Radial growth in Qinghai spruce is most sensitive to severe drought in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China

Global warming and frequent extreme drought events lead to tree death and extensive forest decline,but the underlying mechanism is not clear.In drought years,cambial development is more sensitive to climate change,but in different phenological stages,the response rela-tionship is nonlinear.Therefore,the dynamic relationship between tree radial growth and climatic/environmental fac-tors needs to be studied.We thus continuously monitored radial growth of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia Kom.)and environmental factors from January 2021 to November 2022 using point dendrometers and portable meteorological weather stations in the central area of the Qilian Mountains.The relationship and stability between the radial growth of Qinghai spruce and environmental factors were compared for different levels of drought in 2021 and 2022.The year 2022 had higher temperatures and less precipitation and was drier than 2021.Compared with 2021,the growing period in 2022 for Qinghai spruce was 10 days shorter,maximum growth rate(Grmax)was 4.5μm·d^(-1) slower,and the initiation of growth was 6 days later.Growth of Qinghai spruce was always restricted by drought,and the stem radial increment(SRI)was more sensitive to precipitation and air relative humidity.Seasonal changes in cumulative radial growth were divided into four phenological stages according to the time of growth onset,cessation,and maximum growth rate(Grmax)of Qinghai spruce.Stability responses of SRI to climate change were stronger in Stage 3 and Stage 4 of 2021 and stronger in Stage 1(initiation growth stage)and Stage 3 of 2022.The results provide important information on the growth of the trees in response to drought and for specific managing forests as the climate warms.

Variability in the climate-radial growth correlation of Pinus massoniana of different diameter classes

The physiological characteristics of trees change with age,suggesting that growth-related climate signals vary over time.This study aimed to clarify the impacts of different diameter classes on the chronological characteristics of Pinus massoniana Lamb.and its response to climatic factors.Chronologies of P inus massoniana were established in small diameter(14.1 cm),middle diameter(27.3 cm),and large diameter(34.6 cm)trees according to dendrochronology.The results show that:(1)radial growth of different diameter classes had varied characteristics and climate sensitivities;(2)radial growth of small diameter trees was affected by climatic factors of the previous and the current year,while large diameter trees were mainly affected by climatic factors of the current year;and(3)precipitation and temperature were key factors that restricted the radial growth of small and large diameter trees,respectively.

Radial growth and non-structural carbohydrate partitioning response to resin tapping of slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)

Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)is a resin-producing species grown worldwide for significant economic benefits for wood production.Resin tapping cre-ates a carbon sink at the expense of carbon allocation for growth and consequently,wood production may be reduced.Non-structural carbohydrates comprising starch and sugars stored in plant organs,may serve as intermediate pools between assimilation and utilisation.However,the effect of resin tapping between tree growth and non-structural carbo-hydrates is not well understood.This study investigated(1)the effects of resin tapping on radial growth,(2)the effects of resin tapping on non-structural carbohydrate pools in different compartments,and(3)the feasibility of resin pro-duction without disruption of tree growth.Twenty one-year-old slash pines were subjected to resin tapping over two suc-cessive years.Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in needles,branches,stem phloem,and roots of tapped and untapped trees in summer and winter were determined after the second year of resin harvest.The results showed that tapping had no significant effects on annual increments.Starch was the dominant non-structural carbohydrate frac-tion,regardless of tissues and season,and constituted up to 99%of the total non-structural carbohydrates in the phloem and roots.Glucose and fructose were the dominant sugars;sucrose was negligible.Compared with the controls,tapped trees showed 26%lower non-structural carbohydrate concen-tration in the phloem above the tapping wound in summer,which was attributable to the decreased abundance of starch,glucose,fructose,and sucrose.In winter,the altered non-structural carbohydrate profiles in the phloem above the tap-ping wounding were minimised as a result of recovery of the sugar concentrations.In contrast to free sugars,which accu-mulated substantially in needles and branches during winter,starch was enriched in the phloem,roots,and current-year needles.The results provide evidence for a localised effect of resin tapping,and highlight the observation that resin extrac-tion does not always cause a sacrifice in wood growth under a moderate resin-tapping intensity in slash pine plantations.

