葡萄细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2互作蛋白筛选与鉴定

【目的】从葡萄中克隆细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2,获得VvRR2的互作蛋白,为阐明VvRR2在欧洲葡萄抗病反应中的作用机制提供依据。【方法】对葡萄接种白粉病菌,提取总RNA后反转录,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测VvRR2转录本对白粉病菌的响应;构建瞬时表达载体p BI221-VvRR2-GFP,转化拟南芥原生质体进行亚细胞定位分析;构建酵母表达载体p GBKT7-VvRR2,转化酵母菌株AH109,检测VvRR2的转录激活活性;构建酵母表达c DNA文库,以VvRR2为诱饵,通过Mating法筛选互作蛋白,对获得候选序列进行Blast分析;将候选蛋白VvTGA的全长序列克隆至p GADT7载体形成重组载体p GADT7-VvTGA,与重组诱饵载体p GBKT7-VvRR2共转化酵母,进行双杂交验证VvRR2与VvTGA的相互作用;将VvTGA的全长序列克隆至p SPYNE(R)173载体,形成重组载体p SPYNE-VvTGA,将VvRR2的全长序列克隆至p SPYCE(M)载体,形成重组载体p SPYCE-VvRR2,然后将两个重组载体共转化拟南芥原生质体,利用双分子荧光互补技术验证VvRR2与VvTGA的相互作用。【结果】葡萄接种白粉病菌后,细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2呈现受白粉病菌诱导表达模式。VvRR2定位在拟南芥原生质体的细胞核,转录激活试验结果表明VvRR2在酵母体内具有转录激活活性。在含有60 mmol·L-1的3-AT培养基上可以抑制VvRR2诱饵载体的自激活活性,VvRR2诱饵载体对宿主酵母菌没有毒性。以VvRR2为诱饵,初步筛选到287个单克隆,在高严谨条件下进一步筛选获得23个有效序列,Blast分析显示这些基因参与蛋白质合成与降解、细胞分裂素信号传导、光反应和生物钟节律、生长发育和逆境响应。酵母回复双杂交试验结果显示含有空载体(p GADT7或p GBKT7)酵母在四缺培养基(含3-AT)上不能生长,含有两种重组质粒的酵母在四缺培养基(含3-AT)上能够生长,并在含有X-α-Gal的四缺培养基上能够显色。双分子荧光互补试验结果显示共转化p SPYCE-VvRR2与p SPYNE(R)173、p SPYNE-VvTGA与p SPYCE(M)的原生质体没有黄色荧光,而共转化p SPYCE-VvRR2与p SPYNE-VvTGA的原生质体显示黄色荧光。VvTGA的表达类似于VvRR2,呈现受白粉病菌诱导表达模式。【结论】葡萄细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2是一个受白粉病菌诱导表达的转录因子,能够与VvTGA相互作用,并且VvTGA受白粉病菌诱导表达。

美国2016种植季麦草畏将禁止用于RR2X转基因大豆

尽管Roundup Ready 2 Xtend^TM（RR2X）转基因大豆能够抗草甘膦和麦草畏,但是美国环保署（EPA）近日表示2016种植季麦草畏将禁止用于RR2X转基因大豆。

欧盟尚未作出最终监管批准 美国粮食贸易商拒收孟山都新转基因大豆RR2X

一个由美国嘉吉、阿彻丹尼尔斯米德兰、邦基和其他粮食公司组成的贸易团体最近抨击了孟山都,指责其在确保获得欧盟监管批准之前就开始销售转基因大豆种子Roundup Ready 2 Xtend。这些美国粮食公司计划拒绝收购孟山都最新的转基因大豆,他们担心这些大豆品种没有获得欧盟的监管批准,可能扰乱国际贸易。目前,他们正在向孟山都施压,

