Preparation of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Hybrid Fibers with Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing Properties by Wet Spinning

Silk is widely used in the production of high-quality textiles.At the same time,the amount of silk textiles no longer in use and discarded is increasing,resulting in significant waste and pollution.This issue is of great concern in many countries where silk is used.Hydrogen peroxide as a naturally occurring compound is an important indicator of detection in both biology and the environment.This study aims to develop a composite fiber with hydrogen peroxide-sensing properties using discarded silk materials.To achieve this goal,firstly,polydopamine(PDA)was used to encapsulate the ZnFe_(2)O_(4) NPs to achieve the improvement of dispersion,and then regenerated silk fibroin(RSF)and PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF hybrid fibers are prepared by wet spinning.Research has shown that PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF demonstrates exceptional sensitivity,selectivity,and stability in detecting hydrogen peroxide,while maintaining high mechanical strength.Furthermore,the complete hybridization of PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4) with silk fibroin not only results in the combination of the durability of silk fibroin and PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)’s rigidity,ensuring a reliable service life,but also makes PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF exhibit excellent catalytic activity and biocompatibility.Therefore,the composite fiber exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and reliable hydrogen peroxide sensing capabilities,making it a promising material for biological and medical applications.

Fine Structure of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Solids

The fibroin solids (membrane and gel) were prepared from regenerated silk fibroin solution in different ways. The structure of the fibroin solids and its change during storage were studied. The results indicated that the structure of fibroin membrane air-dried at 30℃ or freeze dried at a freezing temperature of -20-4℃ was the coexistence of amorphous and silkⅠstructure. The amorphous region could partly be transformed into silkⅠstructure under room temperature and humidity. The structure of porous silk fibroin membrane was the coexistence of amorphous and small part of silkⅡ, if the aqueous fibroin was freeze dried within the temperature range of -80℃ to -20℃, and the amorphous partly transformed into silkⅠ during storage. The structure of fibroin gel naturally forming when kept at room temperature was coexistent of amorphous and silkⅡ. The content of Gly and Ala was high in the surface membrane of aqueous fibroin and its structure was mostly silkⅠ and silkⅡwith high crystallinity.

Preparation of Antibacterial Electrospun PVA / Regenerated Silk Fibroin Nanofibrous Composite Containing Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride as a Wound Dressing

Electrospinning technique was used for the fabrication of poly( vinyl alcohol)( PVA) / regenerated silk fibroin( SF)composite nanofibers,loaded with ciprofloxacin HCl( CipH Cl) as a wound dressing.Electrospun PVA / SF / CipH Cl composite nanofibers were stabilized against dissolving in water by heating in an oven at155 ℃ for 5 min.Incorporation of CipH Cl into electrospun nanofibers was confirmed by SEM and FT-IR spectra.Further the mechanical properties test illustrated that the addition of CipH Cl enhanced the mechanical properties of PVA and PVA / SF nanofibers.The antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli( E.coli)( gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus( S.aureus)( gram-positive) organisms were evaluated by disk diffusion method;and results suggested that electrospun PVA / CipH Cl and PVA / SF /CipH Cl composite nanofibers showed a remarkable antibacterial activity.

Three-dimensional bioprinting collagen/silk fibroin scaffold combined with neural stem cells promotes nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury

Many studies have shown that bio-scaffolds have important value for promoting axonal regeneration of injured spinal cord.Indeed,cell transplantation and bio-scaffold implantation are considered to be effective methods for neural regeneration.This study was designed to fabricate a type of three-dimensional collagen/silk fibroin scaffold (3D-CF) with cavities that simulate the anatomy of normal spinal cord.This scaffold allows cell growth in vitro and in vivo.To observe the effects of combined transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and 3D-CF on the repair of spinal cord injury.Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham (only laminectomy was performed),spinal cord injury (transection injury of T10 spinal cord without any transplantation),3D-CF (3D scaffold was transplanted into the local injured cavity),and 3D-CF + NSCs (3D scaffold co-cultured with NSCs was transplanted into the local injured cavity.Neuroelectrophysiology,imaging,hematoxylin-eosin staining,argentaffin staining,immunofluorescence staining,and western blot assay were performed.Apart from the sham group,neurological scores were significantly higher in the 3D-CF + NSCs group compared with other groups.Moreover,latency of the 3D-CF + NSCs group was significantly reduced,while the amplitude was significantly increased in motor evoked potential tests.The results of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging showed that both spinal cord continuity and the filling of injury cavity were the best in the 3D-CF + NSCs group.Moreover,regenerative axons were abundant and glial scarring was reduced in the 3D-CF + NSCs group compared with other groups.These results confirm that implantation of 3D-CF combined with NSCs can promote the repair of injured spinal cord.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of People’s Armed Police Force Medical Center in 2017 (approval No.2017-0007.2).

