The shelf life of pure amorphous sucrose systems, such as cotton candy, can be very short. Previous studies have shown that amorphous sucrose systems held above the glass transition temperature will collapse and cryst...The shelf life of pure amorphous sucrose systems, such as cotton candy, can be very short. Previous studies have shown that amorphous sucrose systems held above the glass transition temperature will collapse and crystallize. One study, however, showed that adding a small percent of another type of sugar, such as trehalose, to sucrose can extend the shelf life of the amorphous system by slowing crystallization. This study explores the hypothesis that raffinose increases the stability of an amorphous sucrose system. Cotton candy at 5 wt% raffinose and 95 wt% sucrose was made and stored at room temperature and three different relative humidities (%RH) 11%RH, 33%RH, and 43%RH. XRD patterns, and glass transition temperatures were obtained to determine the stability as a function of %RH. The data collected showed that raffinose slows sucrose crystallization in a low moisture amorphous state above the glass transition temperature and therefore improves the stability of amorphous sucrose systems.展开更多
Raffinose family oligosaccharides （RFOs） accumulate in seeds during maturation desiccation in many plant species. However, it remains unclear whether RFOs have a role in establishing seed vigor. GALACTINOL SYNTHASE ...Raffinose family oligosaccharides （RFOs） accumulate in seeds during maturation desiccation in many plant species. However, it remains unclear whether RFOs have a role in establishing seed vigor. GALACTINOL SYNTHASE （GOLS）, RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE （RS）, and STACHYOSE SYNTHASE （STS） are the enzymes responsible for RFO biosynthesis in plants. Interestingly, only raffinose is detected in maize seeds, and a unique maize RS gene （ZmRS） was identified. In this study, we found that two independent mutator （Mu）-interrupted zmrs lines, containing no raffinose but hyperaccumulating galactinol, have significantly reduced seed vigor, compared with null segregant controls. Unlike maize, Arabidopsis thaliana seeds contain several RFOs （raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose）. Manipulation of A. thaliana RFO content by overexpressing ZmGOLS2, ZmRS, or AtSTS demonstrated that co-overexpression of ZmGOLS2 and ZmRS, or overexpression of ZmGOLS2 alone, significantly increased the total content of RFOs and enhanced Arabidopsis seed vigor. Surprisingly, while overexpression of ZmRS increased seed raffinose content, its overexpression dramatically decreased seed vigor and reduced the seed amounts of galactinol, stachyose, and verbascose. In contrast, the atrs5 mutant seeds are similar to those of the wild type with regard to seed vigor and RFO content, except for stachyose, which accumulated in atrs5 seeds. Total RFOs, RFO/sucrose ratio, but not absolute individual RFO amounts, positively correlated with A. thaliana seed vigor, to which stachyose and verbascose contribute more than raffinose. Taken together, these re- sults provide new insights into regulatory mechanisms of seed vigor and reveal distinct requirement for RFOs in modulating seed vigor in a monocot and a dicot.展开更多
There are appreciable does of raffinose in soybean,but the impacts of raffinose on pigs are poorly investigated.We used 2 experiments to investigate the influence of soybean raffinose on growth per-formance,digestibil...There are appreciable does of raffinose in soybean,but the impacts of raffinose on pigs are poorly investigated.We used 2 experiments to investigate the influence of soybean raffinose on growth per-formance,digestibility,humoral immunity and intestinal morphology of growing pigs.In Exp.1,a total of 30 crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(21.93±0.43 kg)were randomly divided into 3 groups,and were fed with the control diet,the control diets supplemented with 0.2%and 