Accumulating evidences have suggested that Treg have an active role in the regulation of immunity to infection. Treg suppress not only autoimmune responses but also other immune responses for instance, during acute in...Accumulating evidences have suggested that Treg have an active role in the regulation of immunity to infection. Treg suppress not only autoimmune responses but also other immune responses for instance, during acute infections, against commensal microbes in inflammatory diseases or during chronic illness. Treg have been shown to limit exacerbated inflammation to avoid collateral tissue damage. Treg are also suggested to provide early protective responses in some viral infections as the permitting timely entry of effector cells in infected tissue. Furthermore, Treg have been shown to contribute to form memory pool after resolution of infection. In this review, we survey and analysis our current knowledge and relative dynamics of Treg in a wide range of infection settings and elaborate the examples in which these cells are of critical importance in conferring tolerance, suppressing pathogenesis, inducing protection and optimizing immunity to eliminate infection.展开更多
雷帕霉素靶点蛋白(target of rapamycin,TOR)作为细胞内重要的生长和代谢调节中枢,主要通过形成两种复合物TORC1与TORC2发挥其功能。其中TORC1接收广泛的细胞内信号,如氨基酸水平、生长因子、能量以及缺氧状态等,通过调控蛋白质合成来...雷帕霉素靶点蛋白(target of rapamycin,TOR)作为细胞内重要的生长和代谢调节中枢,主要通过形成两种复合物TORC1与TORC2发挥其功能。其中TORC1接收广泛的细胞内信号,如氨基酸水平、生长因子、能量以及缺氧状态等,通过调控蛋白质合成来促进细胞的增殖与生长。在这些信号当中,氨基酸不仅能够激活TORC1通路,还同时作为其他信号激活TORC1的必需条件。目前,对于生长因子和能量水平激活TORC1过程的分子机制已有较深入的认识,而对于氨基酸信号如何转导至TORC1的分子机制直到近年来才有了新的突破。该文通过梳理已发表的哺乳动物细胞中氨基酸信号调控mTORC1分子机制的相关实验结论,对该领域的研究方向进行了总结和展望。展开更多
BACKGROUND： The protein kinase Target Of Rapamycin （TOR） is a nexus for the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR assembles into one of two distinct signalling complexes, TOR complex 1 （TORC1） and TORC2 （mTO...BACKGROUND： The protein kinase Target Of Rapamycin （TOR） is a nexus for the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR assembles into one of two distinct signalling complexes, TOR complex 1 （TORC1） and TORC2 （mTORC1/2 in mammals）, with a set of largely non-overlapping protein partners. （m）TORC 1 activation occurs in response to a series of stimuli relevant to cell growth, including nutrient availability, growth factor signals and stress, and regulates much of the cell＇s biosynthetic activity, from proteins to lipids, and recycling through autophagy, mTORC1 regulation is of great therapeutic significance, since in humans many of these signalling complexes, alongside subunits of mTORC1 itself, are implicated in a wide variety of pathophysiologies, including multiple types of cancer, neurological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders including diabetes. METHODOLOGY： Recent years have seen numerous structures determined of （m）TOR, which have provided mechanistic insight into （m）TORC 1 activation in particular, however the integration of cellular signals occurs upstream of the kinase and remains incompletely understood. Here we have collected and analysed in detail as many as possible of the molecular and structural studies which have shed light on （m）TORC 1 repression, activation and signal integration. CONCLUSIONS： A molecular understanding of this signal integration pathway is required to understand how （m）TORC1 activation is reconciled with the many diverse and contradictory stimuli affecting cell growth. We discuss the current level of molecular understanding of the upstream components of the （m）TORC1 signalling pathway, recent progress on this key biochemical frontier, and the future studies necessary to establish a mechanistic understanding of this master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth.展开更多
文摘Accumulating evidences have suggested that Treg have an active role in the regulation of immunity to infection. Treg suppress not only autoimmune responses but also other immune responses for instance, during acute infections, against commensal microbes in inflammatory diseases or during chronic illness. Treg have been shown to limit exacerbated inflammation to avoid collateral tissue damage. Treg are also suggested to provide early protective responses in some viral infections as the permitting timely entry of effector cells in infected tissue. Furthermore, Treg have been shown to contribute to form memory pool after resolution of infection. In this review, we survey and analysis our current knowledge and relative dynamics of Treg in a wide range of infection settings and elaborate the examples in which these cells are of critical importance in conferring tolerance, suppressing pathogenesis, inducing protection and optimizing immunity to eliminate infection.
文摘雷帕霉素靶点蛋白(target of rapamycin,TOR)作为细胞内重要的生长和代谢调节中枢,主要通过形成两种复合物TORC1与TORC2发挥其功能。其中TORC1接收广泛的细胞内信号,如氨基酸水平、生长因子、能量以及缺氧状态等,通过调控蛋白质合成来促进细胞的增殖与生长。在这些信号当中,氨基酸不仅能够激活TORC1通路,还同时作为其他信号激活TORC1的必需条件。目前,对于生长因子和能量水平激活TORC1过程的分子机制已有较深入的认识,而对于氨基酸信号如何转导至TORC1的分子机制直到近年来才有了新的突破。该文通过梳理已发表的哺乳动物细胞中氨基酸信号调控mTORC1分子机制的相关实验结论,对该领域的研究方向进行了总结和展望。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31520103915,31730090,and 31322053)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018CFA020)
文摘BACKGROUND： The protein kinase Target Of Rapamycin （TOR） is a nexus for the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR assembles into one of two distinct signalling complexes, TOR complex 1 （TORC1） and TORC2 （mTORC1/2 in mammals）, with a set of largely non-overlapping protein partners. （m）TORC 1 activation occurs in response to a series of stimuli relevant to cell growth, including nutrient availability, growth factor signals and stress, and regulates much of the cell＇s biosynthetic activity, from proteins to lipids, and recycling through autophagy, mTORC1 regulation is of great therapeutic significance, since in humans many of these signalling complexes, alongside subunits of mTORC1 itself, are implicated in a wide variety of pathophysiologies, including multiple types of cancer, neurological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders including diabetes. METHODOLOGY： Recent years have seen numerous structures determined of （m）TOR, which have provided mechanistic insight into （m）TORC 1 activation in particular, however the integration of cellular signals occurs upstream of the kinase and remains incompletely understood. Here we have collected and analysed in detail as many as possible of the molecular and structural studies which have shed light on （m）TORC 1 repression, activation and signal integration. CONCLUSIONS： A molecular understanding of this signal integration pathway is required to understand how （m）TORC1 activation is reconciled with the many diverse and contradictory stimuli affecting cell growth. We discuss the current level of molecular understanding of the upstream components of the （m）TORC1 signalling pathway, recent progress on this key biochemical frontier, and the future studies necessary to establish a mechanistic understanding of this master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth.
