Klebsiella as an α-tocopherol source facilitating Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation in rice straw silage

Silage serves as the indispensable diet of ruminants,the increasing mechanism of α-tocopherol during silage making is unclear.Rice straw lacks chlorophyll after harvesting the grain,this can eliminate the impact of tocopherols formed by the breakdown of chlorophyll.Here,we explored the α-tocopherol source,its influencing factor,and its relationship with dominant lactic acid bacteria in rice straw silage treated without or with different additives(sodium benzoate,Lactobacillus plantarum,cell wall degrading enzymes,the combination of L.plantarum and cell wall degrading enzymes)and vacuum times(5,8,11,and 14 s)after ensiling for 42 d.We found that the pathogenic Klebsiella was traced as the source of increasedα-tocopherol in rice straw silage.The residue air in the silo,pH value,and additive variety had impacts on Klebsiella activity,which was strongly active at levels of residue air in the silo and pH that were high.As an acidic niche creator,L.plantarum was more effective than sodium benzoate in restraining Klebsiella.Despite having a low acidity tolerance,Klebsiella was still present in rice straw silage treated with L.plantarum.The relationship between Klebsiella and L.plantarum was that Klebsiella could affordα-tocopherol to the multiplication of L.plantarum and residue capsular polysaccharide protected Klebsiella from escaping the extinction in rice straw silage.

氧化油脂日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯对鸡肉品质的影响

探讨RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(TOS)对饲喂氧化油脂日粮鸡肉品质的影响,选用600只1 d AA肉鸡,随机分为10个处理,每处理6个重复,采用2×5因子设计,即2种油脂类型(新鲜和氧化油脂)和5种α-生育酚的处理,30 mg/kg all-rac-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA1)、30 mg/kgRRR-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA2)及15、30、60 mg/kgRRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(TOS1、TOS2和TOS3),试验期42 d。结果表明:(1)氧化油脂日粮增加了机体脂质过氧化反应,胸腿肌肉色变差,滴水损失增加,MDA含量升高,SOD活性下降(P>0.05);(2)不同的油脂日粮处理中,TOS3组均能降低胸肌48 h滴水损失和烹饪损失(P<0.05),腿肌亮度、红色度及滴水损失在TOS2或TOS3组得到改善(P<0.05);TOS2和TOS3组胸腿肌MDA含量降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),胸肌TOS3组SOD活性提高(P<0.05);与TOS1相比,TOS2和TOS3组血清及肝脏中α-生育酚含量提高(P<0.05)。日粮中油脂氧化导致鸡肉品质降低,添加TOS可通过增加机体α-生育酚含量,提高机体抗氧化能力,改善肌肉品质。

不同油脂日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯对肉鸡生产性能、抗氧化和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同油脂日粮中添加RRR-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯(α-TOS)对肉鸡生产性能、抗氧化和免疫功能的影响。选用600只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为10个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验采用2×5因子设计,即2种油脂(新鲜油脂和氧化油脂)和5种α-生育酚类型,分别为30mg/kg all-rac-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA1)、30mg/kg RRR-α-生育酚醋酸酯(TOA2)及15、30、60mg/kg α-TOS(TOS1、TOS2和TOS3)。试验期为42d。结果表明:1)α-TOS和氧化油脂显著影响1～21日龄肉鸡的料重比,对其他生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05);2)随着α-TOS添加量的增加,不同油脂日粮肉鸡血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平均升高,皮质醇显著降低,血清的抗氧化能力不同程度提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低和新城疫抗体效价升高(P<0.05);3)氧化油脂日粮使肉鸡血清激素水平、抗氧化酶活性和新城疫抗体效价均下降,低于同水平添加α-TOS新鲜油脂组(P>0.05)。结果提示,氧化油脂日粮能诱导肉鸡产生免疫应激,并导致生产性能和抗氧化功能下降;日粮中添加α-TOS能一定程度上提高肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化功能及机体免疫功能,且在不同油脂日粮中均以60mg/kg α-TOS添加组的作用效果最佳。