Human amniotic epithelial cells combined with silk fibroin scaffold in the repair of spinal cord injury

Treatment and functional reconstruction after central nervous system injury is a major medical and social challenge. An increasing number of researchers are attempting to use neural stem cells combined with artificial scaffold materials, such as fibroin, for nerve repair. However, such approaches are challenged by ethical and practical issues. Amniotic tissue, a clinical waste product, is abundant, and amniotic epithe- lial cells are pluripotent, have low immunogenicity, and are not the subject of ethical debate. We hypothesized that amniotic epithelial cells combined with silk fibroin scaffolds would be conducive to the repair of spinal cord injury. To test this, we isolated and cultured amniotic epithelial cells, and constructed complexes of these cells and silk fibroin scaffolds. Implantation of the cell-scaffold complex into a rat model of spinal cord injury resulted in a smaller glial scar in the damaged cord tissue than in model rats that received a blank scaffold, or amniotic epithelial cells alone. In addition to a milder local immunological reaction, the rats showed less inflammatory cell infiltration at the trans- plant site, milder host-versus-graft reaction, and a marked improvement in motor function. These findings confirm that the transplantation of amniotic epithelial ceils combined with silk fibroin scaffold can promote the repair of spinal cord injury. Silk fibroin scaffold can provide a good nerve regeneration microenvironment for amniotic epithelial cells.

Novel conductive polypyrrole/silk fibroin scaffold for neural tissue repair

Three dimensional（3D） bioprinting, which involves depositing bioinks（mixed biomaterials） layer by layer to form computer-aided designs, is an ideal method for fabricating complex 3D biological structures. However, it remains challenging to prepare biomaterials with micro-nanostructures that accurately mimic the nanostructural features of natural tissues. A novel nanotechnological tool, electrospinning, permits the processing and modification of proper nanoscale biomaterials to enhance neural cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and subsequent nerve regeneration. The composite scaffold was prepared by combining 3D bioprinting with subsequent electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole and electrospinning of silk fibroin to form a composite polypyrrole/silk fibroin scaffold. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze scaffold composition. The surface morphology of the scaffold was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A digital multimeter was used to measure the resistivity of prepared scaffolds. Light microscopy was applied to observe the surface morphology of scaffolds immersed in water or Dulbecco＇s Modified Eagle＇s Medium at 37℃ for 30 days to assess stability. Results showed characteristic peaks of polypyrrole and silk fibroin in the synthesized conductive polypyrrole/silk fibroin scaffold, as well as the structure of the electrospun nanofiber layer on the surface. The electrical conductivity was 1 × 10^-5–1 × 10^-3 S/cm, while stability was 66.67%. A 3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay was employed to measure scaffold cytotoxicity in vitro. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe Ed U-labeled Schwann cells to quantify cell proliferation. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect S100β immunoreactivity, while scanning electron microscopy was applied to observe the morphology of adherent Schwann cells. Results demonstrated that the polypyrrole/silk fibroin scaffold was not cytotoxic and did not affect Schwann cell proliferation. Moreover, filopodia formed on the scaffold and Schwann cells were regularly arranged. Our findings verified that the composite polypyrrole/silk fibroin scaffold has good biocompatibility and may be a suitable material for neural tissue engineering.

Electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers promote Schwann cell adhesion, growth and proliferation

In this study, Schwann cells, at a density of 1 x 105 cells/well, were cultured on regenerated silk fibroin nanofibers （305 ＋ 84 nm） prepared using the electrospinning method. Schwann cells cultured on the silk fibroin nanofibers appeared more ordered, their processes extended further, and they formed more extensive and complex interconnections. In addition, the silk fibroin nanofibers had no impact on the proliferation of Schwann cells or on the secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor or nerve growth factor. These findings indicate that regenerated electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers can promote Schwann cell adhesion, growth and proliferation, and have excellent biocompatibility.

Electrospun and woven silk fibroin/poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) nerve guidance conduits for repairing peripheral nerve injury

We have designed a novel nerve guidance conduit（NGC） made from silk fibroin and poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid） through electrospinning and weaving（ESP-NGCs）. Several physical and biological properties of the ESP-NGCs were assessed in order to evaluate their biocompatibility. The physical properties, including thickness, tensile stiffness, infrared spectroscopy, porosity, and water absorption were determined in vitro. To assess the biological properties, Schwann cells were cultured in ESP-NGC extracts and were assessed by morphological observation, the MTT assay, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, ESP-NGCs were subcutaneously implanted in the backs of rabbits to evaluate their biocompatibility in vivo. The results showed that ESP-NGCs have high porosity, strong hydrophilicity, and strong tensile stiffness. Schwann cells cultured in the ESP-NGC extract fluids showed no significant differences compared to control cells in their morphology or viability. Histological evaluation of the ESP-NGCs implanted in vivo indicated a mild inflammatory reaction and high biocompatibility. Together, these data suggest that these novel ESP-NGCs are biocompatible, and may thus provide a reliable scaffold for peripheral nerve repair in clinical application.

Silk Fibroin/Poly-L-lactide Lactone Bi-layered Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration

After removal of the caries or diseased teeth,the alveolar ridge will undergo absorption and atrophy.When the amount of alveolar bone is insufficient,it will cause an inability to perform effective dental implant restoration.In order to control the absorption and promote the repair and regeneration of alveolar ridge,a method of implanting guided bone regeneration(GBR)membranes at the extraction site is often used.In this study,silk fibroin(SF)and poly-L-lactide lactone(PLCL)were used to prepare bilayered guided bone regeneration membranes,and its morphology,hydrophilicity,surface roughness and mechanical properties were studied.At the same time,the drug release behaviors and cell compatibility of the bilayered membranes were studied.The results showed that SF/PLCL bi-layered membranes had good mechanical properties and surface hydrophilicity,and the drug-loaded bi-layered membranes had good cell compatibility.The bilayered membranes fabricated in this study are of potential for applying in the oral health field to promote bone regeneration.

Fabrication of High Toughness Silk Fibroin/Tungsten Disulfide Nanoparticles Hybrid Fiber and Self-Heating Textile by Wet Spinning|

Traditionally,silkworm silk has been used to make high-quality textiles.Nevertheless,various wastes from silk-worm silk textiles that are no longer used are increasing.which is also causing considerable waste and contam-ination.This issue is causing widespread concern in countries that use more silk.Regenerated silk fibroin(RSF)fibers have been shown to be fragile and tender,which prohibits RSF from being widely used as a structural com-ponent.Therefore,enriching the function of silk and enhancing the RSF mechanial properties are important directions to expand the comprehensive utilization of silk products.In the present research,wet spinning was used to create a series of RSF/tungsten disulfide(WS_(2))nanoparticles(NPs)hybrid fiber having distinct WS_(2) nanoparticles concentrations.It was discovered that the temperature of hybrid fibers containing 0.8 wt%RSF/WS_(2) nanoparticles might climb from 20.4℃ to 85.6℃in 1 min and 108.3℃ in 10 min after being exposed to simulated sunlight for a period of one minute and ten minutes.It also had certain antibacterial activity and thermal stability.Fabrics created by hand mixing had outst anding photothermal characteristics under natural sunlight.Further-more,adding WS_(2) nanoparticles might increase the tensile properties of hybrid fibers,which could be caused by the reality that the blending of WS_(2) nanoparticles inhibited the self-assembly of sheets in RSF reaction mixture in a dosage dependent way,as evidenced by the fact that RSF/WSz nanoparticles hybrid fibers had lesser β-sheets material,crystalline nature,and arystalline size.The above performance makes the RSF/WS_(2) nanoparticles hybrid fbers promising candidates for application in photothermal fabrics as well as military dothing.

