Crash Severity Analysis of Single Vehicle Run-off-Road Crashes

Run-off-road crashes in the United States have become a major cause of serious injuries and fatalities. A significant portion of run-off-road crashes are single vehicle crashes that occur due to collisions with fixed objects and overturning. These crashes typically tend to be more severe than other types of crashes. Single vehicle run-off-road crashes that occurred between 2004 and 2008 were extracted from Kansas Accident Reporting System (KARS) database to identify the important factors that affected their severity. Different driver, vehicle, road, crash, and environment related factors that influence crash severity are identified by using binary logit models. Three models were developed to take different levels of crash severity as the response variables. The first model taking fatal or incapacitating crashes as the response variable seems to better fit the data than the other two developed models. The variables that were found to increase the probability of run-off-road crash severity are driver related factors such as driver ejection, being an older driver, alcohol involvement, license state, driver being at fault, medical condition of the driver;road related factors such as speed, asphalt road surface, dry road condition;time related factors such as crashes occurring between 6 pm and midnight;environment related factors such as daylight;vehicle related factors such as being an SUV, motorcycles, vehicle getting destroyed or disabled, vehicle maneuver being straight or passing;and fixed object types such as trees and ditches.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOIL EROSION AND ELEMENT RUN-OFF IN THE SONGHUA LAKE VALLEY

Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.

LUCC and its impact on run-off yield in the Bai River catchment—upstream of the Miyun Reservoir basin

Aims The Miyun Reservoir is the most important drinking water source for Beijing—the capital of China with a population of more than 16 million.Since the 1980s,the inflow to the reservoir has been decreasing,which seriously threatens the security of water use in Beijing.Our goal was to analyze the impact of land use and cover change(LUCC)on run-off yield in the upstream of the Miyun Reservoir.Methods In this study,the Soil andWater Assessment Tool(SWAT)was used to simulate the impacts of LUCC on the run-off yield in the Bai River catchment—upstream of the Miyun Reservoir basin in northern China.The investigation was conducted using two 6-year historical streamflow records:from 1986 to 1991 and from 2000 to 2005.A split sample procedure was used for model calibration and validation.The data from 1986 to 1988 and from 2000 to 2002 were used for calibration,while those from 1989 to 1991 and from 2003 to 2005 for validation.The SWAT calibration was based on monthly measured discharge at Zhangjiafen station at the catchment outlet from Bai River catchment.Additionally,the influence of LUCC on the surface run-off was distinguished from that of climate change on the surface runoff through SWAT scenarios modeling,the twoway analysis of variance(ANOVA),and the rainfall–run-off double-mass analysis in the Bai River catchment.Important Findings We found that the SWAT model could be used successfully to accurately simulate run-off yield and different LUCC patterns affecting water quantity in this catchment.During calibraion for the two periods the simulated monthly run-off satisfactorily matched the observed values,with the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient>0.9 and 0.7 and a coefficient of determination of 0.9 and 0.65 at the outlet station(Zhangjiafen station),while during validation for the two periods the obtained values were 0.85,0.65 and 0.9,0.65,respectively.During the period of 1986–91,both the SWAT scenarios modeling and the analysis of the two-way ANOVA method showed that LUCC and climate change had some impact on run-off,and the impact of climate change was more significant than that of LUCC.Compared with the period during 1986–91,the run-off yield in the period during 2000–05 significantly decreased.The obtained results from the rainfall–run-off double-mass analysis indicate that since 1998 LUCC has had an increasing influence on the run-off,while the response of the run-off to rainfall has been decreasing.Since 1998,the LUCC has been a major driving force for run-off change in Bai River catchment.

Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in impervious surface run-off in an urban area in Shanghai, China

Rainwater and run-off from three kinds of impervious surface in the Shanghai urban area,China were sampled.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in the samples,and their sources were assessed.The mean sum of the 16 PAH concentrations measured in rainwater and run-offs from ceramic tiles,asphalt roofs,and asphalt roads were 873,1404,1743,and 4023 ng/L,respectively.The PAH concentrations found in this study were moderate compared to PAH concentrations found in run-offs in other studies.The main PAH components in the rainwater,roof run-off,and asphalt road run-off samples were 3-ring PAHs,3–4-ring PAHs,and 4–6-ring PAHs,respectively.Source apportionment results indicated that combustion(47.4%–55.5%) and vehicular emissions(30.5%–33.0%) were the major contributors to PAHs in roof run-off.Vehicular emissions were the most significant contributors to asphalt road run-off(47.2%),followed by combustion(23.5%),and petroleum(16.3%).Vehicular emissions and coal and natural gas combustion are therefore the most significant sources of PAHs in run-off from impervious surfaces in the Shanghai urban area.

