Objective To investigate the virulence characteristics of two fixed strains (CTN and aG) and a street strain (HNIO) of rabies viruses isolated in China, Methods ICR mice of different age groups were via the intrac...Objective To investigate the virulence characteristics of two fixed strains (CTN and aG) and a street strain (HNIO) of rabies viruses isolated in China, Methods ICR mice of different age groups were via the intracracerebral (i.c.) or intramuscular (i.m inoculated with CTN, aG and HN10 rabies virus strains ) routes, and observed for 20 days. Results The CTN strain was pathogenic to 7-day-old suckling mice that received i.c. inoculations and 3-day-old suckling mice that received i.m. inoculations. The aG strain was pathogenic to 4-week-old mice that received i.c. inoculations and 7-day-old suckling mice that received i.m. inoculations. The HN10 strain was pathogenic to mice of all age groups via both inoculation routes. In moribund mice, the viruses had spread to most regions of the brain. The CTN and HN10 strains had similar dissemination patterns in the brain; both viral antigens could be found in the dentate gyrus (DG), whereas few viral antigens were present in the DG from specimens that had been infected with the aG strain. Conclusion A comprehensive sequence analysis of the G protein suggested that differences in gene sequences may be responsible for producing strain-specific differences in pathogenicity and distribution in the brain.展开更多
An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces...An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.展开更多
[ Objective] To screen a suitable serum dilution and determine the normal range of antibodies against rabies viruses (RV) in dog serum. [Method]A sensitive, specific and suitable serum dilution was screened. A total...[ Objective] To screen a suitable serum dilution and determine the normal range of antibodies against rabies viruses (RV) in dog serum. [Method]A sensitive, specific and suitable serum dilution was screened. A total of 812 dog serum samples were collected from Changchun, Nanning and Uuzhou regions, and then they were diluted with above screened serum dilution and evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbont assay (ELISA). The positive and negative standard dog sara from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) were used as controls. The serum samples with different A450 were randomly selected and the anti-RV serum titers were detected by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). According to the A450 of dog sera, the normal A450 range of negative serum and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with SPSS 10.0 software, and the regression equation of OIE standards was established. [ Result] The screened serum dilution was sensitive and specific; at least 756 negative serum samples were obtained; the normal range and 95% confidence interval of negative serum were 0.127 3 ± 0.059 8 and 0.078 1 -0.172 3, respectively; and the regression equation was A450 = 1.139 serum titer (IU) ±0.470. [ Conclusion] These results lay a foundation for thecontrolling of dog rabies endemic and the development of ELISA kits of dog antibodies against RV.展开更多
[ Objective] To find the dominant rabies virus strains that are epidemic in Guangdong Province and thus to better prevent and control rabies. [ Method] Canine brains and salivary glands collected from several regions ...[ Objective] To find the dominant rabies virus strains that are epidemic in Guangdong Province and thus to better prevent and control rabies. [ Method] Canine brains and salivary glands collected from several regions of Guangdong Province were detected by direct imrnunofluorescence assay and nested RT-PCR. The isolates were further identified by intracranial inoculation in suckling mice. The N gene was amplified by RTPCR and the sequences were aligned with those of prevalent strains in Guangxi region and vaccine strains. [ Result] Two strains were isolated from specimens collected from Guangdong Province. Their N gene sequences had a high similarity of 97.9% -99.4% to those of Guangxi strains and also had a similarity of 87.7% -88.1% to those of vaccine strains of rabies virus. [ Conclusion] Apparently healthy dogs may carry rabies virus, and the prevalence of rabies virus shows obvious regional differences.展开更多
The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of...The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters(AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS)and a quick,sensitive rabies virus detection in living cells.In this paper,AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS was designed to specifically recognize antigen RV in modified HeLa cells,which promoted the demonstration of metal nanocluster fluorescent probes for antigen targeting and therapy.展开更多
Analyzing the structure and function of the brain's neural network is critical for identifying the working principles of the brain and the mechanisms of brain diseases.Recombinant rabies viral vectors allow for th...Analyzing the structure and function of the brain's neural network is critical for identifying the working principles of the brain and the mechanisms of brain diseases.Recombinant rabies viral vectors allow for the retrograde labeling of projection neurons and cell type-specific trans-monosynaptic tracing,making these vectors powerful candidates for the dissection of synaptic inputs.Although several attenuated rabies viral vectors have been developed,their application in studies of functional networks is hindered by the long preparation cycle and low yield of these vectors.To overcome these limitations,we developed an improved production system for the rapid rescue and preparation of a high-titer CVS-N2c-ΔG virus.Our results showed that the new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit performed remarkably:(1)N2cG-coated CVS-N2c-ΔG allowed for efficient retrograde access to projection neurons that were unaddressed by rAAV9-Retro,and the efficiency was six times higher than that of rAAV9-Retro;(2)the trans-monosynaptic efficiency of oG-mediated CVS-N2c-ΔG was 2–3 times higher than that of oG-mediated SAD-B19-ΔG;(3)CVS-N2c-ΔG could delivery modified genes for neural activity monitoring,and the time window during which this was maintained was 3 weeks;and(4)CVS-N2c-ΔG could express sufficient recombinases for efficient transgene recombination.These findings demonstrate that new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit may serve as a versatile tool for structural and functional studies of neural circuits.展开更多
