A New Understanding on the Problem That the Quintic Equation Has No Radical Solutions

It is proved in this paper that Abel’s and Galois’s proofs that the quintic equations have no radical solutions are invalid. Due to Abel’s and Galois’s work about two hundred years ago, it was generally accepted that general quintic equations had no radical solutions. However, Tang Jianer et al. recently prove that there are radical solutions for some quintic equations with special forms. The theories of Abel and Galois cannot explain these results. On the other hand, Gauss et al. proved the fundamental theorem of algebra. The theorem declared that there were n solutions for the n degree equations, including the radical and non-radical solutions. The theories of Abel and Galois contradicted with the fundamental theorem of algebra. Due to the reasons above, the proofs of Abel and Galois should be re-examined and re-evaluated. The author carefully analyzed the Abel’s original paper and found some serious mistakes. In order to prove that the general solution of algebraic equation he proposed was effective for the cubic equation, Abel took the known solutions of cubic equation as a premise to calculate the parameters of his equation. Therefore, Abel’s proof is a logical circular argument and invalid. Besides, Abel confused the variables with the coefficients (constants) of algebraic equations. An expansion with 14 terms was written as 7 terms, 7 terms were missing. We prefer to consider Galois’s theory as a hypothesis rather than a proof. Based on that permutation group S5 had no true normal subgroup, Galois concluded that the quintic equations had no radical solutions, but these two problems had no inevitable logic connection actually. In order to prove the effectiveness of radical extension group of automorphism mapping for the cubic and quartic equations, in the Galois’s theory, some algebraic relations among the roots of equations were used to replace the root itself. This violated the original definition of automorphism mapping group, led to the confusion of concepts and arbitrariness. For the general cubic and quartic algebraic equations, the actual solving processes do not satisfy the tower structure of Galois’s solvable group. The resolvents of cubic and quartic equations are proved to have no symmetries of Galois’s soluble group actually. It is invalid to use the solvable group theory to judge whether the high degree equation has a radical solution. The conclusion of this paper is that there is only the Sn symmetry for the n degree algebraic equations. The symmetry of Galois’s solvable group does not exist. Mathematicians should get rid of the constraints of Abel and Galois’s theories, keep looking for the radical solutions of high degree equations.

STUDIES ON THE EXPOSITION OF HYDROXYL RADICAL FROM HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE SOLUTION TO LIGHT BY SPIN-TRAPPING METHOD

That the photosensitive action of hematoporphyrin can damage tumor cells, has attracted much attention recently. However, its mechanism of action is not very clear. Some reported that the damage is due to the production of singlet oxygen （1O2）, a cy-

Enhancement of Fenton oxidation for removing organic matter from hypersaline solution by accelerating ferric system with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and benzoquinone

Fenton oxidation is generally inhibited in the presence of a high concentration of chloride ions.This study investigated the feasibility of using benzoquinone（BQ） and hydroxylamine hydrochloride（HA） as Fenton enhancers for the removal of glycerin from saline water under ambient temperature by accelerating the ferric system.It was found that organics removal was not obviously affected by chloride ions of low concentration（less than 0.1 mol/L）,while the mineralization rate was strongly inhibited in the presence of a large amount of chloride ions.In addition,ferric hydrolysis-precipitation was significantly alleviated in the presence of HA and BQ,and HA was more effective in reducing ferric ions into ferrous ions than HA,while the H_2O_2 decomposition rate was higher in the BQ-Fenton system.Electron spin resonance analysis revealed that OH production was reduced in high salinity conditions,while it was enhanced after the addition of HA and BQ（especially HA）.This study provided a possible solution to control and alleviate the inhibitory effect of chloride ions on the Fenton process for organics removal.