降低竖炉带冷机故障及提升冷却效率的措施

新疆昕昊达矿业有限责任公司采用球团竖炉工艺,用带式冷却机对球团矿进行冷却,在生产运行中带冷机故障频繁,经常性非计划停机,设备作业率低,影响竖炉产能的发挥。带冷机主要存在轨道跑偏、漏料严重和小刮板掉道等问题。同时,因原篦子箅缝中卡球团,导致冷却效率降低。利用年修及定期检修对带冷机进行技术改造后,故障发生率降低了90%以上,冷却效率大幅提高。

带式输送机的跑偏与调整典型案例分析

阐述了选煤厂主要的运输设备带式输送机在运行过程中会因为各种原因出现胶带跑偏的现象,从而出现胶带撒煤、胶带折叠、撕胶带等问题。以下平行调心托辊的调偏原理对胶带在重锤滚筒、机尾滚筒、改向滚筒等几个位置跑偏进行调偏,解决因滚筒换向干扰而不能正确调偏的问题。

世界优秀男子跳远运动员助跑与起跳技术运动生物力学分析——以2017年伦敦世界田径锦标赛为例

世界优秀跳远运动员后三步基本都呈现出“中-大-小”的变化趋势,助跑速度与跳远成绩呈高度相关性。世界优秀跳远运动员腾起角度呈增大趋势;离板瞬间运动员身体重心与垂直面夹角过大或过小都会影响运动员速度能力的发挥。着板瞬间膝关节角度、最大缓冲时刻膝关节角度和膝关节角度呈现出不同的技术特点,由于精英运动员技术风格和动作节奏不同,膝关节角度变化较大,垂直分速度较小,但下压扒地积极,技术动作的转换速度较快,对成绩影响较小;水平较差的运动员离板瞬间水平速度较小,缓冲时间较长,肌肉拉伸过度或不足,造成垂直分速度增加,向前性不足,影响比赛成绩。

一种便携式轮对不圆度的设计与研究

随着铁路列车运行速度的提高,铁路车辆和轨道之间相互作用力逐渐增强,使得车轮踏面失圆的问题不容小觑。对此研发了一款轨道车辆轮对不圆度检测仪。使用钕铁硼磁力开关,将设备吸附在钢轨上,待测轮对旋转带动金属滚轮使旋转编码器工作,自复位高精度电子尺持续采集轮对踏面径跳信息,霍尔感应开关判断轮对旋转一周后自动锁死,嵌入式微处理器经过计算后将轮对径跳、平均直径等信息显示在MCGS组态显示屏上,为车轮镟修提供参考。

基于物质流模型的长三角城市群食物生产与消费系统氮素流动格局及影响因素

作为区域社会经济发展的重要增长极,城市群食物生产与消费系统活性氮的释放对区域氮素循环格局有着重要影响。采用物质流分析模型,定量分析2019年长三角城市群农田种植、畜禽养殖、水产养殖和人类消费子系统的氮素流动格局,评估各子系统氮素损失的结构,阐明氮素损失的空间分布,并探究氮素损失强度的主要影响因素。结果表明,系统总体氮输入为3472.56 Gg/a,最大氮素输入项为化肥输入;系统总体氮输出为3061.29 Gg/a,主要表现为氮素损失,占90.9%。农田种植、畜禽养殖和水产养殖子系统的氮素利用效率分别为42.6%、30.8%和40.1%。农田种植子系统对系统氮素损失的贡献最大,为1325.53 Gg/a,占比为47.6%;其后依次为人类消费子系统、畜禽养殖子系统和水产养殖子系统。长三角各城市氮素损失强度空间异质性较大,上海、扬州、盐城较高,分别为26.43、23.20和22.26 kg/hm^(2);杭州、宣城、池州较低,分别为6.14、5.83和4.55 kg/hm^(2)。氮素损失强度空间异质性与经济、人口、农业生产和土地利用等因素的相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01),相关系数为0.42~0.76。