Plasma-assisted synthesis of porous bismuth nanosheets for electrocatalytic CO_(2)-to-formate reduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction(eCO_(2)RR)to formate,driven by clean energy,is a promising approach for producing renewable chemicals and high-value fuels.Despite its potential,further development faces challenges due to limitations in electrocatalytic activity and durability,especially for nonnoble metal-based catalysts.Here,naturally abundant bismuth-based nanosheets that can effectively drive CO_(2)-to-formate electrocatalytic reduction are prepared using the plasma-activated Bi_(2)Se_(3) followed by a reduction process.Thus-obtained plasma-activated Bi nanosheets(P-BiNS)feature ultrathin structures and high surface areas.Such nanostructures ensure the P-BiNS with outstanding eCO_(2)RR catalytic performance,highlighted by the current density of over 80 mA cm^(-2) and a formate Faradic efficiency of>90%.Furthermore,P-BiNS catalysts demonstrate excellent durability and stability without deactivation following over 50h of operation.The selectivity for formate production is also studied by density functional theory(DFT)calculations,validating the importance and efficacy of the stabilization of intermediates(^(*)OCHO)on the P-BiNS surfaces.This study provides a facile plasma-assisted approach for developing high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts.

Recent progress on copper catalysts with different surface states for CO_(2)electroreduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR),which converts CO_(2)into various hydrocarbons or alcohols,has been extensively researched because it promises a sustainable energy economy.However,only copper(Cu)can currently achieve stable and efficient hydrocarbon conversion in the eCO_(2)RR.Therefore,understanding the catalytic mechanisms and summarizing the research progress on synthesis strategies of Cu catalysts are essential for the eCO_(2)RR.This paper reviews Cu catalysts with different surface states of Cu catalysts:oxide-derived Cu,Cu nanoparticles,Cu single atoms,and Cu nanoclusters.It then reviews the development and progress of different Cu-catalyst preparation methods in recent years,focusing on the activity and selectivity of materials.Besides revealing the tendencies of catalytic selection and deep reactive mechanisms of Cu catalysts with four different surface states,this review can guide the subsequent construction of catalysts and provides an understanding of catalytic mechanisms.

A general descriptor for guiding the electrolysis of CO_(2)in molten carbonate

Molten carbonate is an excellent electrolyte for the electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to carbonaceous materials.However,the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship has not been well understood.Herein,we propose a general descriptor,the CO_(2)activity,to reveal the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship by thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies.Experimental studies agree well with theoretical predictions that both cations(Li^(+),Ca^(2+),Sr^(2+)and Ba^(2+))and anions(BO_(2)^(-),Ti_(5)O_(14)^(8-),SiO_(3)^(2-))can modulate the CO_(2)activity to control both cathode and anode reactions in a typical molten carbonate electrolyzer in terms of tuning reaction products and overpotentials.In this regard,the reduction of CO_(3)^(2-)can be interpreted as the direct reduction of CO_(2)generated from the dissociated CO_(3)^(2-),and the CO_(2)activity can be used as a general descriptor to predict the electrode reaction in molten carbonate.Overall,the CO_(2)activity descriptor unlocks the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship,thereby providing fundamental insights into guiding molten carbonate CO_(2)electrolysis.

RR1 and RR2 gene deletion affects the immunogenicity of a live attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine candidate in natural pig host

As virulence-determining genes, RR1 and RR2 encode the small subunit and large subunit of viral ribonucleotide reductase(RR) in pseudorabies virus which have been extensively studied in mice. However,their role in pigs has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we deleted RR1 and RR2 genes based on a TK/g E/g I triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus and tested its efficacy in pigs as a vaccine candidate. The rescued virus showed similar growth properties and plaque size in vitro as its parent strain. In an animal study, the virus could elicit humoral immune responses shown by generation of g B-specific antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies.However, vaccination could not provide protection against virulent pseudorabies virus challenge since vaccinated pigs showed clinical pseudorabies-specific syndromes. The deficiency in protection may due to the generation of late and low levels of gB antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies.