Rabies-viruses-based retrograde tracers can spread across multiple synapses in a retrograde direction in the nervous system of rodents and primates,making them powerful tools for determining the structure and function...Rabies-viruses-based retrograde tracers can spread across multiple synapses in a retrograde direction in the nervous system of rodents and primates,making them powerful tools for determining the structure and function of the complicated neural circuits of the brain.However,they have some limitations,such as posing high risks to human health and the inability to retrograde trans-synaptic label inputs from genetically-de¯ned starter neurons.Here,we established a new retrograde trans-multi-synaptic tracing method through brain-wide rabies virus glycoprotein(RVG)compensation,followed by glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus(RV-△G)infection in specific brain regions.Furthermore,in combination with the avian tumor virus receptor A(TVA)controlled by a cell-type-specific promoter,we found that EnvA-pseudotyped RV-△G can mediate e±cient retrograde trans-multi-synaptic transduction from cell-type-specific starter neurons.This study provides new alternative methods for neuroscience researchers to analyze the input neural networks of rodents and nonhuman primates.展开更多
In recent years (2007 to 2011), although the overall number of rabies cases in China has decreased, there is evidence of emerging or re-emerging cases in regions without previous rabies cases or with low incidence of ...In recent years (2007 to 2011), although the overall number of rabies cases in China has decreased, there is evidence of emerging or re-emerging cases in regions without previous rabies cases or with low incidence of rabies. To investigate the origin and the factors affecting the spread of rabies in China, specimens were collected from 2007 to 2011 from provinces with emerging and re-emerging cases and tested for the presence of the rabies virus. Positive specimens were combined with sequences from GenBank to perform comparisons of homology and functional sites, and to carry out phylogenetic analyses. Out of these regions, five provinces had 9 positive specimens from canine and cattle, and 34 canine or human specimens were obtained from previously high-incidence provinces. Complete sequences of G gene were obtained for these samples. Homology of the sequences of these 43 specimens was 87%-100% at the nucleotide level and 93.7% -100% at the amino acid level. These G gene sequences were combined with reference sequence from GenBank and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that 43 specimens were all assigned to China clade I and clade II, with all specimens from emerging and re-emerging areas placed within clade I. Specimens isolated from Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in 2011 were distinct from previously-isolated local strains and had closer homology to strains from Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin whereas new isolates from Shanghai were tightly clustered with strains isolated in the 1990s. Finally, Shaanxi isolates were clustered with strains from adjacent Sichuan. Our results suggest that the rabies cases in emerging and re-emerging areas in China in the last 5 years are a consequence of the epidemic spreading from of neighboring provinces and regions experiencing a serious epidemic of rabies.展开更多
The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years. In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunnan, a strain of...The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years. In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunnan, a strain of rabies virus CYN1009D in Yunnan was isolated, and the complete genomic sequencing was carried out, and the bioimfomative analysis on genes/encoded proteins and phylogeny with reference to sequences in GenBank was performed. The complete genome of CYN1009D was 11923 nt in length and belonged to genotype I. The genes encoding different structural proteins were all conserved in their lengths, in comparison to other strains in China. The amino acid sequence was conserved at different antigen sites of NP, but the variation was detected at the secondary phosphorylation site of position 375; variations were also detected in the phosphorylation sites at positions 63-63 and 162 of PP; the sites playing important roles in virus synthesis, budding and viral morphology in MP were conserved; two glycosylation sites were detected at Asn37 and Ash319 in GP, the neutralizing antigen sites in GP were conserved; the initial amino acid of LP (ML) was different from that of most of the strains in China (MM); the variations in G-L region in the intergenic region were significant. The phylogenic tree showed that CYN1009D has a closer genetic relationship to the strains in Southeast Asia, indicating that prevention and control on rabies in borderland areas should be reinforced meanwhile efforts are made to control rabies in China.展开更多
Abstract The number of human rabies cases acquired from dog bites constitutes a high proportion of the total rabies cases in China, although the number of human rabies cases has gradually decreased in recent years. Th...Abstract The number of human rabies cases acquired from dog bites constitutes a high proportion of the total rabies cases in China, although the number of human rabies cases has gradually decreased in recent years. The pivotal role of dogs in the spread of rabies indicates that controlling and preventing canine rabies could be a key step in eradicating human rabies in China. The primary aims of this review are to discuss the properties and pathogenesis of the rabies virus, the clinical signs and diagnosis of canine rabies, threshold host density and vaccination of dogs, and the prevention and control of canine rabies in China.展开更多
Objective To prepare monoclonal antibodies against a newly discovered and conserved linear epitope of Rabies virus nucleoprotein and to use them in a rabies diagnostic test. Methods Synthetic peptide containing the ep...Objective To prepare monoclonal antibodies against a newly discovered and conserved linear epitope of Rabies virus nucleoprotein and to use them in a rabies diagnostic test. Methods Synthetic peptide containing the epitope was used as immunogen to prepare hybridoma cell lines by classical hybridoma technology. Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies produced in ascites of inoculated Balb/c mice were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) after purification and used in fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Results Two positive hybridoma cell lines, RVNP-mAbl-CL and RVNP-mAb2-CL, were obtained. RVNP- mAbl-CL produced a higher concentration of monoclonal antibody RVNP-mAbl in Balb/c ascites. FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl showed correct results on certain Rabies virus-positive canine brain tissue samples and cells of a small subclone of baby hamster kidney 21 cell line (BSR). Conclusion FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl has potential application for laboratory diagnosis of rabies展开更多
Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Met...Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Methods Subjects were randomly(1:1:1)allocated to Groups A(20 IU/kg NM57),B(40 IU/kg NM57),or C(20 IU/kg HRIG).One injection was given on the day of enrollment.Blood samples were collected on days-7 to 0(pre-injection),3,7,14,28,and 42.Adverse events(AEs)and serious AEs(SAEs)were recorded over a period of 42 days after injection.Results All 60 subjects developed detectable rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)(>0.05 IU/mL)on days 3,7,14,28,and 42.The RVNA levels peaked on day 3 in all three groups,with a geometric mean concentration(GMC)of 0.2139 IU/mL in Group A,0.3660 IU/mL in Group B,and0.1994 IU/mL in Group C.At each follow-up point,the GMC in Group B was significantly higher than that in Groups A and C.The areas under the antibody concentration curve over 0-14 days and 0-42 days in Group B were significantly larger than those in Groups A and C.Fifteen AEs were reported.Except for one grade 2 myalgia in Group C,the other 14 were all grade 1.No SAEs were observed.Conclusion The rabies virus neutralizing activity of 40 IU/kg NM57 was superior to that of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG,and the rabies virus neutralizing activity of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG were similar.Safety was comparable between NM57 and HRIG.展开更多
Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immu...Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection.It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors,leading to the production of type I interferons(IFNα/β),inflammatory cytokines,and chemokines,or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication.In the case of RABV,the innate immune response is usually triggered when the skin or muscle is bitten or scratched.However,RABV has evolved many ways to escape or even hijack innate immune response to complete its own replication and eventually invades the central nervous system(CNS).Once RABV reaches the CNS,it cannot be wiped out by the immune system or any drugs.Therefore,a better understanding of the interplay between RABV and innate immu-nity is necessary to develop effective strategies to combat its infection.Here,we review the innate immune responses induced by RABV and illustrate the antagonism mechanisms of RABV to provide new insights for the control of rabies.展开更多
To understand the molecular characteristics of China human rabies vaccine strains, we report the full-length genome of the aG strain and present a comprehensive analysis of this strain and almost all available lyssavi...To understand the molecular characteristics of China human rabies vaccine strains, we report the full-length genome of the aG strain and present a comprehensive analysis of this strain and almost all available lyssavirus genomes (58 strains) from GenBank (as of Jan 6, 2011). It is generally considered that the G protein plays a predominant role in determining the pathogenicity of the virus, to this end we predicted the tertiary structure of the G protein of aG strain, CTN 181 strain and wild type strain HN 10 based on the crystal structure of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G. The predicted RABV G structure has a similar topology to VSV G and the ectodomain can be divided into 4 distinct domains DI - DIV. By mapping the characterized mutations to this structure between China vaccine strains and their close street strains, we speculate that the G303(P-H) mutations of CTN181 and HN10 causing D II 3D change may be associated with the attenuated virulence in both strains. Specifically, the two signature mutations (G165P and G231P) in the aG strain are withinβsheets, suggesting that both sites are of structural importance.展开更多
Rabies is a zoouosis caused by rabies virus, which has been characterized by infection of central nervous system. Rabies virus, which can cause fatal in- fections in humans and other mammals, has the characteristic of...Rabies is a zoouosis caused by rabies virus, which has been characterized by infection of central nervous system. Rabies virus, which can cause fatal in- fections in humans and other mammals, has the characteristic of neurotropism, and the mortality caused by rabies is almost 100%. Routine diagnosis of rabies in- clude clinical symptoms, while a final diagnosis depends on laboratory diagnostic methods, such as etiological diagnosis, serological diagnosis and molecular biologi- cal diagnosis. As a zoouodc infectious disease, rabies presents a global distribution situation, and the deaths caused by rabies virus infection in China ranks the sec- ond place in the world. Therefore, strengthening the recognition of disease etiology and epldemiology is very important to comprehensive prevention measures of rabi- es. The author mainly introduced the research progress on pathogen, epidemiology and diagnosis technology of rabies virus at home and abroad. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods were compared respectively, in order to provide a scientific basis for further study and rapid diagnosis of rabies.展开更多
Chinese ferret badger(FB)-transmitted rabies is a serious threat to public health in southeast China. Although mostly associated with dogs, the rabies virus(RABV) presents genetic diversity and has a significantly...Chinese ferret badger(FB)-transmitted rabies is a serious threat to public health in southeast China. Although mostly associated with dogs, the rabies virus(RABV) presents genetic diversity and has a significantly wide host range in China. Instead of the dog-and wildlife-associated China ⅠI lineage in the past decades, the China Ⅰ lineage has become the main epidemic group hosted and transmitted by dogs. In this study, four new lineages, including 43 RABVs from FBs, have been classified within the dog-dominated China Ⅰ lineage since 2014. FBRABVs have been previously categorized in the China Ⅱ lineage. Moreover, FB-hosted viruses seem to have become the main independent FB-associated clade in the phylogenetic tree. This claim suggests that the increasing genetic diversity of RABVs in FBs is a result of the selective pressure from coexisting dog rabies. FB transmission has become complicated and serious with the coexistence of dog rabies. Therefore, apart from targeting FB rabies, priority should be provided by the appropriate state agencies to perform mass immunization of dog against rabies.展开更多