Effect of Climatic Factors on the Radial Growth of Teak （Tectona grandis L.F.） in Parakou and Tchaourou Districts in Northern Benin

Climatic factor＇s effect was studied on the radial growth of teak （Tectona grandis L.F.） by using the stem analysis of 36 trees distributed in 6 plantations in Parakou and Tchaourou districts in northern Benin. The results showed that the plantations of Parakou were in general more productive than those of Tchaourou. The annual average growth was estimated in the first five years at 0.86 cm/year for Parakou and 0.76 cm/year at Tchaourou. The analysis of the radial growth showed that a significant percentage of the variance was allotted to the growth model. It follows that a big part of the ring width was predetermined before the intervention of the other factors, in particular the climatic conditions. The percentage of the variance related to the climatic conditions was thus more reduced for the plantations of Tchaourou than those of Parakou. The radial growth was influenced by the conditions of humidity （evapotranspiration, humidity and rain） of February to May on the one hand and those from August to October on the other hand.

Response to Hydrothermal Change of Tree Radial Growth since 1990s in the Southern Taihang Mountains in Hebei Province

On the basis of the relationship between tree ring width of Pinus tabulaeformis in the southern Taihang Mountains in Hebei Province and climate factors, such as mean temperature, mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature and precipitation, we find that tree-ring width correlates positively and significantly with mean and maximum temperature in March and Spring, and with minimum temperature in March, April, Spring and Autumn. The sampling tree radial growth responds sensitively to spring temperature change.

Climate Factors of Vapour Pressure and Diurnal Temperature Influenced on Radial Growth of Scots Pine in Northeastern Mongolia

To find out the optimum conditions of growth in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), we analyzed the radial growth response relationship to climate factors in boreal forests. We present growth response from 3-sites Mg (Mangui), KYH (kheyihe), NM (Nanmu) from central Daxing’an mountains. Drought observed in 1920s-1930s years. We analyzed growth response from 1920-2016. Results specified that growth of scots pine did not vary with variation in sites. We measure the influence of vapour pressure and mean maximum and mean minimum diurnal temperature have been shown by correlations of different growing seasons. Most of warm temperature during June to September and growth of Scots pine show a significantly positive increase during winter season. Overall inconsistency in climate conditions of Daxing’an mountains due to Atlantic and Pacific oceans, affects the Asian moon soon and alternatively changes the local temperature and precipitation and vapour pressure and increases the drought severity.

Radial growth response of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp.to topographic and climatic factors in South Korea

Aims This study aimed to develop radial growth models and to predict the potential spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora(Japanese red pine)and Quercus spp.(Oaks)in South Korea,considering topographic and climatic factors.Methods We used a dataset of diameter at breast height and radial growth estimates of individual trees,topographic and climatic factors in systematic sample plots distributed over the whole of South Korea.On the basis that radial growth is attributed primarily to tree age,we developed a radial growth model employing tree age as an explanatory variable.We estimated standard growth(SG),defined as radial growth of the tree at age 30,to eliminate the influence of tree age on radial growth.In addition,SG estimates including the Topographic Wetness Index,temperature and precipitation were calculated by the Generalized Additive Model.Important Findings As a result of variogram analysis of SG,we found spatial autocorrelation between SG,topographic and climatic factors.Incremental temperature had negative impacts on radial growth of P.densiflora and positive impacts on that of Quercus spp.Precipitation was associated with positive effects on both tree species.Based on the model,we found that radial growth of P.densiflora would be more vulnerable than that of Quercus spp.to climatic factors.Through simulation with the radial growth model,it was predicted that P.densiflora stands would be gradually replaced with Quercus spp.stands in eastern coastal and southern regions of South Korea in the future.The models developed in this study will be helpful for understanding the impact of climatic factors on tree growth and for predicting changes in distribution of P.densiflora and Quercus spp.due to climate change in South Korea.

Hydrological Response of Populus euphratica Olve. Radial Growth in Ejinaa Banner, Inner Mongolia

Populus euphratlca Olve. is a dominant tree species in Ejlnaa Oasis of the lower reaches of the Helhe River, inner Mongolia, China. In recent years, the population of this species has shown signs of degradation that are suggested to be probably associated with the decrease of surface water. In this study, the history of river runoff In this region was examined with a dendrochronological study of P. euphratica from four sites. It Is found that tree-ring widths In the all sites have negative correlation with runoffs of all months at the Zhengylxla hydrological station. Principal component （PC） analysis of the tree-ring chronologies shows that the first PC （PC1） accounts for 49.98% of the total variances. The first PC Is found to have a significantly negative correlation with runoffs In March and April （- 0.52 and - 0.43, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. This negative correlation might be related to variations In the depth of underground water.