0.5%raffinose,respectively,for 21 d.Results showed that the addition of 0.2%or 0.5%raffinose reduced(P<0.05)average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily gain(ADG)and nutrient digestibility,and dietary 0.5%raffinose increased the ratio of feed to gain(P<0.05).For serum indexes,dietary 0.5%raffinose decreased growth hormone and increased glucagon-like peptide-2,immunoglobulin G,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6 concentration(P<0.05).In Exp.2,a total of 24 crossbred barrows(38.41±0.45 kg)were randomly divided into 3 groups,and were fed with the control diet(ad libitum),the raffinose diet(0.5%raffinose,ad libitum),and the control diet in the same amount as the raffinose group(feed-pair group)for 14 d,respectively.Compared with the control diet,dietary 0.5%raffinose decreased ADFI(P<0.05).Intriguingly,the raffinose group had lower ADG than the feed-pair group,lower nutrient digestibility,lower amylase activity in duodenum,lower amylase,lipase and trypsin ac-tivities in jejunum and higher TNF-αconcentration in serum compared with the other 2 groups,and a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared with the control group(P<0.05).These results showed that soybean raffinose could reduce feed voluntary intake and body gain while improving in-testinal morphology without a significant negative influence on immunity.Taken together,dietary raffinose could decrease growth performance by reducing both feed intake and nutrient digestibility while inducing humoral immune response of growing pigs.展开更多
Soybean is the primary source of plant protein for humans.Owing to the indigestibility of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides(RFO),raffinose and stachyose are considered anti-nutritive factors in soybean seeds.Lo...Soybean is the primary source of plant protein for humans.Owing to the indigestibility of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides(RFO),raffinose and stachyose are considered anti-nutritive factors in soybean seeds.Low-RFO soybean cultivars are generated by mutagenesis of RFO biosynthesis genes,but the carbohydrate profiles invite further modification to lower RFOs.This study employed a pooled multiplex genome editing approach to target four seed-specifically expressed genes mediating RFO biosynthesis,encoding three raffinose synthases(RS2,RS3,and RS4)and one stachyose synthase.In T1progeny,rs2/rs3 and rs4/sts homozygous double mutants and a rs2/rs3/rs4/sts quadruple mutant(rfo-4m)were characterized.The rs2/rs3 mutant showed reduced raffinose and stachyose contents,but the rs4/sts mutant showed only reduced stachyose in seeds.The RFO contents in the rfo-4m mutant were almost eliminated.Metabolomic analysis showed that the mutation of four RFO biosynthesis genes led to a shift of metabolic profile in the seeds,including the accumulation of several oligosaccharides-related metabolites.These mutants could contribute to precision breeding of soybean cultivars for soy food production.展开更多
文摘The shelf life of pure amorphous sucrose systems, such as cotton candy, can be very short. Previous studies have shown that amorphous sucrose systems held above the glass transition temperature will collapse and crystallize. One study, however, showed that adding a small percent of another type of sugar, such as trehalose, to sucrose can extend the shelf life of the amorphous system by slowing crystallization. This study explores the hypothesis that raffinose increases the stability of an amorphous sucrose system. Cotton candy at 5 wt% raffinose and 95 wt% sucrose was made and stored at room temperature and three different relative humidities (%RH) 11%RH, 33%RH, and 43%RH. XRD patterns, and glass transition temperatures were obtained to determine the stability as a function of %RH. The data collected showed that raffinose slows sucrose crystallization in a low moisture amorphous state above the glass transition temperature and therefore improves the stability of amorphous sucrose systems.