To provide a foundation for the development of rapid and specific methods for the diagnosis of rabies virus infection, anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies were prepared and rabies virus nucleoprotein and human rab...To provide a foundation for the development of rapid and specific methods for the diagnosis of rabies virus infection, anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies were prepared and rabies virus nucleoprotein and human rabies virus vaccine strain (PV strain) were used as immunogens to immunize 6-8 week old female BALB/c mice. Spleen cells and SP2/0 myeloma cells were fused according to conventional methods: the monoclonal cell strains obtained were selected using the indirect immunofluorescence test; this was followed by preparation of monoclonal antibody ascitic fluid; and finally, systematic identification of subclass, specificity and sensitivity was carried out. Two high potency and specific monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus were obtained and named 3B12 and 4A12, with ascitic fluid titers of 1:8000 and 1:10000, respectively. Both belonged to the IgG2a subclass. These strains secrete potent, stable and specific anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies, which makes them well suited for the development of rabies diagnosis reagents.展开更多
Objective To learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of China rabies lineages. Methods The complete genomes of 12 strains from different China rabies lineages were amplified and se...Objective To learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of China rabies lineages. Methods The complete genomes of 12 strains from different China rabies lineages were amplified and sequenced, and all the China street strain genomes (total 43), Arctic and Arctic-like genomes were aligned using ClustalX2, the genome homologies were analyzed using MegAlign software, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA 5. Results First Arctic-like rabies genome in China (CO, H1202D) was reported, and we supplemented the rabies genome data of China, ensuring at least one genome was available in each China lineage. The genome size of China V (11908nt) is obviously shorter than other lineages' (11923-11925nt) for the difference of N-P non-coding regions. Among different lineages, the genome homologies are almost under 90%. CQH1202D (China IV lineage) has close relationship with strains from South Korea and they share about 95% genome similarities. Conclusion The molecular characteristics of 6 different China rabies lineages were compared and analyzed from genome level, which benefits for continued comprehensive rabies surveillance, rabies prevention and control in China.展开更多
Objective To characterize two strains of street rabies virus (RABV) isolated from the brain tissue of cattle from Inner Mongolia. Differences in the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue ...Objective To characterize two strains of street rabies virus (RABV) isolated from the brain tissue of cattle from Inner Mongolia. Differences in the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue of infected mice were determired to reveal variation in the pathogenesis of infection between street rabies virus strains. Methods Ten-day-old mice were intracranially inoculated with one of three virus strains and brain tissue harvested when the mice were moribund. Various histopathological and ultrastructural markers of disease were then compared between the groups. Results Infection with the street virus strain CNMllO1C resulted in severe neuronal dendrites damage, but only mild cell apoptosis, T lymphocyte infiltration and microglial activation. Infection with the other street virus strain, CNMll03C, was characterized by cell apoptosis, T lymphocyte infiltration and microglial activation as well as dendrites damage. However, in comparison, infection with the attenuated virus strain CTN caused ~evere T lymphocyte infiltration, microglial activation and cell apoptosis, but left the neuronal dendrites intact. Conclusion The two street rabies virJs strains isolated from cattle from Inner Mongolia had different levels of virulence and caused distinct pathological changes in infected mice. Therefore, we concluded that different pathogenic mechanisms exist between different RABV strains.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(200803014)the National Science and Technology Key Projects(2008ZX10004-008)+2 种基金the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(30630049)the Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China(2009ZX10004-705)the China postdoctoral science foundation project
文摘Objective To investigate the virulence characteristics of two fixed strains (CTN and aG) and a street strain (HNIO) of rabies viruses isolated in China, Methods ICR mice of different age groups were via the intracracerebral (i.c.) or intramuscular (i.m inoculated with CTN, aG and HN10 rabies virus strains ) routes, and observed for 20 days. Results The CTN strain was pathogenic to 7-day-old suckling mice that received i.c. inoculations and 3-day-old suckling mice that received i.m. inoculations. The aG strain was pathogenic to 4-week-old mice that received i.c. inoculations and 7-day-old suckling mice that received i.m. inoculations. The HN10 strain was pathogenic to mice of all age groups via both inoculation routes. In moribund mice, the viruses had spread to most regions of the brain. The CTN and HN10 strains had similar dissemination patterns in the brain; both viral antigens could be found in the dentate gyrus (DG), whereas few viral antigens were present in the DG from specimens that had been infected with the aG strain. Conclusion A comprehensive sequence analysis of the G protein suggested that differences in gene sequences may be responsible for producing strain-specific differences in pathogenicity and distribution in the brain.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Science Foundation of China (Approval No. 30630049)China National "863" Program (Approval No. 2011AA10A212)the China National "973" Program (Approval No. 2012CB722501)
文摘An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.
