Improvement of X-Band Polarization Radar Melting Layer Recognition by the Bayesian Method and ITS Impact on Hydrometeor Classification

Using melting layer(ML)and non-melting layer(NML)data observed with the X-band dual linear polarization Doppler weather radar(X-POL)in Shunyi,Beijing,the reflectivity(ZH),differential reflectivity(ZDR),and correlation coefficient(CC)in the ML and NML are obtained in several stable precipitation processes.The prior probability density distributions(PDDs)of the ZH,ZDR and CC are calculated first,and then the probabilities of ZH,ZDR and CC at each radar gate are determined(PBB in the ML and PNB in the NML)by the Bayesian method.When PBB>PNB the gate belongs to the ML,and when PBB<PNB the gate belongs to the NML.The ML identification results with the Bayesian method are contrasUsing melting layer(ML)and non-melting layer(NML)data observed with the X-band dual linear polarization Doppler weather radar(X-POL)in Shunyi,Beijing,the reflectivity(ZH),differential reflectivity(ZDR),and correlation coefficient(CC)in the ML and NML are obtained in several stable precipitation processes.The prior probability density distributions(PDDs)of the ZH,ZDR and CC are calculated first,and then the probabilities of ZH,ZDR and CC at each radar gate are determined(PBB in the ML and PNB in the NML)by the Bayesian method.When PBB>PNB the gate belongs to the ML,and when PBB<PNB the gate belongs to the NML.The ML identification results with the Bayesian method are contrasted under the conditions of the independent PDDs and joint PDDs of the ZH,ZDR and CC.The results suggest that MLs can be identified effectively,although there are slight differences between the two methods.Because the values of the polarization parameters are similar in light rain and dry snow,it is difficult for the polarization radar to distinguish them.After using the Bayesian method to identify the ML,light rain and dry snow can be effectively separated with the X-POL observed data.ted under the conditions of the independent PDDs and joint PDDs of the ZH,ZDR and CC.The results suggest that MLs can be identified effectively,although there are slight differences between the two methods.Because the values of the polarization parameters are similar in light rain and dry snow,it is difficult for the polarization radar to distinguish them.After using the Bayesian method to identify the ML,light rain and dry snow can be effectively separated with the X-POL observed data.

Practical calibration method for instantaneous polarization radar systems utilizing a metal sphere

A practical calibration method is proposed for instantaneous polarization radar systems.The method only needs one measurement by using a metal sphere.The distortions of system and the actual polarization scattering matrix（PSM）of target can be obtained.First,an instantaneous polarization radar system is presented.The system can obtain PSM by a single pulse echo.The dual-polarization antenna can transmit and receive two orthogonal polarization waves.The multilayer micro-strip patch antenna is adopted for this kind of radar system.Second,based on the multi-port network theory,the operation and system errors of instantaneous polarization radar system are analyzed.By making assumption on the cross-talk factors of antenna,distortion matrices of R and Tare derived.Finally,the calibration method based on instantaneous polarization measurement is introduced.Simulation results show the performance of this calibration method.The values of calibrated PSM are in agreement with the actual ones after calibration.

RADAR CROSS-SECTION COMPUTATIONS OF ARBITRARILY COMPLICATED TARGETS BY APPLYING THE PANEL METHOD

The present paper deals with the method for the radar cross-section (RCS)computations of arbitrarily complicated targets based on the work by D. Klement et al.(1988).This method is convenient in use, fast in operation and precise in calculating RCS of a complicatedtarget. With this method, the RCS of classic scatterers, for example, a cone and a cylinder, arecomputed with the result of good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, the RCS’of an aircraft model at various attitudes are calculated with the result of good agreement withexperimental data also.

Modified Method for Estimating Organic Carbon Density in Discontinuous Karst Soil Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geostatistics

The conventional method which assumes the soil distribution is continuous was unsuitable for estimating soil organic carbon density(SOCD) in Karst areas because of its discontinuous soil distribution. The accurate estimation of SOCD in Karst areas is essential for carbon sequestration assessment in China. In this study, a modified method,which considers the vertical proportion of soil area in the profile when calculating the SOCD, was developed to estimate the SOCD in a typical Karst peak-cluster depression area in southwest China. In the modified method, ground-penetrating radar(GPR) technology was used to detect the distribution and thickness of soil. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through comparison with the data obtained using a validation method, in which the soil thickness was measured by excavation. In comparison with the conventional method and average-soil-depth method,the SOCD estimated using the GPR method showed the minimum relative error with respect to that obtained using the validation method. At a regional scale, the average SOCDs at depths of 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm, which were interpolated by ordinary kriging,were 1.49(ranging from 0.03-5.65) and 2.26(0.09-11.60) kgm-2based on GPR method in our study area(covering 393.6 hm2), respectively. Therefore, the modified method can be applied on the accurate estimation of SOCD in discontinuous soil areas such as Karst regions.