丝素蛋白作为口腔组织再生屏障材料的应用进展

丝素蛋白具有良好的生物相容性、可调控的降解率、合适的机械强度与可载药的特性,已逐渐成为口腔组织再生的新兴屏障材料。该文通过分析、总结丝素蛋白作为屏障材料在口腔组织再生研究的相关文献,并对其目前应用的局限性和未来的发展趋势进行了讨论,旨在为该领域的进一步深入研究提供一定的参考依据。

高模量高强度丝素蛋白GBR膜的制备及性能评估

目的拟制备一种高模量和高强度的可降解丝素蛋白引导骨再生(GBR)膜,以解决骨缺损修复成骨空间维持问题。方法提纯丝素蛋白后利用蒸发-热压法制备膜材,使用拉伸测试、体外模拟、细胞共培养等方法评估其理化性质与生物性能。结果制得丝素蛋白GBR膜,体外模拟12 h降解率为35.3%,湿态弹性模量达45 MPa,拉伸强度达8.39 MPa,7 d细胞生存率近100%。结论所制得可降解GBR膜具有高模量和高强度,以及优异的生物相容性,有望为解决骨缺损修复成骨空间维持问题提供材料基础。

丝素蛋白/生物活性玻璃复合纤维膜的制备及性能表征

背景:在构建具有生物功能的引导骨再生膜时,单一材料因功能不足而无法满足临床上的需要,因此将多种材料复合已成为目前组织修复工程的一种趋势。目的:通过静电纺丝技术制备丝素蛋白/生物活性玻璃复合纤维膜,表征其理化性能和体外生物相容性。方法:将0.8 g丝素蛋白溶解于10 mL六氟异丙醇中制备静电纺丝溶液,利用静电纺丝技术制备丝素蛋白纳米纤维膜(记为SF纤维膜);将0.1,0.3,0.5,0.8 g的生物活性玻璃分别加入静电纺丝溶液中,利用静电纺丝技术制备丝素蛋白/生物活性玻璃复合纤维膜(依次记为SF/1BG、SF/3BG、SF/5BG、SF/8BG纤维膜)。表征5组纤维膜的理化性能及生物相容性。结果与结论:①扫描电镜下可见5组纤维表面光滑、连续且均匀,无串珠样结构,丝纤维之间无明显粘连,均表现出随机排布的无序多孔结构,添加生物活性玻璃后纤维膜的纤维直径减小。傅里叶红外光谱与X射线衍射检测显示,纤维膜中丝素蛋白与生物活性玻璃的化学结构稳定。SF、SF/1BG、SF/3BG、SF/5BG、SF/8BG纤维膜表面的水接触角分别为105.02°,72.58°,78.13°,79.35°,72.50°。②将骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于5组纤维膜上,CCK-8检测显示相较于SF、SF/8BG纤维膜,SF/1BG、SF/3BG、SF/5BG纤维膜可促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;活/死细胞染色显示5组纤维膜表面的细胞活力较好,其中SF/5BG纤维膜表面的细胞数量更多、分布更均匀;罗丹明-鬼笔环肽染色与扫描电镜观察显示相较于SF纤维膜,SF/5BG纤维膜更有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附。将骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于5组纤维膜上进行成骨诱导分化,SF/3BG、SF/5BG组碱性磷酸酶活性高于其他3组(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001);茜素红染色显示,添加生物活性玻璃后纤维膜的钙结节形成增加,并且以SF/5BG组钙结节形成最多。③结果表明,丝素蛋白/生物活性玻璃复合纤维膜具有良好的生物安全性和生物相容性。