Microenvironmental effects on growth response of Pinus massoniana to climate at its northern boundary in the Tongbai Mountains,Central China

The Tongbai Mountains is an ecologically sensi-tive region and the northern boundary of Pinus massoniana Lamb.To analyze the effect of different microenvironments on tree growth response to climate factors,we developed standard chronologies for earlywood width(EWW),late-wood width(LWW),and total ring width(TRW)of P.massoniana at two sampling sites on slopes with different orientations,then analyzed characteristics of the chronolo-gies and their correlations with climate variables from five stations in the region and with a regional normalized differ-ence vegetation index(NDVI).Statistical results showed that the TRW/EWW/LWW chronology consistency and charac-teristics(mean sensitivity,signal to noise ratio,expressed population signal)for trees growing on the southeastern slope were much higher than for trees on the northeastern slope.Correlations indicated that temperature in current March and August has a significant positive effect on TRW/EWW/LWW formation,and the effect on the northeastern slope was weaker than on the southeastern slope.Compared to temperature,precipitation has more complicated effects on tree growth,but the effect on the northeastern slope was also generally weaker than on the southeastern slope.Step-wise linear regression analyses showed that temperature in August was the main limiting factor at the two sampling sites.Similarly,the response of tree growth on the southeast-ern slope as determined by the NDVI is better than on the northeastern slope,and the TRW/EWW/LWW chronologies for the southeastern slope explained over 50%of the total NDVI variances in June.Overall,the results indicate that the difference in the climate response of P.massoniana at two sampling sites is clearly caused by differences in the microenvironment,and such differences should be properly considered in future studies of forest dynamics and climate reconstructions.

Growth response of Abies spectabilis to climate along an elevation gradient of the Manang valley in the central Himalayas

The Himalayas are characterized by a broad gradient of bioclimatic zones along their elevation.However,less is known how forest growth responds to climatic change along elevation.In this study,four standard treering width chronologies of Himalayan fir(Abies spectabilis)were developed,spanning 142–649 years along an elevation gradient of 3076–3900 m a.s.l.Principal component analysis classified the four chronologies into two groups;the ones at lower elevations(M1 and M2)and higher elevations(M3 and M4)show two distinct growth trends.Radial growth is limited by summer(June–August)precipitation at M3,and by precipitation during spring(March–May)and summer at M4.It is limited by spring temperatures and winter precipitation(December–February)at M1.Tree-ring width chronologies also significantly correlate with winter and spring Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)at M1,and with summer PDSI at M3 and M4.Thus,Himalayan fir growth at high elevations is mainly limited by moisture stress rather than by low temperatures.Furthermore,the occurrence of missing rings coincides with dry periods,providing additional evidence for moisture limitation of Himalayan fir growth.

Growth model of cavity generated by the projectile impacting liquid-filled tank

The high-speed impact of a projectile on a liquid-filled tank causes the hydraulic ram,in which a cavity is formed.To study the growth characteristics of the cavity,the formation mechanism of the cavity is analyzed.The effect of Reynolds number and Mach number on drag coefficient is considered,the axial and radial growth models of the cavity are established respectively.The relative errors between the cavity length calculated by the axial growth model,the cavity diameter calculated by the radial growth model and Ma L.Y.test results are less than 20%,which verifies the effectiveness of the axial and radial growth models.Finally,numerical simulation is carried out to study the growth characteristics of the cavity caused by the projectile impacting the satellite tank at the velocity of 4000 m/s.The cavity length and diameter calculated by the axial and radial growth models agree well with those obtained by simulation results,indicating that the cavity length and diameter in satellite tank can be accurately calculated by the axial and radial growth models.