An element-free Galerkin method for ground penetrating radar numerical simulation

An element-free Galerkin method(EFGM) is used to solve the two-dimensional(2D) ground penetrating radar(GPR)modelling problems, due to its simple pre-processing, the absence of elements and high accuracy. Different from element-based numerical methods, this approach makes nodes free from the elemental restraint and avoids the explicit mesh discretization. First, we derived the boundary value problem for the 2D GPR simulation problems. Second, a penalty function approach and a boundary condition truncated method were used to enforce the essential and the absorbing boundary conditions, respectively. A three-layered GPR model was used to verify our element-free approach. The numerical solutions show that our solutions have an excellent agreement with solutions of a finite element method(FEM). Then, we used the EFGM to simulate one more complex model to show its capability and limitations. Simulation results show that one obvious advantage of EFGM is the absence of element mesh, which makes the method very flexible. Due to the use of MLS fitting, a key feature of EFM, is that both the dependent variable and its gradient are continuous and have high precision.

Finite difference time domain method forward simulation of complex geoelectricity ground penetrating radar model

The ground penetrating radar(GPR) forward simulation all aims at the singular and regular models, such as sandwich model, round cavity, square cavity, and so on, which are comparably simple. But as to the forward of curl interface underground or “v” figure complex model, it is difficult to realize. So it is important to forward the complex geoelectricity model. This paper takes two Maxwell’s vorticity equations as departure point, makes use of the principles of Yee’s space grid model theory and the basic principle finite difference time domain method, and deduces a GPR forward system of equation of two dimensional spaces. The Mur super absorbed boundary condition is adopted to solve the super strong reflection on the interceptive boundary when there is the forward simulation. And a self-made program is used to process forward simulation to two typical geoelectricity model.

Efficient Calculation of the Radar Cross Section at the Interior Resonance by the Inverse Power Method

It is well known that the incorrect results will be given using either the electric or magnetic field integral equation to calculate the radar cross section (RCS) of a closed body at the interior resonance. In this paper, an effective iterative technique is used to correct the calculated surface current density from the electric field integral equation. The radar cross section is computed for an infinite conducting circular cylinder at the interior resonance, and the obtained results are in good agreement with the analytical results. The backscattering cross section of an infinite triangular cylinder in the vicinity of a resonant frequency is also calculated. It is shown that the presence method is efficient and accurate.

Solving multi-object radar cross section based on wide-angle parabolic equation method

Based on a Pade approximation, a wide-angle parabolic equation method is introduced for computing the multiobject radar cross section （RCS） for the first time. The method is a paraxial version of the scalar wave equation, which solves the field by marching them along the paraxial direction. Numerical results show that a single wide-angle parabofic equation run can compute multi-object RCS efficiently for angles up to 45 ° . The method provides anew and efficient numerical method for computation electromagnetics.

改进雷达图法在高校宿舍火灾风险评估中的应用

由于高校宿舍人员高度密集,一旦发生火灾其极易造成严重后果,因此高校宿舍火灾问题亟待重视。为合理评估该风险,首先,借助文献从人、物、环境、管理四方面建立评价指标体系及评价量表;其次,运用合作博弈法将主观赋权结果和客观赋权结果相结合以对评价指标进行组合赋权;随后,将指标权重集转换成各指标轴夹角并计算各指标取值;最后,将经火灾风险雷达图平均周长与同面积圆周长之比为短板系数进行修正的雷达图平均面积作为评价特征量建立高校宿舍火灾风险评价方法。该方法可避免人为赋权的主观性且能以图形形式直观显示出风险管控环节中的薄弱环节。最后以某一实例验证了该评价方法的有效可行性,可为高校宿舍火灾风险评价提供新的思路。

A Mo LC+Mo M-based G^0 distribution parameter estimation method with application to synthetic aperture radar target detection

The accuracy of background clutter model is a key factor which determines the performance of a constant false alarm rate(CFAR) target detection method. G0 distribution is one of the optimal statistic models in the synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image background clutter modeling and can accurately model various complex background clutters in the SAR images. But the application of the distribution is greatly limited by its disadvantages that the parameter estimation is complex and the local detection threshold is difficult to be obtained. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, an synthetic aperture radar CFAR target detection method using the logarithmic cumulant(Mo LC) + method of moment(Mo M)-based G0 distribution clutter model is proposed. In the method, G0 distribution is used for modeling the background clutters, a new Mo LC+Mo M-based parameter estimation method coupled with a fast iterative algorithm is used for estimating the parameters of G0 distribution and an exquisite dichotomy method is used for obtaining the local detection threshold of CFAR detection, which greatly improves the computational efficiency, detection performance and environmental adaptability of CFAR detection. Experimental results show that the proposed SAR CFAR target detection method has good target detection performance in various complex background clutter environments.