再生丝素蛋白在Na+溶液中的分子聚集行为及生物学性能研究

目的:丝素蛋白在特定条件下的聚集行为能够影响其动力学行为及黏弹性能,进而影响丝素蛋白材料的生物学性能,因此,本文通过系统研究丝素蛋白的自组装聚集行为,进而研究增强其力学性能及生物学性能的条件。方法:以家蚕蚕茧为原料,提取制备得到再生丝素蛋白,通过浊度实验寻找最佳组装条件;丝素蛋白溶液加入Na+后,通过流变学实验研究其对动力学行为和黏弹性能的影响;通过细胞增殖实验研究丝素蛋白的生物学性能。结果:提取的再生丝素蛋白以无规卷曲结构为主;最佳体外自组装条件:浓度为4 mg/mL的溶液在70℃组装6 h;丝素蛋白溶液中加入Ca^(2+)对体外自组装起抑制作用,而加入Na^(+)可以加快自组装速率和提高组装程度,并且随着Na+浓度的增加,丝素蛋白凝胶强度逐渐增强,凝胶网络更稳定;细胞增殖实验显示,再生丝素蛋白溶液比其自组装纤维更利于细胞生长和增殖。结论:丝素蛋白的浓度、温度、组装时间和离子都会对丝素蛋白的体外自组装聚集行为产生影响,本文初步研究丝素蛋白的自组装聚集条件和生物学性能,为提高丝素蛋白作为食品包装材料的性能提供实验依据。

丝素蛋白水凝胶的制备及其在骨再生研究中的最新进展

颌面骨缺损是临床上的常见病,大面积的骨缺损不仅影响人们生活质量而且会引发全身健康严重受损,甚至威胁生命,为社会医疗系统增加了沉重负担。临床上主要通过骨移植或骨替代物移植来促进骨缺损再生,骨替代物主要包括生物膜、支架材料、水凝胶等,其中水凝胶作为骨移植替代物修复骨缺损是目前较有前景的策略。水凝胶在药物缓释、骨缺损修复及细胞播种和封装等领域已取得了初步成效。在各种水凝胶材料中,丝素蛋白(silk fibroin,SF)具有优良的生物相容性、可调的生物降解、较小的免疫原性、优异的机械强度,在骨组织工程中具有较大潜力。本文综述了基于丝素蛋白的水凝胶的制备及其在骨组织修复和再生方面的重要研究进展。

Effects of Nano-patterning Modification on the Cell Proliferation and Adhesion in Burn Wound Healing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Membrane

Objective:To investigate the effect of nano-patterning modification on the cell proliferation and adhesion in burn wound healing of regenerated silk fibroin membrane.Methods:A total of 60 healthy SD mice were randomly divided into three groups:group A received treatment involving nano-patterning on the surface of regenerated silk fibroin membrane,group B received treatment with recombinant human epidermal growth factor gel,and group C received the same treatment with recombinant human epidermal growth factor gel,with 20 cases in each group.Wound healing,surface structure,protein adsorption,cell proliferation and adhesion were assessed at intervals of 5th,15th and 25th d after treatment.Results:The findings indicated that:(1)The duration and pace of wound healing in groups A and B surpassed those of group C,with group A exhibiting superior results compared to group B(P<0.05);(2)Histopathological analysis revealed a progressive increase in neovascularization and fibroblast count in wound tissue across the 5th,15th,and 25th days for all three groups,with group C exhibiting a higher count of neovascularization and fibroblasts in unhealed tissue compared to groups A and B.(3)The levels of basic calponin expression in group A and group B showed an increase on the 5th and 15th day,followed by stabilization on the 25th day.In group C,the expression of basic calponin was initially high on the 5th day,and then stabilized on the 15th and 25th day(P<0.05);(4)The expression of fibroblast proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the wound tissue of mice in all three groups peaked on the 15th day and subsequently declined.The expression of PCNA in group A and group B was higher than that in group C at each time point,with group A exhibiting higher levels than group B(P<0.05);(5)As wounds healed,there was a reduction in apoptotic cells within the wound tissues of mice across three groups,with group a exhibiting a lower count compared to groups B and C(P<0.05).Conclusion:Nanopatterning on the surface of regenerated silk fibroin membrane can enhance the biocompatibility of burn wound treatment and promote the proliferation and adhesion of reparative cells.

