Polyploidy after hybridization between species can lead to immediate post-zygotic isolation,causing saltatory origin of new species.Although the incidence of polyploidization in plants is high,it is thought that a new...Polyploidy after hybridization between species can lead to immediate post-zygotic isolation,causing saltatory origin of new species.Although the incidence of polyploidization in plants is high,it is thought that a new polyploid lineage can succeed only if it establishes a new ecological niche divergent from its progenitor lineages.We tested the hypothesis that Rhodiola integrifolia from North America is an allopolyploid produced by R. rhodantha and R.rosea and determined whether its survival can be explained by the niche divergence hypothesis.To this end,we sequenced two low-copy nuclear genes(ncpGS and rpb2) in a phylogenetic analysis of 42 Rhodiola species and tested for niche equivalency and similarity using Schoener’s D as the index of niche overlap.Our phylogeny-based approach showed that R integrifolia possesses alleles from both R. rhodantha and rosea Dating analysis showed that the hybridization event that led to R.integrifolia occurred ca.1.67 Mya and niche modeling analysis showed that at this time,both R.rosea and R.rhodantha may have been present in Beringia,providing the opportunity for the hybridization event.We also found that the niche of R.integrifolia differs from that of its progenitors in both niche breadth and optimum.Taken together,these results confirm the hybrid origin of R.integrifolia and support the niche divergence hypothesis for this tetraploid species.Our results underscore the fact that lineages with no current overlapping distribution could produce hybrid descendants in the past,when climate oscillations made their distributions overlap.展开更多
The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(...The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(DSA).First,the effects of operating conditions in a stirred tank reactor(STR),including stirring speed,chlorosulfonic acid/DL molar ratio(η),solvent/DL mass ratio(ζ),reaction temperature and dropping speed of chlorosulfonic acid,on the yield of DSA were investigated.The yield of DSA can reach 87.34%under the optimal operating conditions:stirring speed of 500 r·min^(-1),ηof 4.5,ζof 7,reaction temperature of 150℃,dropping speed of 0.61 ml·min^(-1).In addition,the kinetics of the sulfonation process via the shrinking core model revealed that the reaction is controlled by diffusion via a product layer under the reaction temperature of 140℃.Furthermore,the RPB was employed to intensify the mass transfer between liquid and solid phases during the sulfonation reaction process.The results showed that the DSA yield of 92.69%obtained by RPB was 5.35%higher than that by STR,indicating that RPB can significantly intensify the mass transfer in the liquid-solid phase sulfonation reaction process.展开更多
Rotating packed bed(RPB) is one of the most effective gas–liquid mass transfer enhancement reactors, its effective specific mass transfer area(ae) is critical to understand the mass transfer process. By using the NaO...Rotating packed bed(RPB) is one of the most effective gas–liquid mass transfer enhancement reactors, its effective specific mass transfer area(ae) is critical to understand the mass transfer process. By using the NaOH–CO_(2) chemical absorption method, the aevalues of three RPB reactors with different rotor sizes were measured under different operation conditions. The results showed that the high gravity factor and liquid flow rate were major affecting factors, while the gas flow rate exhibited minor influence.The radius of packing is the dominant equipment factor to affect aevalue. The results indicated that the contact area depends on the dispersion of the liquid phase, thus the centrifugal force of rotating packed bed greatly influenced the aevalue. Moreover, the measured ae/ap(effective specific mass transfer area/specific surface area of packing) values were fitted with dimensionless correlation formulas. The unified correlation formula with dimensionless bed size parameter can well predict the experimental data and the prediction errors were within 15%.展开更多
以采自福建省山区的正红菇Russula griseocarnosa为研究材料,进行ITS(internal transcribed spacer)、RPB2(the second largest subunit of the nuclear RNA polymerase enzyme II)保守区段克隆测序和序列同源性比对。将从GenBank中获...以采自福建省山区的正红菇Russula griseocarnosa为研究材料,进行ITS(internal transcribed spacer)、RPB2(the second largest subunit of the nuclear RNA polymerase enzyme II)保守区段克隆测序和序列同源性比对。将从GenBank中获得的部分红菇属物种ITS和RPB2序列与正红菇序列通过最大简约法进行系统发育分析。基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树表明,福建正红菇与云南大红菌Russula griseocarnosa X.H.Wang,Zhu L.Yang&Knudsen,sp.nov.间序列差异较小,亲缘关系较近,以99%的支持率聚为一簇。福建正红菇与欧洲红菇Russula vinosa及玫瑰红菇Russula rosea间序列差异较大,亲缘关系较远,在系统发育树上聚为不同分枝。基于RPB2序列构建的系统发育树也表明福建正红菇与云南大红菌聚为一簇(支持率94%),而与玫瑰红菇聚为不同分支。展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University of Shaanxi Normal University (GK202103077 to J.Q,Zhang)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.31870194,32070236)。