基金funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology Support Project(2008BAB96B11-3)the Guangxi Science Foundation of China(0728057)+1 种基金the Key Project of Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(20080930)the Scientific Research Foundation for Introduction of Talent, Jilin University,Faculty of Agriculture(4305050102C1)
文摘[ Objective] To screen a suitable serum dilution and determine the normal range of antibodies against rabies viruses (RV) in dog serum. [Method]A sensitive, specific and suitable serum dilution was screened. A total of 812 dog serum samples were collected from Changchun, Nanning and Uuzhou regions, and then they were diluted with above screened serum dilution and evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbont assay (ELISA). The positive and negative standard dog sara from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) were used as controls. The serum samples with different A450 were randomly selected and the anti-RV serum titers were detected by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). According to the A450 of dog sera, the normal A450 range of negative serum and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with SPSS 10.0 software, and the regression equation of OIE standards was established. [ Result] The screened serum dilution was sensitive and specific; at least 756 negative serum samples were obtained; the normal range and 95% confidence interval of negative serum were 0.127 3 ± 0.059 8 and 0.078 1 -0.172 3, respectively; and the regression equation was A450 = 1.139 serum titer (IU) ±0.470. [ Conclusion] These results lay a foundation for thecontrolling of dog rabies endemic and the development of ELISA kits of dog antibodies against RV.
基金supported by the grants of the Surveillance,Prevention and Control Technology Research and Demonstration Projects for Animal Rabies ( Science and Education Department of the Ministry of Agriculture,200803014) the Public Laboratory Open Fund ( Host Ecology as well as Construction of Immune Surveillance and Control System,GSKJ090103)
文摘[ Objective] To find the dominant rabies virus strains that are epidemic in Guangdong Province and thus to better prevent and control rabies. [ Method] Canine brains and salivary glands collected from several regions of Guangdong Province were detected by direct imrnunofluorescence assay and nested RT-PCR. The isolates were further identified by intracranial inoculation in suckling mice. The N gene was amplified by RTPCR and the sequences were aligned with those of prevalent strains in Guangxi region and vaccine strains. [ Result] Two strains were isolated from specimens collected from Guangdong Province. Their N gene sequences had a high similarity of 97.9% -99.4% to those of Guangxi strains and also had a similarity of 87.7% -88.1% to those of vaccine strains of rabies virus. [ Conclusion] Apparently healthy dogs may carry rabies virus, and the prevalence of rabies virus shows obvious regional differences.
文摘The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters(AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS)and a quick,sensitive rabies virus detection in living cells.In this paper,AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS was designed to specifically recognize antigen RV in modified HeLa cells,which promoted the demonstration of metal nanocluster fluorescent probes for antigen targeting and therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32100899(to KZL),31830035(to FQX),31771156(to FQX),21921004(to FQX)the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030,No.2021ZD0201003(to FQX)+2 种基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2018B030331001(to FQX)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDB32030200(to FQX)the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine,No.ZDSYS20200811142401005(to FQX)。
文摘Analyzing the structure and function of the brain's neural network is critical for identifying the working principles of the brain and the mechanisms of brain diseases.Recombinant rabies viral vectors allow for the retrograde labeling of projection neurons and cell type-specific trans-monosynaptic tracing,making these vectors powerful candidates for the dissection of synaptic inputs.Although several attenuated rabies viral vectors have been developed,their application in studies of functional networks is hindered by the long preparation cycle and low yield of these vectors.To overcome these limitations,we developed an improved production system for the rapid rescue and preparation of a high-titer CVS-N2c-ΔG virus.Our results showed that the new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit performed remarkably:(1)N2cG-coated CVS-N2c-ΔG allowed for efficient retrograde access to projection neurons that were unaddressed by rAAV9-Retro,and the efficiency was six times higher than that of rAAV9-Retro;(2)the trans-monosynaptic efficiency of oG-mediated CVS-N2c-ΔG was 2–3 times higher than that of oG-mediated SAD-B19-ΔG;(3)CVS-N2c-ΔG could delivery modified genes for neural activity monitoring,and the time window during which this was maintained was 3 weeks;and(4)CVS-N2c-ΔG could express sufficient recombinases for efficient transgene recombination.These findings demonstrate that new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit may serve as a versatile tool for structural and functional studies of neural circuits.