文摘Raffinose family oligosaccharides （RFOs） accumulate in seeds during maturation desiccation in many plant species. However, it remains unclear whether RFOs have a role in establishing seed vigor. GALACTINOL SYNTHASE （GOLS）, RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE （RS）, and STACHYOSE SYNTHASE （STS） are the enzymes responsible for RFO biosynthesis in plants. Interestingly, only raffinose is detected in maize seeds, and a unique maize RS gene （ZmRS） was identified. In this study, we found that two independent mutator （Mu）-interrupted zmrs lines, containing no raffinose but hyperaccumulating galactinol, have significantly reduced seed vigor, compared with null segregant controls. Unlike maize, Arabidopsis thaliana seeds contain several RFOs （raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose）. Manipulation of A. thaliana RFO content by overexpressing ZmGOLS2, ZmRS, or AtSTS demonstrated that co-overexpression of ZmGOLS2 and ZmRS, or overexpression of ZmGOLS2 alone, significantly increased the total content of RFOs and enhanced Arabidopsis seed vigor. Surprisingly, while overexpression of ZmRS increased seed raffinose content, its overexpression dramatically decreased seed vigor and reduced the seed amounts of galactinol, stachyose, and verbascose. In contrast, the atrs5 mutant seeds are similar to those of the wild type with regard to seed vigor and RFO content, except for stachyose, which accumulated in atrs5 seeds. Total RFOs, RFO/sucrose ratio, but not absolute individual RFO amounts, positively correlated with A. thaliana seed vigor, to which stachyose and verbascose contribute more than raffinose. Taken together, these re- sults provide new insights into regulatory mechanisms of seed vigor and reveal distinct requirement for RFOs in modulating seed vigor in a monocot and a dicot.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31730091
文摘There are appreciable does of raffinose in soybean,but the impacts of raffinose on pigs are poorly investigated.We used 2 experiments to investigate the influence of soybean raffinose on growth per-formance,digestibility,humoral immunity and intestinal morphology of growing pigs.In Exp.1,a total of 30 crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(21.93±0.43 kg)were randomly divided into 3 groups,and were fed with the control diet,the control diets supplemented with 0.2%and 0.5%raffinose,respectively,for 21 d.Results showed that the addition of 0.2%or 0.5%raffinose reduced(P<0.05)average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily gain(ADG)and nutrient digestibility,and dietary 0.5%raffinose increased the ratio of feed to gain(P<0.05).For serum indexes,dietary 0.5%raffinose decreased growth hormone and increased glucagon-like peptide-2,immunoglobulin G,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6 concentration(P<0.05).In Exp.2,a total of 24 crossbred barrows(38.41±0.45 kg)were randomly divided into 3 groups,and were fed with the control diet(ad libitum),the raffinose diet(0.5%raffinose,ad libitum),and the control diet in the same amount as the raffinose group(feed-pair group)for 14 d,respectively.Compared with the control diet,dietary 0.5%raffinose decreased ADFI(P<0.05).Intriguingly,the raffinose group had lower ADG than the feed-pair group,lower nutrient digestibility,lower amylase activity in duodenum,lower amylase,lipase and trypsin ac-tivities in jejunum and higher TNF-αconcentration in serum compared with the other 2 groups,and a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared with the control group(P<0.05).These results showed that soybean raffinose could reduce feed voluntary intake and body gain while improving in-testinal morphology without a significant negative influence on immunity.Taken together,dietary raffinose could decrease growth performance by reducing both feed intake and nutrient digestibility while inducing humoral immune response of growing pigs.
基金supported by the Chuying Scholar Project in Fujian Province and the Innovative Research Project at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University。
文摘Soybean is the primary source of plant protein for humans.Owing to the indigestibility of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides(RFO),raffinose and stachyose are considered anti-nutritive factors in soybean seeds.Low-RFO soybean cultivars are generated by mutagenesis of RFO biosynthesis genes,but the carbohydrate profiles invite further modification to lower RFOs.This study employed a pooled multiplex genome editing approach to target four seed-specifically expressed genes mediating RFO biosynthesis,encoding three raffinose synthases(RS2,RS3,and RS4)and one stachyose synthase.In T1progeny,rs2/rs3 and rs4/sts homozygous double mutants and a rs2/rs3/rs4/sts quadruple mutant(rfo-4m)were characterized.The rs2/rs3 mutant showed reduced raffinose and stachyose contents,but the rs4/sts mutant showed only reduced stachyose in seeds.The RFO contents in the rfo-4m mutant were almost eliminated.Metabolomic analysis showed that the mutation of four RFO biosynthesis genes led to a shift of metabolic profile in the seeds,including the accumulation of several oligosaccharides-related metabolites.These mutants could contribute to precision breeding of soybean cultivars for soy food production.
