Comparison of pulse-modulated and continuous operation modes of a radio-frequency inductive ion source

The paper describes an experimental study of the characteristics of a pulse-modulated radiofrequency(RF)discharge sustained at low pressures,typical of the operating modes of RF gridded ion sources.The motivation for the study is the question of whether the RF pulsemodulated mode can increase the efficiency of the ion source.The ion current values extracted from an RF inductive ion source operating in continuous and pulse-modulated modes were compared.The experimental data were also compared with the parameter calculations based on a0D numerical model of the discharge.The measurements showed that the pulse-modulated operation mode of the RF ion source had a noticeable advantage when the power of the RF generator was 140 W or lower.However,as the generator power increased,the advantage was lost because the pulse-modulated operation mode,having a higher RF power instant value,entered the region of existence sooner than the continuous mode,where the ion production cost begins to grow with RF power.

Ignition dynamics of radio frequency discharge in atmospheric pressure cascade glow discharge

A cascade glow discharge in atmospheric helium was excited by a microsecond voltage pulse and a pulse-modulated radio frequency(RF) voltage, in which the discharge ignition dynamics of the RF discharge burst was investigated experimentally. The spatio-temporal evolution of the discharge, the ignition time and optical emission intensities of plasma species of the RF discharge burst were investigated under different time intervals between the pulsed voltage and RF voltage in the experiment. The results show that by increasing the time interval between the pulsed discharge and RF discharge burst from 5 μs to 20 μs, the ignition time of the RF discharge burst is increased from 1.6 μs to 2.0 μs, and the discharge spatial profile of RF discharge in the ignition phase changes from a double-hump shape to a bell-shape. The light emission intensity at 706 nm and 777 nm at different time intervals indicates that the RF discharge burst ignition of the depends on the number of residual plasma species generated in the pulsed discharges.

Radio Frequency Fingerprint-Based Satellite TT&C Ground Station Identification Method

This study presents a radio frequency(RF)fingerprint identification method combining a convolutional neural network(CNN)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)network to identify measurement and control signals.The proposed algorithm(CNN-GRU)uses a convolutional layer to extract the IQ-related learning timing features.A GRU network extracts timing features at a deeper level before outputting the final identification results.The number of parameters and the algorithm’s complexity are reduced by optimizing the convolutional layer structure and replacing multiple fully-connected layers with gated cyclic units.Simulation experiments show that the algorithm achieves an average identification accuracy of 84.74% at a -10 dB to 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)with fewer parameters and less computation than a network model with the same identification rate in a software radio dataset containing multiple USRP X310s from the same manufacturer,with fewer parameters and less computation than a network model with the same identification rate.The algorithm is used to identify measurement and control signals and ensure the security of the measurement and control link with theoretical and engineering applications.

Bi-Directional Excitation of Radio Frequency Waves Using a Helical Antenna in Non-Uniform Plasmas towards a Compact Magnetoplasma Thruster

Magnetoplasma thruster is one of the attractive plasma engines for space propulsion in future manned deep space exploration. Usually two helical antennas are equipped to produce and heat plasmas with separate radio frequency sources. It is presented in this paper that a helical antenna, which is used to launch one wave mode in one direction so far, exhibits bi-directional nature, where the waves with different mode numbers are launched and couple with electrons and ions selectively in opposite directions. A two-dimensional numerical calculation is performed to predict wave propagation and power absorption in a non-uniform hydrogen plasma immersed in a non-uniform external static magnetic field, based on the hot plasma theory. It is confirmed that appropriate choice of the excitation condition of the antenna can select axial propagation direction of specific wave modes and consequently select a species that absorbs power from generated waves. A small-scale experiment is performed to confirm the prediction of the calculation. By measuring a change in electron and ion temperatures due to the wave launch from the helical antenna, it is found that both the production and heating at different axial positions are accomplished simultaneously by one antenna showing that another type of the radio frequency driven magnetoplasma thruster would be achieved.

Designing Wireless Charger Circuit for Hearing Aids Using Radio Frequency Waves

In this paper, an attempt has been made to produce a recipient system of wireless charge for a simple hearing aid so that electrical signal would be generated through detecting and receiving radio frequency waves (RF). The purpose of this design is to receive wireless charge for hearing aids and basically for any electronic device which is not required to a high energy for being setup. In this study, it has been demonstrated that as the amount of radio receiving energy increases, distance of receiver from antenna should be decreased;otherwise, either maximum amount of the receiving energy, or signal power density of the transmitter should be increased. Since it is impossible to be performed, it is decided to set up an energy receiving system constructed by rectenna and charge Circuit and to adjust their parameters to provide energy requirements for a device with low-power consumption. In this paper, different components of an energy receiving system from radio frequency band have been mentioned and a diagram block has been suggested. Subsequently, input impedance of designed antenna has been adjusted by provided relations. This impedance should be adjusted with the total impedance of regarded hearing aid Circuit by which the highest amount of received signal power is transferred to the battery of hearing aids. Received signal is converted to a dc voltage by rectifier diode. Finally, by applying a voltage regulator which has been designed using a common-collector amplifier not only the output voltage is kept constant, but the power is also strengthened. The battery of the hearing aids will be charged using the obtained power and voltage.