Growth of Scotch Pine （Pinus sylvestris L.） Plantation in Northern Mongolia

The growth of Scotch pine in Northem Mongolian plantations was studied to determine variation in heights, diameters at breast height （DBH）, and main and annual volume increment of stem volumes in relation to plantation age. The study was conducted in the Tujyin Nars region, where six plantations ranging from 9 to 25 years old were selected for the assessment. Results indicate that the growth of Scotch pine on the plantations did not vary by site, and that more intensive annual increment in height was observed on Scotch pine plantations between the ages of 8 to 15 years. The amount of annual height increment and radial growth improves regularly up to 9 to 11 years of age and then the intensity of annual increment declines due to competition for light and nutrients. Additionally, there was a reduction in the number of trees per ha. Results suggest that it is necessary to implement forestry thinning which aimed at improving growth of Scotch pine on the plantations because intensity of annual increment in height and diameter reduces regularly due to restriction of growing condition.

Removing harvest residues from hardwood stands affects tree growth, wood density and stem wood nutrient concentration in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus spp.)

Background:Higher exportation of harvest residues from forests due to increased demand for woody biomass,has reportedly diminished soil mineral resources and may lead to degraded tree nutrition as well as growth.However,as nutrients become less available in the soil,the remobilization of nutrients in biomass tissues(plant internal cycling)helps sustain tree nutrition.Our study aims to quantify the impact of Removing Harvest Residues and Litter(RHRL)during five years on tree growth,wood density,and stem wood nutrient concentrations in young beech and oak forest stands.Result:Our study found that,RHRL significantly decreased tree growth ring width by 14%,and wood density by 3%,in beech trees,in near bark rings.RHRL also significantly reduced nutrient concentration in near bark and near pith areas of both studied species.Mg,Na and S were found lower by 44%,76%,and 56%,respectively,in near bark area of beech trees.In near bark area of oak trees,K,Ca,Mg,Na,S,and Fe were lower by 20%,25%,41%,48%,41%,and 16%,respectively.K and Mg concentrations decreased more strongly in near pith area compared to near bark area suggesting internal translocation of these two elements.Conclusion:In beech trees,wood density proved to be an important factor while quantifying the effect of removing harvest residuals on tree growth and biomass.Soil nutrient loss intensified the remobilization of nutrients con-tained in older tree rings(close to the pith)towards newly formed rings(close to bark).In our study,in beech trees,K was found to be the most recycled major nutrient.These results demonstrate the potential of such analysis for providing valuable insight into the effect of RHRL in premature stands on the physiological adaptive strategies of trees and an indication of soil fertility status.

Larch growth across thermal and moisture gradients in the Siberian Mountains

Climate-driven changes in the thermal and moisture regimes may variously influence different tree species growth and ranges.We hypothesize that drought resistant Siberian larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.)and precipitation-sensitive Siberian pine(Pinus sibirica Du Tour)responded differently to climate change along the elevational thermal and precipitation gradients.We studied the influence of air temperature,precipitation,soil moisture,and atmospheric drought(indicated by the drought index SPEI)on larch and pine growth along the southward megaslope of the West Sayan Ridge.We found that since 2000 climate change resulted in increasing larch and pine radial growth index(GI)(c.1.5–3times)within treeline(2000–2300 m)and timberline(1900–2000 m)ecotones,i.e.within high precipitation zones.Within the forest-steppe ecotone(1100–1200 m)in which L.sibirica is the only species,larch GI stagnated or even decreased.The total forested area increased since 2000 up to+50%in the high elevations,whereas in the low elevations(<1400 m)area changes were negligible.Within treeline and timberline,trees’GI was stimulated by summer temperature.Meanwhile,temperature increase in early spring reduces GI due to living tissue activation followed by tissue damage by desiccation.Within forest-steppe,larch radial growth was mostly dependent on soil moisture.Warming shifted dependence on moisture to the early dates of the growing period.Acute droughts decreased GI within forest-steppe as well as within treeline,whereas the drought influence on both species within highlands was insignificant.Within forest-steppe seedlings establishment was poor,whereas it was successful within treeline and timberline.Current climate change leads to stagnation or even decrease in Larix sibirica growth in the southern lowland habitat.In combination with poor seedlings establishment,reduced growth threatens the transformation of open lowland forests into forest-steppe and steppe communities.Meanwhile,in the highlands warming facilitated the growth of Siberian larch and pine and the increase of forested area.