动作姿态对北欧两项运动员跳台滑雪助滑和起跳气动阻力的影响

目的:探讨北欧两项运动员不同助滑和起跳动作姿态产生原因其对气动阻力的影响及机理,并将姿态参数对气动阻力的影响进行量化评估。方法:以5名北欧两项国家队运动员为对象,采用风洞测试和高清摄像系统及视频分析系统对其在风洞水平工作段中进行助滑和起跳训练时身体姿态和关节角度参数、气动阻力参数进行采集和分析,通过运动员身体形态、运动学特征等因素分析不同姿态产生的原因,探究其影响助滑起跳姿态的机理。结果:1)同一运动员在保持头部平视(与铅垂线夹角θ_(1)=90.4°)、躯干水平(与水平面夹角θ_(2)=0°)、手部水平伸展、完全蹲踞式(髋关节角度θ_(3)=37.6°)姿态进行助滑时气动阻力最小,具有最佳减阻效果。2)不同运动员的起跳动作中,“膝动带髋式”姿势为最佳减阻姿势,相对于平均气动阻力最大的“髋膝变速同步式”姿势,减阻率达到18.34%。3)皮尔逊相关分析表明,运动员的右侧髋关节内外旋ROM增加,起跳的气动阻力相应减小;右髋屈ROM增加,气动阻力相应会增大,起跳气动阻力的降低,有利于运动员赛季跳台的平均距离的提高,以上3组变量之间相关性均具有显著水平(P<0.05)。结论:不同助滑和起跳姿态下北欧两项运动员的气动减阻效应存在一定差异,影响助滑和起跳气动减阻的因素有运动员专项技术特点、身体形态和运动功能特征、心理和场地环境因素等。研究不同姿态的气动减阻效应能够为运动员减小空气阻力、优化能量分配、改进训练策略、提升竞技表现提供重要的科学指导。

电动助力转向PDC功能跑偏补偿原理及测试分析

车辆行驶跑偏问题一种常见的影响车辆使用性能的失效模式,文章根据车辆行驶跑偏特性,提出拉拽补偿(PDC)功能场景识别、补偿扭矩计算及PDC补偿扭矩输出三个阶段,并将跑偏考核指标偏移时间(TTD)和保舵力(TTT)纳入PDC功能验收性能指标。阐述并论证PDC功能对跑偏问题优化的贡献,具有一定的工程应用价值。

上向流臭氧生物活性炭工艺炭流失情况分析及控制

对上向流臭氧生物活性炭池的炭流失情况进行跟踪监测,发现炭池运行一年半左右,每格炭池的炭流失情况差异较大,平均炭流失率为7.6%,炭层厚度平均减少约19.4 cm。通过深入研究分析发现,活性炭粒径变小、炭池进水负荷较高、炭池进水分配不均、炭池反冲周期相对较短等是导致炭流失的主要原因。针对炭池进水分配不均、活性炭整体粒径变小等炭流失原因,研究提出相应的控制及改进建议,包括炭池进水渠设置高度可调节堰板、控制炭池进水流量、优化炭池反冲强度及反冲时间等反冲参数条件、注意炭池启停工况、以及在设计阶段研究适当降低目数范围的可行性等。

连通试验在西南某区岩溶地下水污染溯源中的应用

为查明岩溶地下水径流特征及连通性现状,验证西南某潜在污染区突发岩溶地下水污染与养殖排废的关系,开展连通试验。试验结果表明:荧光素钠在峰值期的平均浓度是稳定期的119倍,养殖排废区开挖的落水洞与岩溶下降泉之间存在直接水力关系,地下水径流速度约为3.0×10^(-3) m·s^(-1),流速低,总体自东南向西北径流;径流通道形态单一,连通性好。

城市生态公园水系建设防洪影响评价分析研究

新建城市生态公园水系,若与现状河道相连通,会对河道行洪及河势稳定产生一定影响。基于GIS水文分析模型,采用MIKE11、MIKE21水动力模型,构建研究区域的产汇流模型、河道一维水动力模型、生态公园水系二维水动力模型。通过模型分析,计算河道不同来水频率下的设计洪水过程及生态公园水系建设区域的淹没范围,对河道行洪安全、河势稳定、公园建设项目、堤防及其他水利工程设施等进行防洪影响评价,提出相应的防治措施,为城市生态公园水系的建设提供支撑。