基于RF芯片的通信技术在分布式网络传感器中的应用

文章旨在探讨基于无线射频(Radio Frequency,RF)芯片的通信技术在分布式网络传感器中的应用。传统的分布式网络传感器系统通常使用有线连接或基于特定通信协议的无线传输技术,但这些方案在部署和维护上存在一定的限制。因此,采用RF收发一体化芯片作为通信技术的载体,实现分布式网络传感器之间的无线数据传输具有重要意义。文章围绕传输终端硬件设计基础,提出一种具体的方案,包括硬件选型、通信协议设计、功耗管理以及安全性考虑等方面,以实现高效稳定的分布式网络传感器无线数据传输。

激光与RF链路融合异质通信网络构建策略

文章探讨了激光与射频(Radio Frequency,RF)链路融合的异质通信网络构建策略。首先,分析异质通信网络中链路异构、资源管理和性能保障等问题。其次,提出激光与RF链路融合网络架构,包括网络层次框架和空间资源映射机制的建设。再次,在资源协同管理方面,引入链路状态信息获取与更新机制,以及基于业务优先级的资源调度技术。最后,采用软切换决策算法和切换过程中的业务保障技术,解决异质网络切换问题。设计的策略可以提升通信网络的整体性能,提高资源利用效率,为未来异质通信网络的发展提供可行的解决方案。通过激光与RF链路的协同,实现更高效的数据传输和稳定的切换,为通信技术的创新提供有力支持。

Effects of back gate bias on radio-frequency performance in partially depleted silicon-on-inslator nMOSFETs

The effects of back gate bias(BGEs) on radio-frequency(RF) performances in PD SOI n MOSFETs are presented in this paper. Floating body(FB) device, T-gate body-contact(TB) device, and tunnel diode body-contact(TDBC) device, of which the supply voltages are all 1.2 V, are compared under different back gate biases by different figures of merit, such as cut-off frequency( fT), maximum frequency of oscillation( fmax), etc. Because of the lack of a back gate conducting channel, the drain conductance(gd) of TDBC transistor shows a smaller degradation than those of the others, and the trans-conductance(gm) of TDBC is almost independent of back gate bias. The values of fT of TDBC are also kept nearly constant under different back gate biases. However, RF performances of FB and TB each show a significant degradation when the back gate bias is larger than ～ 20 V. The results indicate that TDBC structures could effectively improve the back gate bias in RF performance.

一种X波段三叉H型低电压RF MEMS开关设计

针对射频电路系统所需要的低电压,高隔离度,低插入损耗的应用需求,通过对开关正对面积对驱动电压产生的影响进行探究,设计了一款应用于X波段三叉H型的RF MEMS开关。开关具有六条悬臂梁作为支撑,通过增大上极板面积来降低开关的开启电压。分别使用HFSS和COMSOL对开关的射频性能和机械性能进行仿真,开关最终优化后,在8-12 GHz内,插入损耗为0.26~0.57 dB,隔离度大于31.30 dB。在10.1 GHz达到最优值,插入损耗为0.40 dB,隔离度为50.25 dB。开关电压在11V时就能够实现状态转换,开关的响应时间为18μs。此开关可与射频可重构器件结合,应用于新一代射频微波领域。

Design of synthetic aperture radar low-intercept radio frequency stealth

Not confined to a certain point,such as waveform,this paper systematically studies the low-intercept radio frequency(RF)stealth design of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)from the system level.The study is carried out from two levels.In the first level,the maximum low-intercept range equation of the conventional SAR system is deduced firstly,and then the maximum low-intercept range equation of the multiple-input multiple-output SAR system is deduced.In the second level,the waveform design and imaging method of the low-intercept RF SAR system are given and verified by simulation.Finally,the main technical characteristics of the lowintercept RF stealth SAR system are given to guide the design of low-intercept RF stealth SAR system.