UHF波段无源雷达低仰角波瓣分裂现象分析及校正方法

针对低频段无源雷达低仰角远程预警探测时波瓣分裂影响俯仰向探测空域覆盖的问题,提出了一种波瓣分裂校正方法.首先分析了波瓣分裂形成原因和影响因素;然后基于阵列流型拟合思想,提出了一种利用最小二乘法求解变换矩阵的校正方法;最后通过仿真分析了角度量化间隔、角度变换区间对校正误差的影响,验证了校正方法的有效性.这对改进基于数字广播电视信号的无源雷达性能提供了参考.

雷达图法综合评价抗线虫大豆品种(系)农艺性状

为筛选出综合性状优良的抗线虫大豆品种(系),以2020-2021年抗线虫大豆品种(系) 11个主要农艺性状的5点试验数据均值为评价指标,利用雷达图法进行综合评价分析。结果表明,百粒重最大、单株粒重最高、SCN指数与倒伏级别最低的品系为17-665,其综合评价和产量数据排名均为第1,说明该品系抗病性、抗倒性、丰产性较其他品种(系)突出;产量排名第2位(2020年)和第4位(2021年)的品系为17-555,因SCN指数偏高,单株粒重低,其他性状中等偏上,在综合评价分析中排名均较产量排名下降;而2年产量排名第8位的品系为17-474,倒伏级别最低,单株荚数、单株粒数及百粒重较高,综合性状较好,在综合评价分析中排名第3位(2020年)和第2位(2021年);各农艺性状表现较差的品系17-388产量及综合评价排名均为第10位;对照品种齐农5号在2年5点试验中产量与综合评价排名较小,说明在不同年际间、不同试验地点齐农5号表现稳定,适宜作为黑龙江省大豆区域试验对照品种。

基于电磁波的煤岩识别技术研究进展

将电磁波应用于煤岩识别中,可有效提高煤岩界面分辨能力。结合煤岩界面模型,阐述了运用电磁波技术进行煤岩识别的原理;介绍了γ射线法、雷达探测法、太赫兹信号法、电子共振法、X射线法和红外热成像法6种具体的煤岩识别方法,分析了各方法的原理,对各方法的优缺点及煤矿井下适用性进行了对比,并结合实际工业应用分析了各方法的研究现状。γ射线法在探测距离上具有显著优势,但存在放射性问题,基本被淘汰;雷达探测法具有识别准确的优点,但由于其信号衰减严重,探测距离短,目前一般应用于薄煤层测厚;太赫兹信号法探测距离短,只有在井下环境组成稳定时才能应用;电子共振法信号衰减严重,探测距离较短且难度较大,所以目前矿井基本摒弃;X射线法穿透性强,成像较清晰,但危害性极大;红外热成像法中,主动红外激励法需耗费大量时间对煤岩进行激励,且在处于高瓦斯的矿井环境中,存在极大的安全隐患;截割闪温法虽耗时较短,但对于截齿多、排布复杂的情况很难实现有效的煤岩识别。指出电磁波回波信息决定着电磁波煤岩识别的准确性,后续应对其进行深层次挖掘。

依托雷达兵战术专业教室的想定作业课程“四步”教学法

为提高想定作业课程教学效果和人才培养质量,根据指挥专业毕业期班学员特点,提出基于雷达兵战术专业教室的想定作业课程“四步”教学法.该教学法以作战任务为牵引,以雷达兵战术专业教室为支撑,规范了想定作业教学的组织实施流程和方法,提升了信息化教学水平,突出学员核心指挥能力的培养.教学实践表明,该教学法效果明显,为指挥专业其他课程教学改革提供了借鉴.