手性液相色谱法直接定量乳粉中RRR-α-生育酚

目的建立手性液相色谱法直接测定乳粉中RRR-α-生育酚的检测方法。方法样品经氢氧化钾皂化,石油醚-异丙醚萃取。经小粒径纤维素衍生物型手性柱Daicel Chiralcel OD-3 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 3μm)直接分离,采用无水乙醇-正己烷(5:995, V:V)(A)和三乙胺-正己烷(5:995, V:V)(B)(A:B=10:90)作为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为294 nm,外标法定量。结果 RRR-α-生育酚和其他α-生育酚异构体的分离度大于1.2。在0.5~50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为0.20 mg/100 g,定量限为0.60 mg/100 g,加标回收率为95.0%~109.4%,相对标准偏差为2.7%。结论该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适合测定乳粉中RRR-α-生育酚的含量。

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation on chromium toxicity: a study on rat liver and kidney cell membrane

Membrane damage is one of the important consequence of chromium, an environmental toxicant, to produce cytotoxicity. α-tocopherol, a membrane protectant can be used to reduce the chromium-induced membrane damage. In the present study, the impact of chromium in presence and absence of α-tocopherol was studied on plasma membrane of liver and kidney in male Wistar rats (80—100 g body weight). Significant increase in membrane cholesterol level as well as significant decrease in membrane phospholipid level in chromium exposed ( 0.8 mg /100 g body weight/d, i.p., for 4 weeks) animals suggest structural alteration of both liver and kidney plasma memebrane. The alkaline phosphatase, total ATPase and Na +-K +-ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased in both liver and kidney after chromium treatment. However, α-tocopherol (30 mg/100 g diet) supplementation can restrict the changes in these membrane-bound enzyme activities. Thus, the usefulness of dietary supplementation of α-tocopherol to restrain the chromium-induced membrane damage is suggested.

Synthesis of d,l-α-Tocopherol Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids

,d,l-a-Tocopherol (vitamin E) isfound to be synthesized by condensingtrimethylhydroquinone with isophytol catalyzed by heteropoly acids (HPA) H3:PW12O40 andH3PMo12O40 at room temperature. These HPA are efficient catalysts for the synthesis of d l-a-Tocopherol and can easily be separated from the reaction mixture and roused,

Protective Effects of α-Tocopherol against Brain Tissue Damage Induced by Intracerebral Hemorrhage in SD Rats

Lipid peroxidation mediated by oxygen radical is one of the main mechanisms underlying secondary brain injury. Among all vitamin E compounds, α-tocopherol shows the most prominent antioxidative effects. It plays an important role in cell aging and injury. However, there has been no report regarding the effects of α-tocopherol on changes in brain tissue morphology after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cerebral edema, or the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. We use SD rats to carry out the related studies;based on the atlas of SD rats, the caudate nucleus was positioned using a stereotaxic apparatus, and 50 μl autologous tail artery blood was injected to caudate nucleus in the ICH and α-tocopherol groups to establish ICH model. Rats in the sham surgery group received the same volume of saline in the caudate nucleus. Rats in the α-tocopherol group received intraperitoneal injections of α-tocopherol at 600 mg/kg every day. Rats in the ICH group and sham surgery group received the same amount of saline at the same times as those in the α-tocopherol group. We observed some interesting results: comparisons of brain tissue sections of rats from different groups showed that brain tissue damage and functional neurological deficits among rats from the α-tocopherol group were less pronounced than in the ICH group. Wet weight/ dry weight measurement showed that rats from the α-tocopherol group exhibited less cerebral edema than those in the ICH group. Rats from the α-tocopherol group showed less Bax expression and more Bcl-2 expression than those in the ICH group.

Influence of a-tocopherol on nickel induced alteration of serum lipid profile in male albino rats

We studied the effect of the simultaneous treatment withα-tocopherol(100 mg / kg;im) and nickel sulfate (20 mg/kg,ip) on nickel-induced changes in serum lipid profiles.Nickel-treated rats showed a significant increase in serum LDL cholesterol,total cholesterol,triglycerides,and a significant decrease in serum HDL cholesterol. Simultaneous administration ofα-tocopherol with nickel sulfate improved LDL-cholesterol and HDLcholesterol level when compared with rats receiving nickel sulfate alone.The results indicate thatα-tocopherol is beneficial in preventing nickel-induced lipid profile alterations.

