach-strengthening,spirit-freshening,yang-warming and kidney essencereplenishing,however,its seeds appear to low bud,irregular sapling and other side effects,which result in low yield and poor quality.This paper analyzed effects of PEG6000 concentration on budding percentage in detail.It comes to conclusions that budding percentage of No.1 seed increases from 71% to 92% on the basis of 36 h treatment by 20% PEG6000 and 24 h water-drying,that of No.3 seed ranges from 30.4% to 53.4% on the basis of the same treatment by 10% PEG6000.

Quantification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of an underutilized Indian fruit:Rayan[Manilkara hexandra(Roxb.)Dubard]

The fruit of Manilkara hexandra(Roxb.)Dubard is one of the most underutilized fruits of India and in Gujarat state.It is popularly known as‘Rayan’.The fruit and seed of Rayan were analysed for their total phenolic and flavonoid content,phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity with six different assay methods.The results indicated that the methanolic extract of Rayan fruit being a good source of phenolic(811.3 mg GAE/100 g fw)and flavonoid(485.56 mg RE/100 g fw)content.Also,eleven known phenolic compounds were tentatively identified for the first time from the fruit and seed of Rayan.The LC–MS/MS analysis of fruit revealed the presence of major phenolic compounds such as gallic acid,quercetin and kaempferol,while quercetin,gallic acid and vanillic acid in seed.The presence of quercetin suggests health benefits.The fruit of Rayan was also proved to be a better source of antioxidants as measured by FRAP,RPA,DPPHRSA,ABTSRSA and HRSA except NORSA in comparison with that of seed.The current study explains that M.hexandra is a relatively good source of antioxidants such as phenols and flavonoids for diet.

Genetic divergence for growth and wood parameters in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

The wood analysis for different parameters was carried out in a clonal seed orchard ofDalbergia sissoo Roxb. established during 1997 at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. Twelve clones with higher index value were subjected to Euclidean Cluster Analysis based on wood and growth parameters to group into seven clusters. Cluster I and II contained four and three clones, respectively, and remaining clusters bad just one clone each. Clone originated from Barielly, Uttar Pradesh of cluster VII was found to be the most divergent clone. Cluster II with three clones main- tained greater inter cluster distance with other clusters. The divergence analysis has confirmed that the clones planted in the clonal seed orchard are sufficiently divergent and seed harvested from the orchard would maintain high diversity.

Detection of Resistance and Cross-resistance to Four ALS-inhibiting Herbicides of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. in Paddy Field in Heilongjiang Province

The resistance and cross-resistance of Scirpus juncoides Roxb.to ALS-inhibiting herbicides were tested to provide theoretical basis for effectively control Scirpus juncoides Roxb.and rational use of herbicides.To identify the resistance and crossresistance of 19 populations from nine areas in Heilongjiang Province to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides by agar method and the whole-plant assay.The results are as the followings,the two bioassay methods had good correlation,the resistance indexes in the same area were different by two means,but resistant level was the same,similarity up to 89.5%.The resistant rates to pyrazosulfuronethyl,bensulfuron-methyl,penoxsulam and pyribenzoxim were 26.3%,36.8%,36.1%and 21.1%,respectively.Shangzhi populations evolved the highest level of resistance to pyrazosulfuron-methyl with a resistance index of 15.56.Shangzhi,Tonghe,Fangzheng and Jixi populations showed cross-resistance to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides,accounting for 26.3%.The resistance of Scirpus juncoides Roxb.to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Heilongjiang paddy field was low to moderate,five populations showed cross-resistance to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Genotype × environmental interactions for analyzing adaptability and stability in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