A HIGH SENSITIVITY AND WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE ZERO-IF RF RECEIVER FOR COGNITIVE RADIO APPLICATION

This paper presents an RF receiver of zero-Intermediate Frequency(IF) architecture for Cognitive Radio(CR) communication systems.Zero-IF architecture reduce the image reject filter and IF filter,so it is excellent in low cost,compact volume,and low power dissipation.The receiver employs three digital attenuator and a high gain,high linearity low noise amplifier to achieve wide dynamic range of 70 dB and high receiving sensitivity of-81 dBm.A fully balanced I/Q demodulator and a differential Local Oscillator(LO) chips are used to minimize the negative effects caused by second-order distortion and LO leakage.In order to select an 8 MHz-channel from 14 continuous ones located in UHF band(694-806 MHz) accurately,approach of channel selectivity circuits is proposed.The RF receiver has been designed,fabricated,and test.The measured result shows that the noise figure is 3.4 dB,and the error vector magnitude is 7.5% when the input power is-81 dBm.

Effect of driving frequency on electron heating in capacitively coupled RF argon glow discharges at low pressure

A one-dimensional（1D） fluid model on capacitively coupled radio frequency（RF） argon glow discharge between parallel-plates electrodes at low pressure is established to test the effect of the driving frequency on electron heating. The model is solved numerically by a finite difference method. The numerical results show that the discharge process may be divided into three stages： the growing rapidly stage, the growing slowly stage, and the steady stage. In the steady stage,the maximal electron density increases as the driving frequency increases. The results show that the discharge region has three parts： the powered electrode sheath region, the bulk plasma region and the grounded electrode sheath region. In the growing rapidly stage（at 18 μs）, the results of the cycle-averaged electric field, electron temperature, electron density, and electric potentials for the driving frequencies of 3.39, 6.78, 13.56, and 27.12 MHz are compared, respectively. Furthermore,the results of cycle-averaged electron pressure cooling, electron ohmic heating, electron heating, and electron energy loss for the driving frequencies of 3.39, 6.78, 13.56, and 27.12 MHz are discussed, respectively. It is also found that the effect of the cycle-averaged electron pressure cooling on the electrons is to ＂cool＂ the electrons; the effect of the electron ohmic heating on the electrons is always to ＂heat＂ the electrons; the effect of the cycle-averaged electron ohmic heating on the electrons is stronger than the effect of the cycle-averaged electron pressure cooling on the electrons in the discharge region except in the regions near the electrodes. Therefore, the effect of the cycle-averaged electron heating on the electrons is to ＂heat＂ the electrons in the discharge region except in the regions near the electrodes. However, in the regions near the electrodes, the effect of the cycle-averaged electron heating on the electron is to ＂cool＂ the electrons. Finally, the space distributions of the electron pressure cooling the electron ohmic heating and the electron heating at 1/4 T, 2/4 T, 3/4 T, and 4/4 T in one RF-cycle are presented and compared.

Depressed Acne Scars—Effective, Minimal Downtime Treatment with a Novel Smooth Motion Non-Insulated Microneedle Radiofrequency Technology

Background: The microneedle fractional RF handpiece used in our study (Intensif Handpiece, EndyMed Medical, Caesarea, Israel) is a novel handpiece that uses a tip with 25 non-insulated, gold plated microneedle electrodes. The needles are inserted into the skin by a specially designed electronically controlled, smooth motion motor minimizing patient discomfort. RF emission delivered over the whole dermal portion of the needle allows effective coagulation resulting in minimal or no bleeding, together with bulk volumetric heating. Study Design/Materials and Methods: The study included 20 patients, treated for depressed acne scars using the IntensifTM?Microneedles handpiece (EndyMed PRO Platform System, EndyMed Medical, Caesarea, Israel). The degree of clinical improvement was assessed by the global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) and subjects satisfaction by post treatment questionnaires. Results: The number of treatments per patient varied between 1 and 6 (average 3.3 treatments per patient). Eleven patients (55%) reported none to minimal pain, six (30%) moderate discomfort and only three (15%) reported significant pain. Objective evaluation of the improvement by a board certified dermatologist showed improvement in 95% of patients. 25% showed excellent improvement, 50% experienced good improvement, and the 20% showed minimal improvement. One patient showed no improvement. Conclusions: The presented results show that the tested electronically controlled motorized insertion, non-insulated microneedle treatment technology provides a minimal discomfort, minimal downtime, effective and safe treatment for depressed acne scars.

