Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically ...Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically appeared and rapidly developed to be predominant races and have resulted in ineffectiveness and replacement of wheat resistance cultivars as well as massive reduction in yield.In the present study,the relative parasitic fitness of the two newlyemerged Yr5-virulent races(TSA-6 and TSA-9)were compared with those of four currently predominant Chinese races(CYR31,CYR32,CYR33,and CYR34)based on evaluation on 10 Chinese wheat cultivars.As a result,there were significant differences in the relative parasitic fitness parameters among overall tested races based on multiple comparison(LSD)analysis(P<0.05).The principal component analysis(PCA)of overall parasitic fitness parameters indicated that the sporulation ability,infection and spore survivability,expansion capacity,and potential pathogenicity were the most important parasitic fitness attributes of the tested races.Based on the establishment of extracted three principal components and a comprehensive factor score mathematical models,evaluations of the parasitic fitness attributes of tested races showed that the level of relative parasitic fitness of the tested six races was:CYR32(1.15)>TSA-9(0.95)>TSA-6(0.92)>CYR34(0.29)>CYR31(–1.54)>CYR33(–1.77).The results indicated that two Yr5-virulent races TSA-9 and TSA-6 possessed relative parasitic fitness higher than races CYR34,CYR31,and CYR33,but lower than race CYR32,and have potential risks in developing to be predominant races.Therefore,continual monitoring of both Yr5-virulent races,and their variants is needed.The use of wheat cultivars(lines)with Yr5 resistance gene singly in wheat breeding is essential for being avoided,and is suggested to combine with other effective stripe rust resistance genes.展开更多
There is little information about the bovine behavior and welfare during transportation and vaquejada race competitions. To test the hypothesis that the transport and racing of bovines produce chronic stress during th...There is little information about the bovine behavior and welfare during transportation and vaquejada race competitions. To test the hypothesis that the transport and racing of bovines produce chronic stress during these events, a study was performed to evaluate the behavior of bovines used for vaquejada races. Evaluations of cattle (n = 80) occurred on transportation (before, immediately, and 8 hours after transportation), and three days at Vaquejada Park (1 hour before, immediately, and 1 hour after the vaquejada race). Evaluators used a behavioral repertoire based on an ethogram for bovines and were previously trained. They used an observational and noninvasive method for one hour and applied a visual scanning method at transportation and for three days at the races. The results for pre-transport had greater idleness (102.9%), head/tail movements (57.4%), and agitation (49.8%). After transport, idleness (69.7%) was reduced, and agitation (79.5%) increased. Eight hours after this, sodomy/mounting/dominance (118.1%) was higher, followed by head/tail movements (92.8%), lying down (63.3%), and fatigue (53.3%). The results of vaquejada races revealed high feeding rates before and after races on the three evaluation days (53.6% - 30.0%), followed by rumination (72.0% - 44.5%). On all the evaluation days at the races, agitation was higher immediately after the races (87.9% - 66.1%). In conclusion, it was observed that the animals increased the frequency of behaviors indicative of acute stress immediately after transport and races but were able to recover the characteristic behavior a few hours after acute stress when transport and races followed the current official rules for both. Maintaining management standards for transport and vaquejada races, currently adopted, can reduce the impact on welfare and can be improved with regular scientific evaluations of the cattle involved to improve welfare through good practices.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072358 and 32272507)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1401000)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for CARS-03,the Natural Science Basic Research Project in Shaanxi Province of China(2020JZ-15)National“111 Project”of China(BP0719026)。
文摘Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat,and seriously threatens safe production of the crop worldwide.In China,new races historically appeared and rapidly developed to be predominant races and have resulted in ineffectiveness and replacement of wheat resistance cultivars as well as massive reduction in yield.In the present study,the relative parasitic fitness of the two newlyemerged Yr5-virulent races(TSA-6 and TSA-9)were compared with those of four currently predominant Chinese races(CYR31,CYR32,CYR33,and CYR34)based on evaluation on 10 Chinese wheat cultivars.As a result,there were significant differences in the relative parasitic fitness parameters among overall tested races based on multiple comparison(LSD)analysis(P<0.05).The principal component analysis(PCA)of overall parasitic fitness parameters indicated that the sporulation ability,infection and spore survivability,expansion capacity,and potential pathogenicity were the most important parasitic fitness attributes of the tested races.Based on the establishment of extracted three principal components and a comprehensive factor score mathematical models,evaluations of the parasitic fitness attributes of tested races showed that the level of relative parasitic fitness of the tested six races was:CYR32(1.15)>TSA-9(0.95)>TSA-6(0.92)>CYR34(0.29)>CYR31(–1.54)>CYR33(–1.77).The results indicated that two Yr5-virulent races TSA-9 and TSA-6 possessed relative parasitic fitness higher than races CYR34,CYR31,and CYR33,but lower than race CYR32,and have potential risks in developing to be predominant races.Therefore,continual monitoring of both Yr5-virulent races,and their variants is needed.The use of wheat cultivars(lines)with Yr5 resistance gene singly in wheat breeding is essential for being avoided,and is suggested to combine with other effective stripe rust resistance genes.
文摘There is little information about the bovine behavior and welfare during transportation and vaquejada race competitions. To test the hypothesis that the transport and racing of bovines produce chronic stress during these events, a study was performed to evaluate the behavior of bovines used for vaquejada races. Evaluations of cattle (n = 80) occurred on transportation (before, immediately, and 8 hours after transportation), and three days at Vaquejada Park (1 hour before, immediately, and 1 hour after the vaquejada race). Evaluators used a behavioral repertoire based on an ethogram for bovines and were previously trained. They used an observational and noninvasive method for one hour and applied a visual scanning method at transportation and for three days at the races. The results for pre-transport had greater idleness (102.9%), head/tail movements (57.4%), and agitation (49.8%). After transport, idleness (69.7%) was reduced, and agitation (79.5%) increased. Eight hours after this, sodomy/mounting/dominance (118.1%) was higher, followed by head/tail movements (92.8%), lying down (63.3%), and fatigue (53.3%). The results of vaquejada races revealed high feeding rates before and after races on the three evaluation days (53.6% - 30.0%), followed by rumination (72.0% - 44.5%). On all the evaluation days at the races, agitation was higher immediately after the races (87.9% - 66.1%). In conclusion, it was observed that the animals increased the frequency of behaviors indicative of acute stress immediately after transport and races but were able to recover the characteristic behavior a few hours after acute stress when transport and races followed the current official rules for both. Maintaining management standards for transport and vaquejada races, currently adopted, can reduce the impact on welfare and can be improved with regular scientific evaluations of the cattle involved to improve welfare through good practices.