“一体两翼”办学模式下研究生学生工作现状及管理模式探索——以某高校珠海校区为例

学生管理是高校重要的日常工作和任务,它关系到高校人才培养目标的达成,对学生成长成才有重要影响。随着“一体两翼”多校区办学模式的发展,异地培养的学生管理面临瓶颈,如现有经验不适应异地校区实际情况、管理体系难以直接延伸、学生需求日趋多元、个性化及异地校区学生归属感低等问题。为此,基于某高校珠海校区的实际情况,通过文献梳理、走访调研,结合研究生的现实需求,梳理现存学生工作的特点,初步探索异地校区学生管理模式的优化路径。

埋弧焊拼板焊接质量控制研究

为提高加工埋弧焊拼板焊缝合格率,对焊接缺陷种类和焊接质量影响因素进行分析。从焊接设备、焊前检验、焊接工艺等方面提出改进措施;详细列举不同板厚的焊接工艺参数,供技术人员参考。

水生植物对面源污水净化效率研究

于自然条件下研究了慈茹、菱白等７种水生植物对面源污水的净化率。结果表明，７种试验植物对水体中Ｎ、Ｐ均有很高的净化率，其中以慈茹和菱白的综合净化率为最高。由于不同植物对Ｎ、Ｐ的净化率不同，所以多种植物配置可提高植物对面源污水的综合净化率。

博斯腾湖水盐动态变化(1951-2011年)及对气候变化的响应

分析了1951-2011年博斯腾湖历史水位和湖水矿化度的动态变化特征,解析了博斯腾湖水量与水质对气候变化的响应及未来变化趋势.结果表明,博斯腾湖水位在60年内经历了两个突变时期,突变时间分别为1974年和1994年,湖水矿化度也相应地呈现了三个动态变化阶段,水量与水位呈极显著负相关,但水质变化滞后于水位变化1年;流域气温呈显著增加趋势,气温升高的突变时间为1993年,与开都河出山口径流突变时间一致,但降水变化不显著;1993年前,博斯腾湖水量主要受气温和人类活动双重影响,1993年后博斯腾湖水量主要受气温的显著影响,气温主要通过改变入湖水量及湖区蒸发损耗来调控湖泊水位和水质;未来气温持续升高情景下,博斯腾湖水位将面临降低趋势,水质也将有恶化趋势.因此,为合理开发利用博斯腾湖水资源,减少水资源无效损耗,抑制水质恶化趋势,确保流域可持续发展,建议将博斯腾湖调水时间集中在5-9月,并严格控制孔雀河流域工农业用水量及工农业、生活污染源,减少污水排放量,减少周边地下水开发量.

药液在作物叶片的流失点和最大稳定持留量研究

用微量称重法可以方便地测定作物叶片的流失点 (POR)和最大稳定持留量(Rm) ,用浸渍法和喷雾法测定的 Rm 结果不同。引用润湿方程的概念来分析影响 Rm 的规律 ,浸渍法测定的 Rm 与粘附张力有关 ,当接触角大于 90°,叶片表面不粘附液体 ,Rm 趋于零。用喷雾法测定作物叶片 Rm,结果显示与药液的粘附功 [γ× (COSθ+1) ]有关 ,即使接触角大于 90°时 ,由于粘附功大于零 ,Rm 值也大于零。对于水稻这样难润湿的作物叶片 ,清水中添加表面活性剂可以提高 Rm;反之 ,对于棉花、黄瓜这样的作物叶片 ,添加表面活性剂反而会降低 Rm。

喷洒部件及喷雾助剂对担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用诱惑红为指示剂研究测定了喷洒部件以及喷雾助剂Silwet408对电动担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响,试验结果表明:采用喷枪大容量喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有35.2%的药液流失到地面,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为0.59和0.62;当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到125 L/667 m2时,药液在地面的流失率减少到21.2%,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为1.28和1.19,沉积分布均匀性明显提高。采用装配小喷片的组合喷头喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有28.4%的药液流失到地面,当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到185 L/667m2时,喷雾压力分别为0.25 Mpa和0.35 Mpa时,药液在地面的流失率分别减少到18.5%和8.6%。研究测定结果表明,通过更换喷洒部件、增加喷雾压力、减少施药液量、添加喷雾助剂等措施可以显著减少果园喷雾中的药液流失率、提高喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层的沉积分布均匀性。