Structure, Tree Growth and Dynamics of <I>Cedrus atlantica</I>Manetti Forests in Theniet El Had National Park (N-W Algeria)

In North Africa, Cedrus atlantica forests are in decline, following decades of anthropogenic pressure and repeated drought events. Mixed C. atlantica-Quercus ilex stands located in the Theniet El Had National Park (northwestern Algeria) were considered in the present study. Based on a stratified sampling, six temporary plots were established to describe structure (species composition, density, total height, diameter and basal area) and radial growth in relation to type of stand (pure and mixed), using a dendroecological approach. The diameter distribution of C. atlantica indicated the presence of few young individuals and a poor regeneration status in all the stands. The density and basal area of C. atlantica were significantly higher in pure stands, which necessitate silvicultural operations. In contrast, Q. ilex showed a progressive dynamic, at moderate altitude. Radial growth showed a significant decline from 1980 to the 2000s. The absence of an appropriate management plan and the increase in anthropogenic effects, without ruling out a role for the current climate conditions marked by drought, seem to be the causes of C. atlantica decline.

Study of Atlas Cedar Growth (<i>Cedrus atlantica</i>Manetti) in El M’sid Mountains (East Algeria): Productivity and Growth According to Planting Methods

The Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) is one of the more valuable reforestation species in the Mediterranean areas. But this species suffers from rainfall limitation and climate changes, particularly in its originated area, North Africa. Therefore, any knowledge about the plantation practices to improve the tree water availability and the reforestation success has great importance. The current study has been undertaken in this view, i.e. to compare the growth of cedar plots located in El M’Sid Mountains, Souk Ahras department (700 km east of Algiers), according to different planting methods. The radial growth and the productivity have been measured on a cedar plot with a total surface of 165 ha. 150 ha has been planted in 1970 on hillside ditches, and 15 ha of which the majority is planted in a simple hole and some bouquets on terraces, both are originated from a complementary reforestation achieved during 1980. The results show that most of the trees planted in 1970 reach a height ranging between 10 and 17 m and a diameter between 23 and 44 cm. Even some trees were 20 m high with diameter of 65 cm. The productivity fluctuates between 3 and 8 m3/ha/year, values close to the one of natural native plots. Trees planted in 1980 reach a height ranging between 5. 5 to 7 m, and diameter between 11.5 to 23 cm. The radial growth improves that the hillside ditches help the roots anchoring and trees growth during the first season after plantation. These results indicate that the cedar tree can be used with success in areas outside the natural cedar forest presence, and that appropriate planting techniques can compensate in part the lower rainfall occurring in these chosen regeneration areas.

气候对天山中部不同海拔天山云杉径向生长的影响

为研究气候因子对天山中部不同海拔天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica)径向生长的影响,在天山中部新疆农业大学实习林场内设置低、中、高3个海拔梯度(1900、2200、2500 m)进行年轮样芯取样,利用树木年轮学方法,选用1955—2022年研究区温度、降水、标准化降水蒸散发指数、帕默尔干旱指数等气象数据,与所测年轮数据进行分析。结果表明:低海拔天山云杉年轮宽度与前一年6月和当年6—8月温度、前一年8月降水以及当年6—9月帕默尔干旱指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。中海拔天山云杉年轮宽度与前一年6月温度、8月降水以及前一年6—8月标准化降水蒸散发指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。高海拔天山云杉年轮宽度与当年1月温度、前一年11月至当年3月标准化降水蒸散发指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与当年6—7月降水呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,在林区内,天山云杉生长与环境的干湿状况随海拔变化存在密切的关系。降水是促进低海拔天山云杉径向生长的关键因素,温度和降水共同作用中海拔天山云杉生长,温度对高海拔天山云杉径向生长的影响高于降水。

