In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, se...In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.展开更多
双频雷达通过估计降水的雨滴谱分布(Rain Drop Size Distribution,DSD)参数来估测降水,相比多普勒天气雷达利用Z-I关系估测降水的方法,估测结果更加准确。真实的雨滴谱分布随时空不断变化,难以准确描述。本研究的目的是评估将其描述成Ga...双频雷达通过估计降水的雨滴谱分布(Rain Drop Size Distribution,DSD)参数来估测降水,相比多普勒天气雷达利用Z-I关系估测降水的方法,估测结果更加准确。真实的雨滴谱分布随时空不断变化,难以准确描述。本研究的目的是评估将其描述成Gamma分布模型对双频雷达估测降水造成的误差。研究中利用架设在广东龙门和西藏那曲的雨滴谱仪观测资料,计算Ku/Ka双频雷达的反射率因子,利用双频雷达算法反演降水率R和衰减系数k,并将其与雨滴谱仪直接计算的结果进行比较,探讨双频雷达反演算法中DSD模型对反演结果造成的影响,并对比反演误差的地区差异性。研究结果表明:DSD参数对双频雷达反演降水的影响在那曲和龙门地区有一定的差异。从双频技术反演的质量加权的粒子直径(Dm)、Ka波长衰减系数(kKa)、Ku波长衰减系数(kKu)和降水率(R)来看,当Gamma分布的形状因子μ分别取2、3和4时,龙门地区对四个参数的反演都能得到较为稳定准确的结果,相对误差基本<10%。而就kKa和5~40 mm·h^-1的降水率而言,那曲和龙门有很大的不同,在龙门当μ取3时相对误差最小,都在0值附近波动,而那曲则要需要μ值在4和6附近才能使得相对误差达到最小。展开更多
Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright ba...Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.展开更多
The development and evolution of precipitation microphysical parameters and the vertical structure characteristics associated with Typhoon Yagi(201814)are analyzed in the city of Jinan,Shandong Province based primaril...The development and evolution of precipitation microphysical parameters and the vertical structure characteristics associated with Typhoon Yagi(201814)are analyzed in the city of Jinan,Shandong Province based primarily on the observations of a micro rain radar(MRR),a cloud radar,and a disdrometer.The precipitation process is further subdivided into four types:convective,stratiform,mixed,and light precipitation according to the ground disdrometer data,which is in agreement with the vertical profile of the radar reflectivity detected by the MRR.Vertical winds may be the main source of MRR retrieval error during convective precipitation.Convective precipitation has the shortest duration but makes the largest contribution to the cumulative precipitation.Collision-coalescence is the main microphysical process of stratiform precipitation and light precipitation below the bright band observed by the MRR.It is worth noting that as Typhoon Yagi(201814)transformed into an extratropical cyclone,its raindrop size distributions no longer had the characteristics of maritime precipitation,but become more typical of the characteristic of continental precipitation,which represents a very different raindrop size distribution from that which is normally observed in a landfalling typhoon.展开更多
采用二参数排序平均法(the Method of Sorting and Averaging based on Two Parameters,简称SATP方法)分析了2006年吉林省观测的所有雨滴谱分布统计特征,获取其μ-Λ关系。同时,针对单次降水过程利用强度顺序滤波法(Sequential Intensit...采用二参数排序平均法(the Method of Sorting and Averaging based on Two Parameters,简称SATP方法)分析了2006年吉林省观测的所有雨滴谱分布统计特征,获取其μ-Λ关系。同时,针对单次降水过程利用强度顺序滤波法(Sequential Intensity Filtering Technique,简称SIFT方法),寻找2006年5月4日降水过程的Z-R关系,并得出其μ-Λ关系。最后应用上述两个μ-Λ关系,分别反演雨滴谱并估测降雨量。结果表明,利用SATP法和SIFT法处理雨滴谱资料并获取μ-Λ关系是可行的,反演所得降雨量与实测吻合很好,尤其是SIFT法更具有实用性。它对联合雷达订正降水测量,有效地提高降雨率的测量准确度将有更重要的应用价值。展开更多
文摘In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.
文摘双频雷达通过估计降水的雨滴谱分布(Rain Drop Size Distribution,DSD)参数来估测降水,相比多普勒天气雷达利用Z-I关系估测降水的方法,估测结果更加准确。真实的雨滴谱分布随时空不断变化,难以准确描述。本研究的目的是评估将其描述成Gamma分布模型对双频雷达估测降水造成的误差。研究中利用架设在广东龙门和西藏那曲的雨滴谱仪观测资料,计算Ku/Ka双频雷达的反射率因子,利用双频雷达算法反演降水率R和衰减系数k,并将其与雨滴谱仪直接计算的结果进行比较,探讨双频雷达反演算法中DSD模型对反演结果造成的影响,并对比反演误差的地区差异性。研究结果表明:DSD参数对双频雷达反演降水的影响在那曲和龙门地区有一定的差异。从双频技术反演的质量加权的粒子直径(Dm)、Ka波长衰减系数(kKa)、Ku波长衰减系数(kKu)和降水率(R)来看,当Gamma分布的形状因子μ分别取2、3和4时,龙门地区对四个参数的反演都能得到较为稳定准确的结果,相对误差基本<10%。而就kKa和5~40 mm·h^-1的降水率而言,那曲和龙门有很大的不同,在龙门当μ取3时相对误差最小,都在0值附近波动,而那曲则要需要μ值在4和6附近才能使得相对误差达到最小。
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41475028 and 41530427)
文摘Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.
基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020MD054)the Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of the China Meteorological Administration(LCP/CMA,Grant No.2017Z016)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1507903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41475028)the Shandong Meteorological Bureau project(Grant Nos.2020sdqxz08,2020sdqxm10,2018SDQN09,2017sdqxz05)。
文摘The development and evolution of precipitation microphysical parameters and the vertical structure characteristics associated with Typhoon Yagi(201814)are analyzed in the city of Jinan,Shandong Province based primarily on the observations of a micro rain radar(MRR),a cloud radar,and a disdrometer.The precipitation process is further subdivided into four types:convective,stratiform,mixed,and light precipitation according to the ground disdrometer data,which is in agreement with the vertical profile of the radar reflectivity detected by the MRR.Vertical winds may be the main source of MRR retrieval error during convective precipitation.Convective precipitation has the shortest duration but makes the largest contribution to the cumulative precipitation.Collision-coalescence is the main microphysical process of stratiform precipitation and light precipitation below the bright band observed by the MRR.It is worth noting that as Typhoon Yagi(201814)transformed into an extratropical cyclone,its raindrop size distributions no longer had the characteristics of maritime precipitation,but become more typical of the characteristic of continental precipitation,which represents a very different raindrop size distribution from that which is normally observed in a landfalling typhoon.
文摘采用二参数排序平均法(the Method of Sorting and Averaging based on Two Parameters,简称SATP方法)分析了2006年吉林省观测的所有雨滴谱分布统计特征,获取其μ-Λ关系。同时,针对单次降水过程利用强度顺序滤波法(Sequential Intensity Filtering Technique,简称SIFT方法),寻找2006年5月4日降水过程的Z-R关系,并得出其μ-Λ关系。最后应用上述两个μ-Λ关系,分别反演雨滴谱并估测降雨量。结果表明,利用SATP法和SIFT法处理雨滴谱资料并获取μ-Λ关系是可行的,反演所得降雨量与实测吻合很好,尤其是SIFT法更具有实用性。它对联合雷达订正降水测量,有效地提高降雨率的测量准确度将有更重要的应用价值。
