DIGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC SPIRAL RAINBANDS AROUND THE LANDING OF TYPHOON HAITANG (2005)

By using WRF mesoscale model, this paper carries out a numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the structural characteristics of the asymmetric spiral rain bands around the landing of Typhoon Haitang during the period of July 19 to 20, 2005. The result indicated that the two rainbands associated with the precipitation centre was mainly located northeast of the typhoon centre. The movement and intensity of the southern rainband corresponded well with the 850-hPa positive vorticity band from 0200 to 1800 UTC July 19, 2005. Under the effect of cyclonic circulation, the positive vorticity band at 850 hPa connected with a southern rain band, leading to the intensification of rainfall in the southern centre of the precipitation. The southward rainband gradually moved toward and then merges with the northward one, strengthening the rainfall in the northern centre of the precipitation. Besides, the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the divergence field of vertical shear wind in the high altitude is analyzed. Finally, the relationship is revealed between the development of the vertical component of convective vorticity vector and the rainfall near the two centres of precipitation in the low altitude.

Comparison of the Bright Band Characteristics Measured by Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at a Mountain and a Coastal Site in South Korea

Data from a long term measurement of Micro Rain Radar （MRR） at a mountain site （Daegwallyeong, DG, one year period of 2005） and a coastal site （Haenam, HN, three years 2004-2006） in South Korea were analyzed to compare the MRR measured bright band characteristics of stratiform precipitation at the two sites. On average, the bright band was somewhat thicker and the sharpness （average gradient of reflectivity above and below the reflectivity peak） was slightly weaker at DG, compared to those values at HN. The peak reflectivity itself was twice as strong and the relative location of the peak reflectivity within the bright band was higher at HN than at DG. Importantly, the variability of these values was much larger at HN than at DG. The key parameter to cause these differences is suggested to be the difference of the snow particle densities at the two sites, which is related to the degree of riming. Therefore, it is speculated that the cloud microphysical processes at HN may have varied significantly from un-rimed snow growth, producing low density snow particles, to the riming of higher density particles, while snow particle growth at DG was more consistently affected by the riming process, and therefore high density snow particles. Forced uplifting of cloudy air over the mountain area around DG might have resulted in an orographic supercooling effect that led to the enhanced riming of supercooled cloud drops.

X-Band Mini Radar for Observing and Monitoring Rainfall Events

Quantitative precipitation estimation and rainfall monitoring based on meteorological data, potentially provides continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data, are of high practical use: Think of hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power, road and tourism. Both conventional long-range radars and rain-gauges suffer from measurement errors and difficulties in precipitation estimation. For efficient monitoring operation of localized rain events of limited extension and of small basins of interest, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. Alternatively C-band or S-band meteorological long range radars are able to monitor rain fields over wide areas, however with not enough space and time resolution, and with high purchase and maintenance costs. Short-range X-band radars for rain monitoring can be a valid compromise solution between the two more common rain measurement and observation instruments. Lots of scientific efforts have already focused on radar-gauge adjustment and quantitative precipitation estimation in order to improve the radar measurement techniques. After some considerations about long range radars and gauge network, this paper presents instead some examples of how X-band mini radars can be very useful for the observation of rainfall events and how they can integrate and supplement long range radars and rain gauge networks. Three case studies are presented: A very localized and intense event, a rainfall event with high temporal and spatial variability and the employ of X-band mini radar in a mountainous region with narrow valleys. The adaptability of such radar devoted to monitor rain is demonstrated.

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINED TORRENTIAL RAINS IN JUNES DURING 1958-2000

Day-to-day precipitation data of Juries during the 43 years of 1958-2000 from stations to the south of Yangtze River are used to divide regions and run statistical analysis of sustained torrential rainfall processes. A preliminary analysis is then made based on it and the results show that June is the month in which torrential rains in the southern half of China take place frequently and sustained torrential rains occur at the same time in South China and the area to the south of Yangtze River. In addition, the analysis gives the basic features of sustained torrential rains of June in China and their interannual variability patterns, with the suggestion that the amount of these events increases significantly after the 1990s. Lastly, the sustained torrential rains occurring in Junes of 1994, 1998 and 2005 in the southern half of China are taken as examples in the research on the basic patterns and formation mechanisms of the evolution of double rain-bands during the rain season in South China and the area to the south of Yangtze River. The analysis shows that the large scale environment field in which sustained torrential rains occur is related to the stable sustaining of the South Asia High and upper level jet streams.

广西初春双对流强降水带过程诊断分析

2023年3月25日20:00至26日08:00,广西出现一次双对流强降水带过程,与以往双雨带存在显著差异,主、客观预报均出现明显偏差。利用多源实况以及ERA5再分析资料,对此次过程进行了Rossby波能量频散、湿位涡及水平锋生强迫等诊断分析。结果表明:该过程发生于大尺度环流调整背景下,中高纬地区源自极涡以及黑海的两支Rossby波列共同促进了东北地区的横槽在东移过程中逐渐转竖,引导冷空气补充南下。低纬地区南支槽在此期间逐渐东移,为广西地区冷垫之上的气层抬升提供动力条件,同时也促进低层冷暖空气在广西交汇。随着冷空气补充南下、惯性振荡促使偏南风向北推进,冷暖空气在广西一带交汇增强,大气湿斜压性增强使得湿位涡发展,导致出现条件对称不稳定层结。暖湿空气自南向北倾斜爬升至700 hPa附近条件对称不稳定区后与高空槽前正涡度平流相配合触发高架对流,使得北支对流带发展。冷空气深入南下后受广西特殊地形影响,等θ_(se)线与流场的有利配置形成拉伸变形效应导致锋生强迫,使得越南东北部南支初始对流触发。北部湾中部低层较大θ_(se)纬向梯度以及强垂直风切变造成较强湿斜压性,促进南支对流系统途经时组织化发展,并由于中层干空气夹卷形成弓形回波。预报中需重点关注数值模式对中层低槽的预报以及冷垫上的热力条件,以捕捉北支锋后高架对流发生发展的关键信息。

Microphysical Processes of a Stratiform Precipitation Event over Eastern China:Analysis Using Micro Rain Radar data

Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.