基金study was supported by the STI2030-Major Projects(Grant No.2021ZD0201003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830035,31771156,21921004,and 32100899)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB32030200)the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine(Grant No.ZDSYS20200811142401005)the Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Ther-apeutics,Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration(Grant No.2022ZDZ13)Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(Grant No.2019WNLOKF022).
文摘Rabies-viruses-based retrograde tracers can spread across multiple synapses in a retrograde direction in the nervous system of rodents and primates,making them powerful tools for determining the structure and function of the complicated neural circuits of the brain.However,they have some limitations,such as posing high risks to human health and the inability to retrograde trans-synaptic label inputs from genetically-de¯ned starter neurons.Here,we established a new retrograde trans-multi-synaptic tracing method through brain-wide rabies virus glycoprotein(RVG)compensation,followed by glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus(RV-△G)infection in specific brain regions.Furthermore,in combination with the avian tumor virus receptor A(TVA)controlled by a cell-type-specific promoter,we found that EnvA-pseudotyped RV-△G can mediate e±cient retrograde trans-multi-synaptic transduction from cell-type-specific starter neurons.This study provides new alternative methods for neuroscience researchers to analyze the input neural networks of rodents and nonhuman primates.
基金National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (201103032)Pathogens Network Monitoring Technology Research (2008ZX10004-008)
文摘In recent years (2007 to 2011), although the overall number of rabies cases in China has decreased, there is evidence of emerging or re-emerging cases in regions without previous rabies cases or with low incidence of rabies. To investigate the origin and the factors affecting the spread of rabies in China, specimens were collected from 2007 to 2011 from provinces with emerging and re-emerging cases and tested for the presence of the rabies virus. Positive specimens were combined with sequences from GenBank to perform comparisons of homology and functional sites, and to carry out phylogenetic analyses. Out of these regions, five provinces had 9 positive specimens from canine and cattle, and 34 canine or human specimens were obtained from previously high-incidence provinces. Complete sequences of G gene were obtained for these samples. Homology of the sequences of these 43 specimens was 87%-100% at the nucleotide level and 93.7% -100% at the amino acid level. These G gene sequences were combined with reference sequence from GenBank and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that 43 specimens were all assigned to China clade I and clade II, with all specimens from emerging and re-emerging areas placed within clade I. Specimens isolated from Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in 2011 were distinct from previously-isolated local strains and had closer homology to strains from Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin whereas new isolates from Shanghai were tightly clustered with strains isolated in the 1990s. Finally, Shaanxi isolates were clustered with strains from adjacent Sichuan. Our results suggest that the rabies cases in emerging and re-emerging areas in China in the last 5 years are a consequence of the epidemic spreading from of neighboring provinces and regions experiencing a serious epidemic of rabies.
基金National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (201103032)Pathogens Network Monitoring Technology Research (2008ZX10004-008)
文摘The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years. In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunnan, a strain of rabies virus CYN1009D in Yunnan was isolated, and the complete genomic sequencing was carried out, and the bioimfomative analysis on genes/encoded proteins and phylogeny with reference to sequences in GenBank was performed. The complete genome of CYN1009D was 11923 nt in length and belonged to genotype I. The genes encoding different structural proteins were all conserved in their lengths, in comparison to other strains in China. The amino acid sequence was conserved at different antigen sites of NP, but the variation was detected at the secondary phosphorylation site of position 375; variations were also detected in the phosphorylation sites at positions 63-63 and 162 of PP; the sites playing important roles in virus synthesis, budding and viral morphology in MP were conserved; two glycosylation sites were detected at Asn37 and Ash319 in GP, the neutralizing antigen sites in GP were conserved; the initial amino acid of LP (ML) was different from that of most of the strains in China (MM); the variations in G-L region in the intergenic region were significant. The phylogenic tree showed that CYN1009D has a closer genetic relationship to the strains in Southeast Asia, indicating that prevention and control on rabies in borderland areas should be reinforced meanwhile efforts are made to control rabies in China.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3097016081160353)+1 种基金China Mega-Project for Infectious Disease(2011ZX10004-001)the Development Grant of the State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control(2011SKLID705)
文摘Abstract The number of human rabies cases acquired from dog bites constitutes a high proportion of the total rabies cases in China, although the number of human rabies cases has gradually decreased in recent years. The pivotal role of dogs in the spread of rabies indicates that controlling and preventing canine rabies could be a key step in eradicating human rabies in China. The primary aims of this review are to discuss the properties and pathogenesis of the rabies virus, the clinical signs and diagnosis of canine rabies, threshold host density and vaccination of dogs, and the prevention and control of canine rabies in China.