Reduced expression of α-tocopherol-associated protein is associated with tumor cell proliferation and the-increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence

Aim： To examine the impact and prognostic significance of α-tocopherol associated protein （TAP） expression in a series of prostate cancer patients. Methods： Tissues from 87 patients underwent radical prostatectomy were examined for TAP expression by immunohistochemistry. The relationships of the staining results, the clinic pathological characteristics and the recurrence times were analyzed. Results： Compared with the adjacent areas of normal and benign glands, immunoreactivity of TAP was reduced in areas of prostate cancer. A lower TAP-positive cell number per mm^2 of the largest cancer area （defined as TAP-PN） was associated with higher clinical stage （r = -0.248, P = 0.0322）. Inverse associations were found among the TAP-PN and positive lymph nodes （r = -0.231, P = 0.0325）, preoperative prostatespecific antigen （PSA） levels （r = -0.423, P = 0.0043）, tumor size （r = -0.315, P = 0.0210） and elevated tumor cell proliferation, which was indicated by the staining of Ki-67 （r = -0.308, P = 0.0026）. TAP-PN was a significant predictor of recurrence univariately （P = 0.0006）, as well as multivariately, adjusted for known markers including preoperative PSA, clinical stage, Gleason score, surgical margin, extra-prostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastasis （P = 0.0012）. Conclusion： Reduced expression of TAP was associated with the cell proliferation status of prostate cancer, adverse pathological parameters and the increased risk of recurrence.

Maternal reproductive health: Expression patterns of antioxidant enzyme selenoproteins of post-implantation embryos conceived by ethanol-treated murine mothers supplemented with α-tocopherol

Objective:To investigate if the protective effect ofα-tocopherol against the impact of ethanol on brain morphogenesis involved the activity of the selenoproteins phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx;GPx4) and selenoprotein P (SelPP) that have roles against oxidative stress.Methods:Forty female mice were randomly assigned into natural control (CON), positive control (ETOH), low-, medium-, and high-α-tocopherol-supplemented-ethanol groups (LTOC, MTOC, HTOC, respectively). CON received drinking water without ethanol while ETOH, LTOC, MTOC and HTOC groups received 20% ethanol in drinking water. The supplemented groups were given respective dosages ofα-tocopherol, 0.410, 0.819, and 1.640 mg/g body weight, at day 14 before mating onwards to the day 9 of gestation. At 10.5 ED of gestation (1100 h), the pregnant females were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the embryos were harvested. Total RNA were extracted, cDNA synthesis and qRT- PCR analyses were carried out.Results: The level of expression of PHGPx in the positive control was significantly lower than that of the natural control. Among the threeα-tocopherol-supplemented groups, only the medium dose- group was significantly higher than the positive control. The level of expression of SelPP in the positive control was significantly lower than those of the natural control, the low- and medium- dose -tocopherol supplemented groups. In the high dose-α-tocopherol supplemented group, the level of expression was not significantly different from the positive control but significantly lower than the natural control.Conclusions: The activity of the selenoproteins PHGPx and SelPP are involved in the internetwork of antioxidative enzymes with vitamin E when given up to a medium dose only and is one of the possible pathways of shielding embryonic development against the impact of ethanol on brain morphogenesis. This study strengthens the impact of dietaryα-tocopherol and Selenium supplement during the critical period of pregnancy.

Neuroprotective effects of low-concentration alpha-tocopherol Confocal laser microscopy observations

