论乡村聚居空间结构优化模式——RROD模式

受启于TOD理论与实践在城市地域空间结构优化过程中所发挥的重要作用,借鉴以往乡村聚居单元规模与空间结构研究成果,试图提炼出一种乡村聚居空间结构优化模式——乡村公路导向发展模式(Rural Road-Oriented Development Model,简称RROD模式),并针对概念内涵、构建原则、框架、类型、空间尺度等进行系统分析。同时,重点从设施门槛、耕作半径、邻里交往以及出行距离感知等方面对RROD合理规模与结构进行了综合论证,认为RROD规模半径一般取值范围为450~700 m,人口规模一般取值范围为1500~3500人,占地面积一般取值范围为30~75 hm2,距离一般取值范围为3.5~5.0 km。但由于该取值范围是基于均质地域及一般发展条件假设,其结论具有一般理论指导性,但在具体实践过程中,必须根据实际情况进行适当调整与修正。

常宁市乡村聚落空间格局特征及优化研究

以常宁市乡村聚落空间为研究对象,采用景观分析法和GIS空间分析法,对常宁市乡村聚落空间的特征及问题、乡村聚落空间的优化内容与模式进行研究。研究结果表明:(1) 2009—2014年,常宁市乡村聚落在空间分布上呈现集中连片、密集分布的趋势。其中,平原区乡村聚落邻近度高、景观连接性好;丘陵区乡村聚落密度较大,但乡村聚落分布较为随意;山地区乡村聚落数量少,密度小,平均最临近距离大。(2)常宁市乡村聚落空间优化的主要内容应包括乡村聚落体系优化、乡村聚落内部结构优化和乡村聚落功能整合提升。(3) RROD模式则是常宁市乡村聚落空间优化的理想模式,不同地形地貌区的RROD参数取值存在一定的差异,其中,平原区RROD单元半径、人口规模与RROD之间的距离取值分别为600~750 m,2 000~3 500人和3.5~4.5 km;丘陵区相关参数取值分别为450~700 m,2 000~3 000人和4.0~5.0 km;山地区相关参数取值分别为450~650 m,2 000~32 500人和4.0~5.5 km。

基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化研究

引入"生活质量理论",基于乡村聚落空间与生活质量的双向循环互动机理,从乡村聚落空间功能整合、空间结构优化、空间尺度调控等三个方面研究乡村聚落空间优化问题,试图构建有效提高生活质量的乡村聚落空间优化框架与模式。研究认为:1聚落是生活质量的空间载体,生活质量是聚落的本质内容,乡村聚落与生活质量相互促进、相互影响,构建科学合理的乡村聚落空间是提高农民生活质量的重要前提。2乡村聚落空间功能类型可以划分为生计维持型功能、产业发展型功能与品质提升型功能,生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间功能优化,重点在于提升生计维持型功能,整合产业发展型功能,植入品质提升型功能。3乡村聚落空间结构优化的重点有两个方面,一是要促进居住空间、农业空间、工业空间有机集聚,社会交往空间、休闲空间、服务空间有机疏散,生活空间、生产空间、生态空间有机均衡,以实现聚落内部空间类型比例合理化与组合最优化;二是要通过聚居区位转换与聚落职能调整,移拆部分衰落村落,保留部分一般村落,扩大部分重点村落,新建部分新型村落,形成"综合村—特色村"的功能结构等级,构建以乡村公路为链接的聚落体系空间组织模式。4 RROD模式是基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化的理想模式,该模式的构建要合理确定聚落单体的规模尺度与聚落之间的距离尺度,引导形成结构合理、设施配套、功能完备、分布有序的RROD和RROD体系。

Optimizing the spatial organization of rural settlements based on life quality

Optimizing rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline, and improve the quality of rural life and attractions. This study introduces the "life quality theory". Based on the mechanisms governing the interactions between rural settlement space and life quality, this study examines how to optimize the spatial organization of rural settlements. Three aspects are evaluated – the integration of rural settlement spatial functions, optimization of spatial structure, and regulation of spatial scale – with the objective of building an optimization mode and framework for the spatial organization of rural settlements with high life quality. Our results suggest the following:(1) The settlement is the spatial carrier of life quality, which is an essential settlement component, and these two aspects influence and improve each other. Therefore, reasonable rural settlement space is an important precondition for higher life quality.(2) The spatial function types of rural settlements can be divided into those that maintain livelihoods, develop industry, and upgrade life quality. Optimizing spatial organization of rural settlements based on life quality requires promoting the maintenance of livelihood, integration of industrial development, and implantation in quality improvement.(3) There are two important components of optimizing the spatial organization of rural settlements. One is promoting the organic concentration of living, agricultural, and industrial spaces, the reasonable distribution of social intercourse, recreational, and services spaces, and the organic balance of living, production, and ecological spaces, so as to reasonably optimize the combination of internal spatial types in settlements. The other is forming a functional structure level of a "comprehensive village–featured village" and building spatial organization settlement modes connected by rural roads by relocating and adjusting the function of villages. These changes would require the destruction of underdeveloped villages, retaining normal villages, enlarging important villages, and constructing new villages.(4) As an ideal mode for optimizing rural settlements space based on life quality, the Rural Road-Oriented Development Model(RROD model) should be built at a rational scale for unit settlement and distance between settlements, leading to a fully functional RROD system with rational structure, auxiliary facility, and well-organized distribution.