基于门限判断机会调度的多用户PLC/RF系统性能分析

针对融入译码转发中继技术的混合电力线通信(Power Line Communication, PLC)与射频(Radio-Frequency, RF)传输系统,首先提出了一种基于门限判断的多用户机会调度方案。其次,在PLC和RF链路信道衰落分别服从对数正态分布和相关莱斯分布的条件下,推导出采用所提调度方案的PLC/RF系统中断概率和归一化平均反馈负载的闭合表达式。接着,还通过分析高信噪比条件下系统中断概率的渐进性能,得到系统分集度和阵列增益的简单闭合表达式。最后,计算机仿真不仅验证了理论分析的正确性,而且进一步揭示了所提方案能够在尽量减少反馈负载的同时获得较优的中断性能,从而为实际的系统设计提供参考和依据。

Theory and Analysis for First-Order Interaction Between HF Radio Waves and Ocean Waves

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A novel radio frequency coil for veterinary magnetic resonance imaging system

In this article, a novel designed radio frequency （RF） coil is designed and built for the imaging of puppies in a V-shape permanent magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） system. Two sets of Helmholtz coil pairs with a V-shape structure are used to improve the holding of an animal in the coil. The homogeneity and the sensitivity of the RF field in the coil are analysed by theoretical calculation. The size and the shape of the new coil are optimized and validated by simulation through using the finite element method （FEM）. Good magnetic resonance （MR） images are achieved on a shepherd dog.

Preparation and Characterization of Transparent Conductive Zinc Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

High transparent and conductive thin films of zinc doped tin oxide （ZTO） were deposited on quartz substrates by the radio-frequency （RF） magnetron sputtering using a 12 wt% ZnO doped with 88 wt% SnO2 ceramic target.The effect of substrate temperature on the structural,electrical and optical performances of ZTO films has been studied.X-ray diffraction （XRD） results show that ZTO films possess tetragonal rutile structure with the preferred orientation of （101）.The surface morphology and roughness of the films was investigated by the atomic force microscope （AFM）.The electrical characteristic （including carrier concentration,Hall mobility and resistivity） and optical transmittance were studied by the Hall tester and UV- VIS,respectively.The highest carrier concentration of -1.144×1020 cm-3 and the Hall mobility of 7.018 cm2（V ·sec）-1 for the film with an average transmittance of about 80.0% in the visible region and the lowest resistivity of 1.116×10-2 Ω·cm were obtained when the ZTO films deposited at 250 oC.

基于译码转发的PLC-VLC/RF混合传输系统中断性能分析

针对译码转发(Decode and Forward,DF)协议下室内电力线通信(Power Line Communication,PLC)-可见光通信(Visible Light Communication,VLC)/射频(Radio Frequency,RF)的混合传输系统,考虑接收端采用最大比合并(Maximal Ratio Combining,MRC)和选择合并(Selection Combining,SC)两种方案,并分析这两种方案下的系统中断性能。首先,在考虑路径损耗、信道衰落和用户随机分布的情况下,分别给出MRC和SC两种方案的输出信噪比表达式。接着,推导出这两种方案下系统的中断概率闭合表达式。最后,利用计算机仿真验证理论分析的正确性,分析不同参数对系统中断性能的影响,从而为PLC-VLC/RF混合传输系统的实际应用提供理论依据。

Analytical and Numerical Model Confrontation for Transfer Impedance Extraction in Three-Dimensional Radio Frequency Circuits

3D chip stacking is considered known to overcome conventional 2D-IC issues, using through silicon vias to ensure vertical signal transmission. From any point source, embedded or not, we calculate the impedance spread out;our ultimate goal will to study substrate noise via impedance field method. For this, our approach is twofold: a compact Green function or a Transmission Line Model over a multi-layered substrate is derived by solving Poisson’s equation analytically. The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and its variations are used for rapid evaluation. Using this technique, the substrate coupling and loss in IC’s can be analyzed. We implement our algorithm in MATLAB;it permits to extract impedances between any pair of embedded contacts. Comparisons are performed using finite element methods.

Aerodynamic actuation characteristics of radio-frequency discharge plasma and control of supersonic flow

In this paper, aerodynamic actuation characteristics of radio-frequency(RF) discharge plasma are studied and a method is proposed for shock wave control based on RF discharge. Under the static condition, a RF diffuse glow discharge can be observed; under the supersonic inflow, the plasma is blown downstream but remains continuous and stable.Time-resolved schlieren is used for flow field visualization. It is found that RF discharge not only leads to continuous energy deposition on the electrode surface but also induces a compression wave. Under the supersonic inflow condition, a weak oblique shock wave is induced by discharge. Experimental results of the shock wave control indicate that the applied actuation can disperse the bottom structure of the ramp-induced oblique shock wave, which is also observed in the extracted shock wave structure after image processing. More importantly, this control effect can be maintained steadily due to the continuous high-frequency(MHz) discharge. Finally, correlations for schlieren images and numerical simulations are employed to further explore the flow control mechanism. It is observed that the vortex in the boundary layer increases after the application of actuation, meaning that the boundary layer in the downstream of the actuation position is thickened. This is equivalent to covering a layer of low-density smooth wall around the compression corner and on the ramp surface, thereby weakening the compressibility at the compression corner. Our results demonstrate the ability of RF plasma aerodynamic actuation to control the supersonic airflow.