BACKGROUND： Alpha-tocopherol （ α-tocopherol） can effectively relieve neuronal damage induced by oxygen-centered free radicals. However, the effective dose remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the protective effects of low-concentration α-tocopherol on neuronal membranes. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Contrast observation and in vitro study, performed at Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital between April and September 2006. MATERIALS： Fetal cortical neurons were derived from two 14-day pregnant SD rats, and α-tocopherol was provided by Sigma, USA. METHODS： The neurons were randomly assigned to six groups： （1） normal： neurons were cultured under normal conditions; （2） oxidative damage： oxidative free radicals was damaged using the Fenton reaction; （3） α-tocopherol： neurons were cultured in different concentrations of -tocopherol 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L for 2 hours, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Neuronal membrane damage was observed using a confocal laser microscope, and malonaldehyde production was detected using the thiobarbituric acid method. RESULTS： At normal, biological concentrations （10 mg/L）, α-tocopherol induced no change in the damaged neurons （P 〉 0.05）. However, at a concentration of 80 mg/L, the number of damaged neurons was significantly reduced, compared with the damage group （P 〈 0.05）. Malonaldehyde levels following 80 mg/L α-tocopherol treatment were less than the oxygen free radical damage group （P 〈 0.05）, but greater than the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： A concentration of 80 mg/L α-tocopherol can effectively protect the neuronal cell membrane from oxidative damage

A Methodological Approach to Study Almond Oil Stability in Relation to <i>α</i>-Tocopherol Supplementation

The objectives of the present study were to identify a suitable parameter to assess the oil oxidation and to study the possibilities of delaying the oxidation of moderately oxidized unrefined almond oil by adding supplementary amounts of α-tocopherol. Three oil samples, with initial peroxide values of 13.3, 19.5 (moderately oxidized oils), and 28.9 (oxidized oil), were supplemented with 100, 250 and 500 ppm of α-tocopherol and subjected to the oxidation at 50°C for 9 days. The level of oxidation was determined by measuring peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Chemometric analysis indicated that, under the conditions of the present study, PV was the most suitable indicator of oil oxidation. The results have shown that the α-tocopherol could have an anti- oxidant or pro-oxidant effects, depending on its concentration and initial level of oil oxidation. Results also show that α-tocopherol addition at all the concentrations tested resulted in pro-oxidation of the moderately oxidized oils;hence additional supplementation with α-tocopherol could not be recommended to delay oxidation of unrefined almond oil.

Influence of Glutaraldehyde on the Properties and Release Kinetic of α-Tocopherol from Chitosan-based Film

A crosslinked chitosan film with α-tocopherol was produced by a solution casting method. The appearance, mechanical properties, morphology, barrier properties and release kinetics of the α-tocopherol were evaluated. The addition of glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol decreased the lightness and greenness and increased the yellowness of the chitosan-based film. Moreover, it also affected the compatibility of the film due to a decrease in the opacity values. The elongation at break(EB) and tensile strength(TS) values of the film decreased when the glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol were added. In contrast, the Young’s modulus(YM) values increased. SEM micrographs showed coarse spots and pores on the surface and cross-section of the film when compared with the chitosan film. Based on the results, it was indicated that the chitosan structure was disconnected by the α-tocopherol, and the glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent generated a link between the chitosan network, which could be the cause of the reduced flexibility and the increased surface roughness of the film. However, the glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol did not result in a significant difference in water vapour permeability(WVP) values. The glutaraldehyde influenced the release kinetics of the α-tocopherol as seen by the decrease of the diffusion coefficient values that were calculated using the Fickian diffusion model.

Effect of Polysaccharide Species on Storage Stability of Alginate Capsules Containing <i>α</i>-Tocopherol

Alginate capsules containing α-tocopherol were prepared adding polysaccharide species such as κ-carrageenan, gellan gum, pectin, curdlan and ghatti gum. The effects of polysaccharide species and the diameters of α-tocopherol on storage stability of the capsules were investigated and characterized in detail. As the contact angle of α-tocopherol to the capsule shell strongly affected storage stability, the contact angle was measured on the model sheet made of calcium alginate with polysaccharide species. The leakage ratio decreased with the contact angle and increased with the diameter of α-tocopherol. The capsules made of calcium alginate with gellan gum showed the largest contact angle and the highest storage stability. The capsules made of calcium alginate with curdlan, ghatti gum and pectin were harder than other capsules and showed higher storage stability. All the capsules showed the almost similar swelling ratio in the acidic solution with pH 4, but showed the different swelling ratios according to the polysaccharide species in the alkali solution with pH 9. The tablets were prepared with the wet and the dried capsules. The tablets prepared with the dried capsules showed higher storage stability.