氮掺杂石墨烯负载过渡金属催化CO_(2)RR的DFT研究

设计了氮掺杂石墨烯负载四种过渡金属单原子催化剂用于CO_(2)RR(金属为Cu、Rh、Ir、Mn),考虑了5种氮配位(N_(1)、N_(2-1)、N_(2-2)、N_(3)和N_(4)),并通过第一性原理研究反应机理。自由能曲线显示Ir-N_(4)具有-0.323e V的低极限电位,通过增加缺陷改性的Rh-N_(4)的CO_(2)RR性能也得到了改善。进一步通过Ir-N_(4)和Rh-N_(4)的差分电荷和态密度曲线分析吸附中间体COOH和金属原子之间的电荷转移和键合状态,发现金属原子和COOH之间的强烈相互作用形成了共价键,从而降低反应的总能量。本研究为设计高效的单原子CO_(2)RR催化剂提供了理论参考。

Comprehensive understanding and rational regulation of microenvironment for gas-involving electrochemical reactions

Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of gas-involving electrochemical reactions recently for the sake of clean,renewable,and efficient energy technologies.However,the specific influence mechanism of the microenvironment at the reaction interface on the electrocatalytic performance(activity,selectivity,and durability)remains unclear.Here,we provide a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial microenvironment of gas-involving electrocatalysis,including carbon dioxide reduction reaction and nitrogen reduction reaction,and classify the factors affecting the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics into gas diffusion,proton supply,and electron transfer.This categorization allows a systematic survey of the literature focusing on electrolyzer-level(optimization of the device,control of the experimental condition,and design of the working electrode),electrolytelevel(increase of gas solubility,regulation of proton supply,and substitution of anodic reaction),and electrocatalyst-level strategies(promotion of gas affinity,adjustment of hydrophobicity,and enhancement of conductivity),aiming to retrieve the correlations between the microenvironment and electrochemical performance.Finally,priorities for future studies are suggested to support the comprehensive improvement of next-generation gas-involving electrochemical reactions.

微流控在二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存的研究

二氧化碳(CO_(2))捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)是解决全球变暖问题的关键技术。CCUS通过捕集与封存减少大气中的CO_(2)含量,并利用CO_(2)代替化石原料的使用进一步减少CO_(2)的净排放。CCUS技术的实施基于微尺度下CO_(2)物理和化学过程的综合研究。微流控技术可以在微米甚至纳米尺度操控流体并揭示流体运动规律,在CO_(2)捕集、利用与封存等各个环节中均发挥了重要的作用。本文概述了微流控技术的优势,包括精确的流体操控、大比表面积和增强的传热传质能力。系统介绍了与CCUS相关的微流控研究,包括CO_(2)捕集吸收剂的快速筛选、配方优化和材料制备,CO_(2)高效转化利用的电催化反应、光催化反应、催化剂制备和光合作用检测,CO_(2)地质封存的流体分析和地质建模等。最后,总结了微流控技术在CCUS中所扮演的重要角色,提出了微流控技术在CCUS领域的机遇和挑战。

Metal oxides heterojunction derived Bi-In hybrid electrocatalyst for robust electroreduction of CO_(2) to formate

Electrochemical reduction of Bi-based metal oxides is regarded as an effective strategy to rationally design advanced electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Realizing high selectivity at high current density is important for formate production,but remains challenging.Herein,the BiIn hybrid electrocatalyst,deriving from the Bi2O3/In2O3heterojunction(MOD-Biln),shows excellent catalytic performance for CO_(2)RR.The Faradaic efficiency of formate(FEHCOO-) can be realized over 90% at a wide potential window from-0.4 to-1.4 V vs.RHE,while the partial current density of formate(jHCOO-) reaches about 136.7 mA cm^(-2)at-1.4 V in flow cell without IR-compensation.In additio n,the MOD-Biln exhibits superior stability with high selectivity of formate at 100 mA cm^(-2).Systematic characterizations prove the optimized catalytic sites and interface charge transfer of MOD-Biln,while theoretical calculation confirms that the hybrid structure with dual Bi/In metal sites contribute to the optimal free energy of*H and*OCHO intermediates on MOD-Biln surface,thus accelerating the formation and desorption step of*HCOOH to final formate production.Our work provides a facile and useful strategy to develop highly-active and stable electrocatalysts for CO_(2)RR.