4个环孔材树种木质部年内生长动态及与气候因子的关系

【目的】树木茎干木质部生长动态被认为是对环境变化敏感的指标之一,因此明确木质部年内形成过程对于阐明树木与气候的关系具有重要意义。【方法】利用微树芯技术,对茎干周期性采样(7~10 d),通过切片观察河南洛阳市4种环孔材树种楸树Catalpa bungei、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白蜡Fraxinus chinensis和栾树Koelreuteria paniculata的木质部年内径向生长动态,并利用Gompertz模型对测量的木质部径向生长累积量进行拟合。【结果】①4个树种形成层活动时间集中在3月上旬至10中旬,其中楸树最短,为(189.0±14.6)d,樟树最长,为(216.0±17.4)d。②4个树种木质部形成动态相似,均呈S型生长曲线,在11月初完成径向生长,最大生长速率出现在5月中旬。但不同树种的年内径向生长量差异较大,其中白蜡最短,为(5807.0±2192.9)μm,楸树最长,为(8276.0±1744.2)μm。③气温可能是影响本地区树木径向生长的主要气候因子,气温和地表温度与树木径向生长均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。降水量只与樟树生长呈显著正相关(P<0.05),这可能是因为樟树的导管直径与导管面积均最小,对水分条件较敏感。【结论】洛阳市4个树种的径向生长都与气温呈极显著正相关,并且半环孔材樟树对气候因子的响应要强于其他3个环孔材树种。

洛阳市三种散孔材树种年内径向生长及其对气候因子的响应

为了解洛阳市散孔材树种的年内径向生长动态变化及其对气候因子的响应,以该地区常见散孔材树种女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、加杨(Populus canadensis)和悬铃木(Platanus occidentalis)为研究对象,采用微树芯技术监测形成层和木质部细胞在生长季的活动,并结合气象数据,探讨分析这3个树种年内径向生长及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明:(1)3个树种形成层细胞活动变化趋势不相同。悬铃木形成层细胞个数的年内波动呈单峰分布,在5月末达到峰值。女贞和加杨的活动规律不明显。但三者形成层活动起止时间基本一致,在3月中下旬启动,10月中下旬停止。(2)悬铃木年内径向生长量显著高于女贞和加杨,分别为10568±912.0μm、2831±591.2μm和2770±425.2μm。悬铃木的最大生长速率亦最大,为100.6μm/d,出现在6月上旬,比女贞和加杨晚约30~40d。(3)温度可能是影响女贞和悬铃木年内径向生长的主要气候因子。同时,悬铃木与降水和相对湿度也具有正相关性,但女贞与水分条件相关性不显著,加杨与气候因子的相关性均不显著。

天山雪岭云杉径向生长响应气候变化的海拔分异

【目的】探究天山中部地区不同海拔雪岭云杉径向生长变化趋势、对气候因子的响应以及应对干旱胁迫的生态弹性,为预测气候变化下天山雪岭云杉林沿海拔梯度的群落发展趋势提供理论参考。【方法】在天山北坡中段雪岭云杉森林的下林线、林带中部、上林线处采集雪岭云杉树芯样品,建立3个树轮标准年表,计算胸高断面积增量,分析雪岭云杉径向生长与气候因子的关系,采用抵抗力、恢复力和恢复弹力分析雪岭云杉对干旱胁迫的响应。【结果】在过去61年,研究区各海拔雪岭云杉径向生长均受到明显抑制,受抑制程度表现为下林线处最重,林带中部次之,上林线处较轻;不同海拔影响雪岭云杉径向生长的主控气候因子存在差异,下林线主要与当年4—7月气温显著负相关(P<0.05),与上一年6月和当年4、6月降水量及上一年8月至当年9月自校准帕默尔干旱指数(scPDSI)显著正相关(P<0.05);林带中部主要与上一年6—8月和当年3—4、6—7月气温显著负相关(P<0.05);上林线主要与当年2和6—7月气温显著正相关(P<0.05),与上一年8月和当年4月降水及上一年6月至当年5月scPDSI显著正相关(P<0.05);雪岭云杉径向生长对气候因子的响应在海拔梯度和时间梯度上均有差异,由下林线至上林线,与气温的负相关性及与降水和scPDSI的正相关性均依次减弱。在时间梯度上,与气温的相关性逐渐减弱,与降水和scPDSI的正相关性逐渐加强。不同海拔雪岭云杉应对干旱胁迫的生态弹性具有差异,抵抗力和恢复弹力表现为上林线>林带中部>下林线,恢复力表现为下林线>林带中部>上林线;下林线雪岭云杉对干旱较敏感,遭受干旱胁迫时生长下降明显;在抵抗力与恢复力反向平衡关系未打破时,下林线雪岭云杉不受干旱遗留效应影响。【结论】因研究区升温迅速而降水增加缓慢,各海拔雪岭云杉遭受干旱胁迫越来越严重,其中下林线雪岭云杉径向生长降幅最大,抵抗力最小,生长衰退风险最高。