In total 36 superior clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., screened from 300 selections conducted in natural and growing range of India and Nepal, were multiplied using single nodal cuttings and estab- lished to evaluate genotypexenvironmental interactions for adaptability and stability at the age of 30 months in three geographical locations in the state of Punjab, India. Clone 124 had maximum adaptability and stability （bi = 1.04） to perform exceedingly well over the locations. Clones 36 and 1 were stable with mean regression coefficient of 0.84 and 1.22, respectively. Nonetheless, clone 4 1 performed exceedingly well for all the characters to attain maximum population mean, and the perform- ance varied substantially across the locations. Therefore, clone 41 was considered as productive but non-adaptive clone. Though some of the clones were sensitive to sites, 14 clones for height, 16 for collar diameter, 12 for DBH and 7 for volume were relatively un-sensitive with higher regression coefficient. Nonetheless, clone 124 was the most Stable with average bi value of 1.04 and productive, which could play an important role in future breeding and commercial deployment of stable and produc- tive planting stock of Dalbergia sissoo.

CRINISINE，A NEW ALKALOID FROM CRINUM ASIATICUM L．VAR．SINICUM （ROXB．EX HERB）BAKER

From the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Bak., a new alkaloid, crinisine, has been isolated and characterized on the basis of comprehensive spectral analyses. Additionally, three known alkaloids, lycorine, powelline and ermine were also obtained.

Ethyl acetate extract of Smilax glabra Roxb roots and its major active compound astilbin promote osteoblastogenesis in vitro by upregulating bone cell differentiation-associated genes

Objective:To investigate the osteoblastogenic activity of the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of Smilax glabra Roxb roots and its major active compound astilbin.Methods:Astilbin was isolated from EtOAc extract using silica gel chromatography combined with fraction crystallization.Chemical structure of astilbin was determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data in comparison with the literature.MTT method was used to detect the toxicity.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 405 nm using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate.Calcium deposition was stained with alizarin red-S,distained with cetylpyridium chloride,and quantified at 562 nm.In silico model for astilbin-ALP interaction was analyzed using AutoDock 4.2.6.The changes in expression of osteoblast differentiation related genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.Results:Both the EtOAc extract and astilbin had no toxicity toward osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells at 5.0,10,25,and 50μg/mL.At 25μg/mL,they enhanced ALP activity and mineralization of osteoblasts up to 30%and 55%for the EtOAc extract and 22%and 41%for astilbin,respectively.Molecular docking analysis of astilbin-ALP interaction revealed Arg167,Asp320,His324,and His437 were key residues participating in hydrophobic interaction;meanwhile,His434 and Thr436 residues were involved in hydrogen bond formation in the active site of human tissue-nonspecific ALP.Moreover,the expression level of genes opn,col1,osx,and runx2 were up-regulated in astilbin treated samples with the fold changes as 2.2;3.7;4.1;2.3,respectively at 10μg/mL(P<0.05).Conclusions:The EtOAc extract and its major compound astilbin exhibit osteoblastogenic activity by up-regulating important markers for bone cell differentiation.It could be a new and promising osteogenic agent with dual actions for therapeutic applications.

Preliminary Study on the Ecological Agriculture Development Model of"Pennisetum sineseRoxb-Rocky Desertification Control-Edible Mushrooms"in Guizhou Province

In Guizhou Province, the area of rocky desertification land is 3.023 8 million hm^2, accounting for 17.16% of total area of land in the province. Rocky desertification is the most important ecological problem that restricts the economic and social development in Guizhou, so the primary task of ecological construction in Guizhou Province is to curb rocky desertification. How to effectively, efficiently and persistently use rocky desertification land is not only the key to the improvement of ecological environment, but also an urgent problem solved for local people's survival and anti-poverty. Due to having developed roots, growing fast, high yield of grass, strong resistance to drought, and high regeneration capacity, Pennisetum sinese Roxb has become a new method to control rocky desertification. How to use P. sinese Roxb efficiently becomes the key to the ecological control of rocky desertification by P. sinese Roxb. In this study, the ecological agriculture development model of "P. sinese Roxb-rocky desertification control-edible mushrooms" was studied, and the effect of cultivating Pleurotus eryngii with P. sinese Roxb in rocky desertification land was analyzed. Moreover, an outlook for the application of P. sinese Roxb in rocky desertification areas of Guizhou was given.