Photooxidation of α-Tocopherol in Micelles. A New Singlet Oxygen Oxidation Product

Methylene blue sensitized singlet oxygen oxidation of dl-α-tocopherol in dodecylsulfate (SDS) or cetyl trimethyl ammonium brondde (CTAB) ndcelles led to the formation, besidesα-tocopherol quinone and its epoxide, of a hitherto unknown spiro compound 6-hydroxy-2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-2-phytyl- 1-oxaspiro [4, 5] dec -8 - en - 7, 10-dione.

α-生育酚琥珀酸酯对肉鸡抗氧化功能与肌肉品质的影响

旨在研究并比较DL-α-生育酚醋酸酯（DL-α-TOA）及不同水平D-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯（D-α-TOS）日粮对肉鸡的生长、抗氧化功能与肉品质的影响。选用1日龄Arbor Acres（AA）肉鸡320只，随机分为4个处理，分别在基础日粮中添加30mg·kg-1 DL-α-TOA（对照组）及D-α-TOS10mg·kg-1（α-TOS1组）、30mg·kg-1（α-TOS2组）和50mg·kg-1（α-TOS3组），试验期42d。结果表明：对照组及各α-TOS组间肉鸡的生长均无显著差异（P〉0．05）；相关性分析结果表明，肉鸡日粮中D-α-TOS的添加水平与血清（R2=0．9831，P〈0．01）和肝脏（R2=0．9336，P〈0．05）中α-生育酚（α-TOH）的含量呈显著正相关，与血清（R2=-0．9487，P〈0．05）和肝脏（R2=-0．9901，P=0．0518）丙二醛（MDA）呈负相关；与对照组和a—TOSl组相比，日粮中添加30～50mg·kg α-TOS能够使血清总超氧化物歧化酶（T—SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）和肝脏的T—SOD活性及T-AOC均有不同程度地提高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），同时肝脏活性氧（ROS）水平也显著降低（P〈0．05）；在肉品方面，日粮中添加30～50mg·kg-1 α-TOS显著降低了肉鸡胸腿肌的滴水损失（48h）和剪切力，及腿肌的烹饪损失，但对pH45min、pH24h、24h滴水损失和肉色无显著影响（P〉0．05）。结果提示，日粮中添加30～50mg·kg-1 D-α-TOS能够在一定程度上提高肉鸡机体的抗氧化功能，提高了肌肉的系水力和嫩度，其原因主要是α-TOS的添加导致rTOH在血清和肝脏中含量的提高，及肝脏MDA和ROS水平的降低。

天然维生素E对CYP3A4活性影响的体内研究

目的:阐明天然维生素E在体内对CYP3A4活性的影响。方法:12名健康男性志愿者,随机分两组,采用两阶段双周期交叉设计,一组口服天然维生素E600mg/d,另一组不服药,连续14d。在第15天两组均口服咪达唑仑7.5mg,在0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、12、24h采外周静脉血5mL,洗脱4周交叉进行下阶段试验。采血后0.5h内进行离心和分离血浆,运用HPLC-MS-MS分别测定血浆中咪达唑仑总药物浓度、1-OH咪达唑仑药物浓度,分析比较不同处理组间药代动力学参数的差异。结果:天然维生素E服用组与对照组咪达唑仑及其代谢产物1-OH咪达唑仑的血浆药物浓度变化相近。天然维生素E服用组与对照组之间咪达唑仑及其代谢产物1-OH咪达唑仑的曲线下面积AUC0-24h和峰浓度Cmax数据相近(P>0.05)。结论:在本试验中服用天然维生素E并未影响CYP3A4的体内活性。

天然维生素E对P-糖蛋白活性影响的体内研究

目的:阐明天然维生素E在体内对P-糖蛋白活性的影响。方法:12名健康志愿者,随机分两组,采用两阶段双周期交叉设计,一组口服天然维生素E 600 mg/d,另一组不服药,连续14 d,在第15天两组均口服他林洛尔100 mg,在0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、12、24 h采外周静脉血5 mL,洗脱4周交叉进行下阶段实验。采血后0.5 h内进行离心和分离血浆,运用HPLC测定他林洛尔血浆中药物浓度,分析比较不同服药组间药代动力学参数的差异。结果:天然维生素E明显降低了他林洛尔的血药浓度。天然维生素E服用组与对照组之间他林洛尔曲线下面积AUC(0-24 h)分别为(2104±670)和(2914±1061)ng·h·mL-1,P<0.05;峰浓度Cmax分别为(249±69)ng/mL和(406±214)ng/mL,P<0.05。结论:口服天然维生素E 600 mg,连续14 d,明显诱导了P-糖蛋白的活性。