基金supported by research grants from the Diagnosis of Infectious Pathogens and Combination of Diagnostic Technologies (2008ZX10004-002)Prevention and Control of Major Infectious Disease such as AIDS and Viral Hepatitis,State Eleventh Five-Year Plan
文摘Objective To prepare monoclonal antibodies against a newly discovered and conserved linear epitope of Rabies virus nucleoprotein and to use them in a rabies diagnostic test. Methods Synthetic peptide containing the epitope was used as immunogen to prepare hybridoma cell lines by classical hybridoma technology. Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies produced in ascites of inoculated Balb/c mice were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) after purification and used in fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Results Two positive hybridoma cell lines, RVNP-mAbl-CL and RVNP-mAb2-CL, were obtained. RVNP- mAbl-CL produced a higher concentration of monoclonal antibody RVNP-mAbl in Balb/c ascites. FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl showed correct results on certain Rabies virus-positive canine brain tissue samples and cells of a small subclone of baby hamster kidney 21 cell line (BSR). Conclusion FITC-labeled RVNP-mAbl has potential application for laboratory diagnosis of rabies
基金supported by 2021 Beijing Key Specialty Program for Major Epidemic Prevention and Control。
文摘Objective Preliminary assessment of rabies virus neutralizing activity,safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human rabies antibody(NM57)compared with human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG)in Chinese healthy adults.Methods Subjects were randomly(1:1:1)allocated to Groups A(20 IU/kg NM57),B(40 IU/kg NM57),or C(20 IU/kg HRIG).One injection was given on the day of enrollment.Blood samples were collected on days-7 to 0(pre-injection),3,7,14,28,and 42.Adverse events(AEs)and serious AEs(SAEs)were recorded over a period of 42 days after injection.Results All 60 subjects developed detectable rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)(>0.05 IU/mL)on days 3,7,14,28,and 42.The RVNA levels peaked on day 3 in all three groups,with a geometric mean concentration(GMC)of 0.2139 IU/mL in Group A,0.3660 IU/mL in Group B,and0.1994 IU/mL in Group C.At each follow-up point,the GMC in Group B was significantly higher than that in Groups A and C.The areas under the antibody concentration curve over 0-14 days and 0-42 days in Group B were significantly larger than those in Groups A and C.Fifteen AEs were reported.Except for one grade 2 myalgia in Group C,the other 14 were all grade 1.No SAEs were observed.Conclusion The rabies virus neutralizing activity of 40 IU/kg NM57 was superior to that of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG,and the rabies virus neutralizing activity of 20 IU/kg NM57 and 20 IU/kg HRIG were similar.Safety was comparable between NM57 and HRIG.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31872487。
文摘Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection.It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors,leading to the production of type I interferons(IFNα/β),inflammatory cytokines,and chemokines,or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication.In the case of RABV,the innate immune response is usually triggered when the skin or muscle is bitten or scratched.However,RABV has evolved many ways to escape or even hijack innate immune response to complete its own replication and eventually invades the central nervous system(CNS).Once RABV reaches the CNS,it cannot be wiped out by the immune system or any drugs.Therefore,a better understanding of the interplay between RABV and innate immu-nity is necessary to develop effective strategies to combat its infection.Here,we review the innate immune responses induced by RABV and illustrate the antagonism mechanisms of RABV to provide new insights for the control of rabies.