基于InSAR技术的大跨桥梁温度变形监测研究

以国内某高速铁路钢拱桥为研究对象,选取2017—2018年期间59幅C波段Senti⁃nel-1号雷达卫星影像,利用PS-InSAR技术处理影像获得桥梁的视线向(Line of Sight,LOS)位移,根据SAR成像空间几何关系解算出支座的纵向位移.研究结果表明:支座纵向位移的时空特性与实际桥梁结构相符合,验证了PS-InSAR技术观测桥梁结构位移的可行性.建立支座纵向位移与温度的线性相关模型,并与结构健康监测系统的实测结果进行对比.两者吻合良好,相对误差控制在10%以内,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的可靠性.利用有限元模拟温度作用下桥梁支座的位移变化,并与PS-InSAR位移时间序列进行对比.两者趋势基本一致,LOS向位移误差在[-10,10]mm,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的准确性.

基于地球物理方法的典型DNAPLs污染场地精细化调查

采用高密度电阻率(ERT)和探地雷达(GPR)两种地球物理方法,结合膜界面探测(MIP)和钻孔采样分析手段,综合研究某典型有机污染场地地下水中DNAPLs污染分布情况。结果表明,ERT法和GPR法圈定的场地污染范围基本吻合,DNAPLs污染物主要分布在研究区东北和西南区域,污染深度分别达到4 m和9 m,视电阻率为0.3Ω·m~5Ω·m,呈带状低阻分布,MIP和钻孔采样分析结果也验证了地球物理方法的准确性。

探地雷达和高密度电法在固废填埋场治理中的应用

某些垃圾填埋场由于相关资料严重缺失,给污染物的治理工作带来了困难。为了解决老垃圾填埋场的污染物治理问题,将高密度电法和探地雷达法相结合,对某村老垃圾填埋场进行了全方位探查,取得了以下成果:1)成功识别出垃圾与原位土层的界线,得到了垃圾层的范围和厚度,并以此为基础计算出回填方量为132454 m ^(3),为污染物的清除和治理提供了重要的参考;2)依据电阻率的分布,划分出填埋物的种类主要为建筑垃圾、生活垃圾或者粪便;3)识别出垃圾渗液的污染范围,圈定需要隔绝污染和回收清洁土壤的位置。本次研究结果为今后的垃圾治理工作提供了重要的参考。

高速公路机电安装绿色施工评价体系及工程应用研究

以新伊高速公路机电安装工程项目为依托,采用改进层次分析法、CRITIC法与灰色聚类方法,从综合管理水平、资源节约与利用、施工质量影响、生态环境影响4个方面,构建出包含19个评价指标的高速公路机电安装绿色施工评价体系,对所选5个标段的机电安装绿色施工等级进行全面综合评判,并运用雷达图法对所选标段进行优劣分析。研究结果表明:决定高速公路机电安装绿色施工评价等级最主要指标为构件部品预制化率、植被恢复率、环保技术使用率。所选标段经过绿色施工评价后等级较高,该工程实际监测数据满足规范要求,且绿色施工等级水平与实际生产接近,证明该方法的科学性与合理性,为今后类似机电安装工程绿色施工评价提供参考。

浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法在地下防空洞探测的应用研究

由于早期人防工程相关资料的缺失,形成若干盲区。本文采用浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法对浙江宁波地区的地下防空洞盲区进行定位探测,分析其满水和抽水后状态下进行无损检测的可行性。结果表明,结合两种方法的应用可基本实现对防空洞埋深定位探测,抽干水后状态下的反射信号更为清晰。在现场勘测应用时,应减少环境干扰,优选测试分析参数并验证结果。

基于双频段雷达高度计数据的海面阵风反演研究

海面阵风是海洋资源开发、海洋防灾减灾和海洋科研等领域所需的重要海洋动力环境信息。但迄今为止,海面阵风观测数据严重缺失,阻碍了阵风预报、应用研究等方面的发展。本文利用双频的HY-2B卫星高度计C、Ku波段的后向散射系数,对现有海面风速(U_(10))进行修正,建立了阵风风速(U_(g))反演算法。反演结果与美国国家浮标数据中心(NDBC)2018-2022年的浮标数据进行真实性检验,相关系数(R)为0.91,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.82 m/s;国外同类卫星Jason-3基于本方法的反演结果与2018-2022年NDBC站点数据进行检验,RMSE优于常规2 m/s精度要求;反演结果与处于不同纬度的近海远洋站点进行个例验证,RMSE均优于2 m/s。因此,本文在现有的HY-2B卫星高度计海面风速观测数据的基础上,利用不同波段信息实现了海面阵风的观测,具有较高的观测精度。同时,该方法也适用于相同观测体制的国外卫星高度计。