The changes of Trp-deficient linusorb during the oxidation and the influence of γ-tocopherol on their oxidative stability

Linusorbs(LOs),particularly the Methionine(Met)-containing yet Tryptophan(Trp)-free LO(CLB and CLP),play a significant role in shaping the quality and sensory attributes of flaxseed oil.To investigate the stability of these LOs and their oxidized forms during accelerated oxidation,the polar fractions of crude flaxseed oil were selectively removed using silica absorption and then reintroduced separately into the oil matrix along with LOs andγ-tocopherol(γ-T).Through comprehensive analysis of oxidative stability indexes,LOs content changes,oxidation kinetics,and the correlation between LOs and oxidative stability indexes,we observed that the LOs fraction alone exhibited a moderate antioxidant effect on the peroxide value(PV)but a weaker effect on the panisidine value(p-AV)of flaxseed oil.However,upon addition ofγ-T,we observed a weak synergistic effect betweenγ-T and LOs in suppressing PV,while a stronger effect in suppressing p-AV.Additionally,a comparison of the oxidation kinetics of different LOs indicated thatγ-T preferentially protected the oxidation of CLP over CLB.Similar protective trends ofγ-T towards the methionine sulfoxide(MetO)and methionine sulfoxide(MetO2)form of LOs were also observed,albeit to a lesser extent.Correlation analysis revealed that changes in Metcontaining LOs,particularly CLP,showed a high correlation with PV in the tested matrices,while MetOcontaining LOs better depicted changes in p-AV.Importantly,CLP demonstrated higher susceptibility to the influence of antioxidants,making it more suitable for evaluating the peroxide value in flaxseed oil samples.

Variability in permeability and integrity of cell membrane and depletion of food reserves in neem(Azadirachta indica) seeds from trees of different age classes

We quantified cell membrane permeability （electrical conduc-tivity-EC, water soluble sugar-WSS, and amino acids-AA） and integrity （phospholipids,α-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation） along with food reserve deterioration （total proteins, total sugar, and total starch） of neem seeds collected from various mother tree age classes and stored for 65 days in airtight plastic containers at ambient room temperature （35±5°C）. Results show that the activities were higher in fresh seeds （EC 267.56-2950.01 μS/g, WSS 19.96-19.48 mg/g and AA 5.40-5.35 mg/g） and declined with increasing duration of storage period （EC 153.37-195.17 μS/g, WSS 3.13-4.17 mg/g and AA 4.29-4.49 mg/g after 35 days and EC 144.02-161.56 μS/g, WSS 2.06-2.40 mg/g and AA 3.98-4.27 mg/g after 65 days of storage）. Phospholipids andα-tocopherol were higher in fresh seed （0.073-0.093 OD at 710 nm and 0.080-0.105 OD, respectively） and declined as storage duration in-creased （0.033-0.042 OD at 710 nm and 00.0010-0.0020 OD, respec-tively）. Dead seeds showed reduced amounts of phospholipids and minimum activity ofα- tocopherol （antioxidants）. The level of MDA was lower in fresh seeds （0.0066-0.0087 OD at 600-535 nm） and increased as storage duration increased （0.0248-0.0268 OD after 65 days of stor-age）. The higher amount of MDA indicated that seeds died due to rancid-ity of the oil inside the seed. Neem seed cake was assessed for deteriora-tion of food reserves （total proteins, total sugar, and total starch）, concen-trations of which were higher in fresh seed and declined as storage dura-tion increased. Germination was higher in fresh seeds and after 65 days, no germination was received perhaps due to deterioration of biochemi-cals in seeds. Patterns of seed deterioration were similar across all seed lots.