同轴静电纺RSF载VEGF纳米纤维膜的制备与研究

为进一步提高再生丝素蛋白(RSF)在生物组织工程中的应用潜力,通过同轴静电纺技术,以RSF溶液为壳层、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和胎牛血清为芯层,制备纳米纤维膜。然后通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、ELISA试剂盒等手段,对不同芯层流速下制备的纳米纤维膜的纤维形态和壳芯结构及VEGF释放性能进行对比分析。结果表明:在固定其他因素的情况下,随着芯层流速减小,纤维形态由扁平带状向圆柱形转变,芯层厚度减小,纤维直径下降,纤维的壳芯结构趋于稳定;当壳层的RSF溶液浓度为14 g/m L时,在壳层流速为0. 80 m L/h、芯层流速为0. 05 m L/h的条件下,纤维壳芯结构稳定,VEGF释放性能较优。

再生丝素蛋白涂膜对冷藏草鱼肉块保鲜效果的影响

用不同浓度(2.0%、5.0%、8.0%)的自组装再生丝素蛋白溶液对新鲜草鱼肉块进行涂膜处理,并在4℃低温条件下冷藏,研究再生丝素蛋白涂膜处理对草鱼肉保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,在相同贮藏期内,与对照组相比,自组装再生丝素蛋白溶液涂膜处理能有效保持新鲜草鱼肉的良好品质,降低鱼肉的失重率,使草鱼肉的感官品质、失重率、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB⁃N)含量、新鲜度指标K值均维持较好水平,其中5.0%自组装再生丝素蛋白溶液涂膜处理效果最佳。

再生丝素蛋白膜表面的纳米图案化修饰对细胞黏附和增殖的影响

为了拓展再生丝素蛋白(RSF)生物医用材料在细胞培养和组织修复等生物医学领域中的应用,提高RSF材料的细胞相容性至关重要。本研究采用等离子体刻蚀技术制备了纳米“岛”图案化RSF膜,并进一步考察其对NIH3T3细胞黏附和增殖行为的影响。所有定量检测实验中至少设3个重复样(n≥3)。细胞培养1 d后的显微观察结果表明,与未修饰的RSF平整膜相比,纳米图案化修饰的RSF膜具有更好的黏附形态。CCK-8检测细胞培养1和4 d的吸光度(OD)结果表明,与未修饰的RSF平整膜相比,纳米图案化修饰RSF膜能够明显促进细胞的增殖,且其中刻蚀30 min膜组的吸光度(1.13±0.32)最高,显著高于未修饰的RSF平整膜(0.46±0.03,P<0.001)。等离子体刻蚀技术可作为一种简便、快捷、可大规模制备的纳米图案化修饰策略用于提高RSF材料的细胞相容性。

Piezoresistive MXene/Silk fibroin nanocomposite hydrogel for accelerating bone regeneration by Re-establishing electrical microenvironment

The electrical microenvironment plays an important role in bone repair.However,the underlying mechanism by which electrical stimulation(ES)promotes bone regeneration remains unclear,limiting the design of bone microenvironment-specific electroactive materials.Herein,by simple co-incubation in aqueous suspensions at physiological temperatures,biocompatible regenerated silk fibroin(RSF)is found to assemble into nanofibrils with aβ-sheet structure on MXene nanosheets,which has been reported to inhibit the restacking and oxidation of MXene.An electroactive hydrogel based on RSF and bioencapsulated MXene is thus prepared to promote efficient bone regeneration.This MXene/RSF hydrogel also acts as a piezoresistive pressure transducer,which can potentially be utilized to monitor the electrophysiological microenvironment.RNA sequencing is performed to explore the underlying mechanisms,which can activate Ca^(2+)/CALM signaling in favor of the direct osteogenesis process.ES is found to facilitate indirect osteogenesis by promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages,as well as stimulating the neogenesis and migration of endotheliocytes.Consistent improvements in bone regeneration and angiogenesis are observed with MXene/RSF hydrogels under ES in vivo.Collectively,the MXene/RSF hydrogel provides a distinctive and promising strategy for promoting direct osteogenesis,regulating immune microenvironment and neovascularization under ES,leading to re-establish electrical microenvironment for bone regeneration.