Defect engineering of high-loading single-atom catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an attractive approach to carbon capture and utilization for the production high-value-added products.However,CO_(2)RR still suffers from poor selectivity and low current density due to its sluggish kinetics and multitudinous reaction pathways.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)demonstrate outstanding activity,excellent selectivity,and remarkable atom utilization efficiency,which give impetus to the search for electrocatalytic processes aiming at high selectivity.There appears significant activity in the development of efficient SACs for CO_(2)RR,while the density of the atomic sites remains a considerable barrier to be overcome.To construct high-metal-loading SACs,aggregation must be prevented,and thus novel strategies are required.The key to creating high-density atomically dispersed sites is designing enough anchoring sites,normally defects,to stabilize the highly mobile separated metal atoms.In this review,we summarized the advances in developing high-loading SACs through defect engineering,with a focus on the synthesis strategies to achieve high atomic site loading.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges for CO_(2)RR in the area of high-loading single-atom electrocatalysts are also discussed.

活性染料高温厌氧生物降解研究

研究了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)在高温条件下处理含盐活性红2(RR2)染料废水的工艺及RR2的降解机理.结果表明:运行温度为(55±1)℃,水力停留时间为12 h,进水ρ(NaCl),ρ(CODCr)和ρ(RR2)分别为50 000,1 000和100 mg/L的条件下,以驯化好的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,运行10 d后反应器达到稳定,CODCr和RR2去除率分别为25%和90%以上.利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析厌氧出水发现,RR2的生物降解途径为在厌氧条件下最先被还原的是较易断裂的偶氮键(N N),去除颜色后形成了芳香胺类化合物,一部分芳香胺类化合物通过水解和氧化作用进一步降解为更小分子的代谢物.

核黄素对偶氮染料生物降解的影响

采用高温〔（55±1）℃〕升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）-常温三相好氧流化床组合工艺处理含盐偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B（RR2）废水,考察核黄素（VB2）对染料的降解及活性污泥微生物相的影响.结果表明：在水力停留时间（HRT）为18 h,进水ρ（RR2）为40-100 mg/L,ρ（CODCr）为800-1 200 mg/L,ρ（NaCl）为30 000-35 000 mg/L,UASB反应器的有机负荷为2-3kg/（m3.d）,三相好氧流化床有机负荷为0.3-0.4 kg/（kg.d）的条件下,ρ（VB2）为5 mg/L时可以明显改善工艺的运行效果,RR2和CODCr的去除率均在95%以上;UASB及三相好氧流化床中活性污泥微生物以杆菌为主,核黄素的投加使得系统中菌体体积变小、总量减少.

Surface modification of Cu_(2)O with stabilized Cu^(+) for highly efficient and stable CO_(2) electroreduction to C_(2+) chemicals

Copper(Cu)-based materials are known as the most attractive catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),especially the Cu^(+) species(e.g.,Cu_(2)O),which show excellent capability for catalyzing CO_(2) to C_(2+) chemicals because of their unique electronic structure.However,the active Cu^(+) species are prone to be reduced to metallic Cu under an electroreduction environment,thus resulting in fast deactivation and poor selectivity.Here,we developed an advanced surface modification strategy to maintain the active Cu^(+) species via assembling a protective layer of metal-organic framework(copper benzenetricarboxylate,CuBTC) on the surface of Cu_(2)O octahedron(Cu_(2)O@CuBTC).It's encouraging to see that the Cu_(2)O@CuBTC heterostructure outperforms the bare Cu_(2)O octahedron in catalyzing CO_(2) to C_(2+) chemicals and dramatically enhances the ratio of C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4) products.A systematic study reveals that the introduced CuBTC shell plays a critical role in maintaining the active Cu^(+) species in Cu_(2)O@CuBTC heterostructure under reductive conditions.This work offers a practical strategy for improving the catalytic performance of CO_(2)RR over copper oxides and also establishes a route to maintain the state of valence-sensitive catalysts.

RR_2函数与RR序的封闭性

讨论了RR2函数和RR序的封闭性.一方面,证明了RR2函数的线性封闭性、乘法封闭性和加法封闭性,并将RR2的概念延伸到随机RR序;另一方面,证明了随机变量在单调变换中保持RR序关系,特别是在线性运算中保持序关系.如果二维随机变量的密度函数是RR2的,则其分布函数和生存函数也是RR2的,并且随机变量的RR序关系在分布函数和生存函数也能保持.