文摘Polyploidy after hybridization between species can lead to immediate post-zygotic isolation,causing saltatory origin of new species.Although the incidence of polyploidization in plants is high,it is thought that a new polyploid lineage can succeed only if it establishes a new ecological niche divergent from its progenitor lineages.We tested the hypothesis that Rhodiola integrifolia from North America is an allopolyploid produced by R. rhodantha and R.rosea and determined whether its survival can be explained by the niche divergence hypothesis.To this end,we sequenced two low-copy nuclear genes(ncpGS and rpb2) in a phylogenetic analysis of 42 Rhodiola species and tested for niche equivalency and similarity using Schoener’s D as the index of niche overlap.Our phylogeny-based approach showed that R integrifolia possesses alleles from both R. rhodantha and rosea Dating analysis showed that the hybridization event that led to R.integrifolia occurred ca.1.67 Mya and niche modeling analysis showed that at this time,both R.rosea and R.rhodantha may have been present in Beringia,providing the opportunity for the hybridization event.We also found that the niche of R.integrifolia differs from that of its progenitors in both niche breadth and optimum.Taken together,these results confirm the hybrid origin of R.integrifolia and support the niche divergence hypothesis for this tetraploid species.Our results underscore the fact that lineages with no current overlapping distribution could produce hybrid descendants in the past,when climate oscillations made their distributions overlap.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878009)。
文摘The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(DSA).First,the effects of operating conditions in a stirred tank reactor(STR),including stirring speed,chlorosulfonic acid/DL molar ratio(η),solvent/DL mass ratio(ζ),reaction temperature and dropping speed of chlorosulfonic acid,on the yield of DSA were investigated.The yield of DSA can reach 87.34%under the optimal operating conditions:stirring speed of 500 r·min^(-1),ηof 4.5,ζof 7,reaction temperature of 150℃,dropping speed of 0.61 ml·min^(-1).In addition,the kinetics of the sulfonation process via the shrinking core model revealed that the reaction is controlled by diffusion via a product layer under the reaction temperature of 140℃.Furthermore,the RPB was employed to intensify the mass transfer between liquid and solid phases during the sulfonation reaction process.The results showed that the DSA yield of 92.69%obtained by RPB was 5.35%higher than that by STR,indicating that RPB can significantly intensify the mass transfer in the liquid-solid phase sulfonation reaction process.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22008157,21978178)。
文摘Rotating packed bed(RPB) is one of the most effective gas–liquid mass transfer enhancement reactors, its effective specific mass transfer area(ae) is critical to understand the mass transfer process. By using the NaOH–CO_(2) chemical absorption method, the aevalues of three RPB reactors with different rotor sizes were measured under different operation conditions. The results showed that the high gravity factor and liquid flow rate were major affecting factors, while the gas flow rate exhibited minor influence.The radius of packing is the dominant equipment factor to affect aevalue. The results indicated that the contact area depends on the dispersion of the liquid phase, thus the centrifugal force of rotating packed bed greatly influenced the aevalue. Moreover, the measured ae/ap(effective specific mass transfer area/specific surface area of packing) values were fitted with dimensionless correlation formulas. The unified correlation formula with dimensionless bed size parameter can well predict the experimental data and the prediction errors were within 15%.
文摘以采自福建省山区的正红菇Russula griseocarnosa为研究材料,进行ITS(internal transcribed spacer)、RPB2(the second largest subunit of the nuclear RNA polymerase enzyme II)保守区段克隆测序和序列同源性比对。将从GenBank中获得的部分红菇属物种ITS和RPB2序列与正红菇序列通过最大简约法进行系统发育分析。基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树表明,福建正红菇与云南大红菌Russula griseocarnosa X.H.Wang,Zhu L.Yang&Knudsen,sp.nov.间序列差异较小,亲缘关系较近,以99%的支持率聚为一簇。福建正红菇与欧洲红菇Russula vinosa及玫瑰红菇Russula rosea间序列差异较大,亲缘关系较远,在系统发育树上聚为不同分枝。基于RPB2序列构建的系统发育树也表明福建正红菇与云南大红菌聚为一簇(支持率94%),而与玫瑰红菇聚为不同分支。
