目的研究以问题为基础的学习(problem-based learning,PBL联合角色扮演法(role playing teaching,RPT)在神经外科临床见习教学中的作用。方法选取中国医科大学临床医学专业2014级120名学生为研究对象,将其随机分为两组,每组各60人。实...目的研究以问题为基础的学习(problem-based learning,PBL联合角色扮演法(role playing teaching,RPT)在神经外科临床见习教学中的作用。方法选取中国医科大学临床医学专业2014级120名学生为研究对象,将其随机分为两组,每组各60人。实验组采用PBL联合RPT教学,对照组采用传统的以教师授课为中心的授课模式(lecture-based learning,LBL)。实习结束后进行考核,同时通过调查问卷对见习效果进行评价。结果实验组的成绩为(79.37±1.27)分,高于对照组成绩(75.27±1.25)分,组间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组的自主学习能力、学习兴趣、团队合作精神、知识掌握程度、医患沟通技巧、临床问题解决能力、临床思维等均优于对照组,组间比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 PBL联合RPT可明显提高神经外科临床见习教学效果。展开更多
Related party transactions （RPTs） can be used by corporate insiders （e.g., managers, controlling shareholders） to expropriate corporate outsiders （e.g., minority shareholders）. We argue that effective disclosure...Related party transactions （RPTs） can be used by corporate insiders （e.g., managers, controlling shareholders） to expropriate corporate outsiders （e.g., minority shareholders）. We argue that effective disclosure of RPTs can eliminate or at least reduce expropriation phenomena by letting corporate outsiders assess the fairness of the transactions and identify the underlying conflicts of interest. We consider a sample of large RPTs carried out by listed corporations in Italy, a country that has been affected by significant corporate scandals in recent years. In particular, we analyse the content of several compulsory informative documents, required by CONSOB （the Italian Securities and Exchange Commission）, concerning large RPTs. The focus of our content analysis is on the ＂warnings＂ sections of these documents that should convey clear and comprehensive information on potential risks and conflicts of interest. Our empirical results show that, while the ＂warnings＂ sections of the studied documents generally contain all the information required by existing rules, the depth of the information provided is often unlikely to be sufficient to communicate the implications of the RPTs. Thus, readers may not find the disclosed information adequate to evaluate the fairness of the transactions. Moreover, visual representations are rarely used in the informative documents. The use of such representations could allow companies to convey the structures and features of complex RPTs in a simpler and more direct way.展开更多
文摘Related party transactions （RPTs） can be used by corporate insiders （e.g., managers, controlling shareholders） to expropriate corporate outsiders （e.g., minority shareholders）. We argue that effective disclosure of RPTs can eliminate or at least reduce expropriation phenomena by letting corporate outsiders assess the fairness of the transactions and identify the underlying conflicts of interest. We consider a sample of large RPTs carried out by listed corporations in Italy, a country that has been affected by significant corporate scandals in recent years. In particular, we analyse the content of several compulsory informative documents, required by CONSOB （the Italian Securities and Exchange Commission）, concerning large RPTs. The focus of our content analysis is on the ＂warnings＂ sections of these documents that should convey clear and comprehensive information on potential risks and conflicts of interest. Our empirical results show that, while the ＂warnings＂ sections of the studied documents generally contain all the information required by existing rules, the depth of the information provided is often unlikely to be sufficient to communicate the implications of the RPTs. Thus, readers may not find the disclosed information adequate to evaluate the fairness of the transactions. Moreover, visual representations are rarely used in the informative documents. The use of such representations could allow companies to convey the structures and features of complex RPTs in a simpler and more direct way.