Pause electrolysis for acidic CO_(2) reduction on 3-dimensional Cu

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)exhibits remarkable potential in producing valuable chemicals with renewable energy.Operating CO_(2) RR in acidic media is beneficial to solve the issue of low carbon utilization brought by(bi)carbonate formation at the cathode.Suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction and achieving stable CO_(2) RR performance remains challenging.Herein,we constructed a 3-dimensional Cu(3D-Cu)gas diffusion electrode(GDE)to achieve efficient C_(2)H_(4) production with a partial current density(j C_(2)H_(4))of over 470 mA cm^(2) and a Faradaic efficiency(FE C_(2)H_(4)) of 40%.With pause electrolysis,the decay rate of the j C_(2)H_(4) is only half that of the traditional constant electrolysis.The GDE after constant electrolysis was found to suffer from severe salt formation,leading to the decreased activity and poor stability.

Atomic Cu Sites Engineering Enables Efficient CO_(2)Electroreduction to Methane with High CH_(4)/C_(2)H_(4)Ratio

Electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)into high-value hydrocarbons and alcohols by using Cu-based catalysts is a promising and attractive technology for CO_(2)capture and utilization,resulting from their high catalytic activity and selectivity.The mobility and accessibility of active sites in Cubased catalysts significantly hinder the development of efficient Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)electrochemical reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Herein,a facile and effective strategy is developed to engineer accessible and structural stable Cu sites by incorporating single atomic Cu into the nitrogen cavities of the host graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))as the active sites for CO_(2)-to-CH_(4)conversion in CO_(2)RR.By regulating the coordination and density of Cu sites in g-C_(3)N_(4),an optimal catalyst corresponding to a one Cu atom in one nitrogen cavity reaches the highest CH_(4)Faraday efficiency of 49.04%and produces the products with a high CH_(4)/C_(2)H_(4)ratio over 9.This work provides the first experimental study on g-C_(3)N_(4)-supported single Cu atom catalyst for efficient CH_(4)production from CO_(2)RR and suggests a principle in designing highly stable and selective high-efficiency Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)RR by engineering Cu active sites in 2D materials with porous crystal structures.

含盐染料废水高温厌氧处理工艺特性研究

研究升流武厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）在高温条件下处理含盐染料废水的工艺特性及颗粒污泥性能。结果表明，在以常温厌氧絮状污泥为接种污泥，运行温度为（55±1）℃，水力停留时间为12h，含盐量为50000mg／L，CODCr为900—1000mg／L，染料活性红2（RR2）浓度为100mg／L条件下，78d达到运行稳定，CODCr和RR2去除率分别为44％和85％以上。反应器中高温耐盐厌氧颗粒污泥粒径为1．0～2．0mm，其生物相组成以短杆菌、球菌、丝状菌为主。

心力衰竭患者T波峰末间期的变化及其临床意义

目的观测心力衰竭时T波峰末间期(Tp-Te间期)的变化,探讨心力衰竭时心室肌跨壁复极高散度的影响。方法选取Ⅲ～Ⅳ级心力衰竭患者100例(其中NYHAⅢ级79例,Ⅳ级21例)和健康对照100例作为研究对象。记录所有受试者静息状态下同步12导联心电图。测量V_2导联的Tp-Te间期、RR间期,并计算出Tp-Te/(RR)^(1/2)间期作为心率校正后的Tp-Te间期。结果心力衰竭患者Tp-Te间期和Tp-Te/(RR)^(1/2)间期均较健康对照组显著延长[(99±22)ms vs(84±22)ms,P<0.01]和(3.6±0.9)ms vs(2.6±0.7)ms,P<0.01]。NYHA心功能Ⅳ级心力衰竭患者Tp-Te间期、Tp-Te/(RR)^(1/2)间期较NYHA心功能Ⅲ级心力衰竭患者延长更加明显[(109±18)ms vs(97±19)ms,P<0.01]和[(4.1±0.7)ms vs(3.5±0.7)ms,P<0.01]。结论心力衰竭时,Tp-Te间期、Tp-Te/(RR)^(1/2)间期明显延长并与心力衰竭程度相关,提示心力衰竭对心室跨壁复极离散度具有显著影响。