基金supported by the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (201103032)
文摘To understand the molecular characteristics of China human rabies vaccine strains, we report the full-length genome of the aG strain and present a comprehensive analysis of this strain and almost all available lyssavirus genomes (58 strains) from GenBank (as of Jan 6, 2011). It is generally considered that the G protein plays a predominant role in determining the pathogenicity of the virus, to this end we predicted the tertiary structure of the G protein of aG strain, CTN 181 strain and wild type strain HN 10 based on the crystal structure of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G. The predicted RABV G structure has a similar topology to VSV G and the ectodomain can be divided into 4 distinct domains DI - DIV. By mapping the characterized mutations to this structure between China vaccine strains and their close street strains, we speculate that the G303(P-H) mutations of CTN181 and HN10 causing D II 3D change may be associated with the attenuated virulence in both strains. Specifically, the two signature mutations (G165P and G231P) in the aG strain are withinβsheets, suggesting that both sites are of structural importance.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201403052)
文摘Rabies is a zoouosis caused by rabies virus, which has been characterized by infection of central nervous system. Rabies virus, which can cause fatal in- fections in humans and other mammals, has the characteristic of neurotropism, and the mortality caused by rabies is almost 100%. Routine diagnosis of rabies in- clude clinical symptoms, while a final diagnosis depends on laboratory diagnostic methods, such as etiological diagnosis, serological diagnosis and molecular biologi- cal diagnosis. As a zoouodc infectious disease, rabies presents a global distribution situation, and the deaths caused by rabies virus infection in China ranks the sec- ond place in the world. Therefore, strengthening the recognition of disease etiology and epldemiology is very important to comprehensive prevention measures of rabi- es. The author mainly introduced the research progress on pathogen, epidemiology and diagnosis technology of rabies virus at home and abroad. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods were compared respectively, in order to provide a scientific basis for further study and rapid diagnosis of rabies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFD0500401,2016YFD0501000,2017YFD0502300,and 2017YFD0500600]
文摘Chinese ferret badger(FB)-transmitted rabies is a serious threat to public health in southeast China. Although mostly associated with dogs, the rabies virus(RABV) presents genetic diversity and has a significantly wide host range in China. Instead of the dog-and wildlife-associated China ⅠI lineage in the past decades, the China Ⅰ lineage has become the main epidemic group hosted and transmitted by dogs. In this study, four new lineages, including 43 RABVs from FBs, have been classified within the dog-dominated China Ⅰ lineage since 2014. FBRABVs have been previously categorized in the China Ⅱ lineage. Moreover, FB-hosted viruses seem to have become the main independent FB-associated clade in the phylogenetic tree. This claim suggests that the increasing genetic diversity of RABVs in FBs is a result of the selective pressure from coexisting dog rabies. FB transmission has become complicated and serious with the coexistence of dog rabies. Therefore, apart from targeting FB rabies, priority should be provided by the appropriate state agencies to perform mass immunization of dog against rabies.
基金National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (201103032)Pathogens Network Monitoring Technology Research (2008ZX10004-008)
文摘To provide a foundation for the development of rapid and specific methods for the diagnosis of rabies virus infection, anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies were prepared and rabies virus nucleoprotein and human rabies virus vaccine strain (PV strain) were used as immunogens to immunize 6-8 week old female BALB/c mice. Spleen cells and SP2/0 myeloma cells were fused according to conventional methods: the monoclonal cell strains obtained were selected using the indirect immunofluorescence test; this was followed by preparation of monoclonal antibody ascitic fluid; and finally, systematic identification of subclass, specificity and sensitivity was carried out. Two high potency and specific monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus were obtained and named 3B12 and 4A12, with ascitic fluid titers of 1:8000 and 1:10000, respectively. Both belonged to the IgG2a subclass. These strains secrete potent, stable and specific anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies, which makes them well suited for the development of rabies diagnosis reagents.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2012ZX10004215)
文摘Objective To learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of China rabies lineages. Methods The complete genomes of 12 strains from different China rabies lineages were amplified and sequenced, and all the China street strain genomes (total 43), Arctic and Arctic-like genomes were aligned using ClustalX2, the genome homologies were analyzed using MegAlign software, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA 5. Results First Arctic-like rabies genome in China (CO, H1202D) was reported, and we supplemented the rabies genome data of China, ensuring at least one genome was available in each China lineage. The genome size of China V (11908nt) is obviously shorter than other lineages' (11923-11925nt) for the difference of N-P non-coding regions. Among different lineages, the genome homologies are almost under 90%. CQH1202D (China IV lineage) has close relationship with strains from South Korea and they share about 95% genome similarities. Conclusion The molecular characteristics of 6 different China rabies lineages were compared and analyzed from genome level, which benefits for continued comprehensive rabies surveillance, rabies prevention and control in China.
基金supported by a grant from the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(201103032,200803014)
文摘Objective To characterize two strains of street rabies virus (RABV) isolated from the brain tissue of cattle from Inner Mongolia. Differences in the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue of infected mice were determired to reveal variation in the pathogenesis of infection between street rabies virus strains. Methods Ten-day-old mice were intracranially inoculated with one of three virus strains and brain tissue harvested when the mice were moribund. Various histopathological and ultrastructural markers of disease were then compared between the groups. Results Infection with the street virus strain CNMllO1C resulted in severe neuronal dendrites damage, but only mild cell apoptosis, T lymphocyte infiltration and microglial activation. Infection with the other street virus strain, CNMll03C, was characterized by cell apoptosis, T lymphocyte infiltration and microglial activation as well as dendrites damage. However, in comparison, infection with the attenuated virus strain CTN caused ~evere T lymphocyte infiltration, microglial activation and cell apoptosis, but left the neuronal dendrites intact. Conclusion The two street rabies virJs strains isolated from cattle from Inner Mongolia had different levels of virulence and caused distinct pathological changes in infected mice. Therefore, we concluded that different pathogenic mechanisms exist between different RABV strains.