Impact of rain-induced sea surface roughness variations on salinity retrieval from the Aquarius/SAC-D satellite

Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher, which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity （SSS） is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation （SSA） model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2-year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately le-4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than le-3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected, and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.

Rainfall Measurements Due to Radio Frequency Signal Attenuation at 2 GHz

In this paper we present an experimental validated system for measuring rainfall due to radio frequency (RF) signal attenuation at 2 GHz. Measurements took place in Ioannina, NW Greece, starting in April 2015 and lasting for twelve months. The primary acquired extensive results have shown reliable and accurate measurements for rainfall amounts smaller than 1 mm for 5 min periods. The very important innovation is that this paper presents significant earth-to-earth measurements due to rainfall attenuation (at 2 GHz) in order to act as a map for future investigation and as a prior knowledge for the behavior of other systems operating at frequencies around S-band.

2020年夏季辽宁省多模式降水预报检验

选用2020年夏季辽宁省区域自动站资料和7种模式预报资料,根据降水强度将站点分为5种降水类型,分析各数值模式36 h和48 h预报检验降水场的分布误差、相关性及雨带位置。结果表明:36 h预报结果好于48 h,48 h降水量预报结果普遍比观测值偏大。初夏、夏末及秋初,各模式降水量预报偏差相对较小,盛夏的预报值偏差较大,尤其强降水站点的降水量预报值显著偏小。36 h预报值与观测值的相关系数和散点分布表明,弱降水站点和较弱降水站点的ECMWF预报结果最好,NCEP和WRF_3KM次之。中量降水站点、较强降水站点和强降水站点的NCEP预报结果最好,ECMWF和WRF_3KM次之。各模式雨带位置预报存在不同程度偏差,其中ECMWF的结果较好。

激光云高仪与Ka波段云雷达测云能力对比分析

文章基于激光云高仪和Ka波段云雷达2种仪器协同测量云技术,对2021-06-01/07-31宁夏六盘山气象站的数据进行对比分析。在几乎相同的地理位置下比较2种设备所获取的云底高度和云时间数据,进一步分析2种设备的观测性能受天气状况影响的程度。结果表明:在观测条件相同的情况下,2种设备的观测结果不尽相同。原因是激光云高仪易受特殊的天气现象影响,其中受雾、霾、降水等影响较大,导致云的观测数据出现了偏差。

X频段星地数据传输链路降雨及沙尘衰减特性研究

降雨衰减(雨衰)和沙尘衰减是引起高频卫星通信链路损耗的重要因素。本文基于国际电信联盟ITU-R模型,利用MATLAB仿真对全国十个典型站点降雨衰减量进行了计算,对在99.99%可用度情况下的降雨衰减进行了分析,计算得到X频段星地数据传输链路降雨衰减特征;利用Goldhirsh模型计算了地面站不同仰角下衰减量和能见度的关系。本文研究可以为卫星地面站开展数据传输、测量控制等工作提供参考。

南京地区基于E频段毫米波链路的降雨监测研究

近年来,利用微波链路监测降雨这项新技术越来越受关注,准确的降雨观测数据对气候监测至关重要。该研究利用在南京地区搭建的E频段毫米波链路反演降雨强度信息,对降雨引起的衰减进行分离并实时确定参考基线,基于雨滴尺寸分布计算降雨强度,校正了湿天线效应的影响。实验结果表明,基于E频段链路反演获得的降雨强度在71GHz频段的相关系数约达到0.90,均方误差约为0.11mm/h,在81GHz频段约达到0.91,均方误差约为0.15mm/h。通过与激光雨滴谱仪的实测降雨强度作比较,验证了E频段毫米波链路监测降雨的可靠性。

冷垫背景下冻雨和极端大暴雪成因机制分析

利用常规气象资料、通辽市和赤峰市多普勒雷达资料、气候极端降雪以及NCEP的FNL(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对2020年11月17-19日内蒙古中东部极端回流大暴雪天气进行分析。研究表明:500 hPa东移高空槽前暖湿气流、700 hPa西南急流以及暖式切变线为降雪提供了丰富的水汽和动力辐合抬升机制,地面至850 hPa均为偏东风冷垫,中高空西南暖湿空气沿低层冷垫爬升产生锋生,是造成此次大暴雪的主要原因。降雪最强时段,从低层到高层均为上升运动,中低层水汽几乎接近饱和状态,深厚湿层有利于产生高效率的强降雪;通辽探空图有冰相层、逆温层、融化层、中性层等多种特殊层结,并有明显表征冻雨的“象鼻”层结曲线;低层东北风急流与中高层西南急流形成强的垂直风切变和温度差,动力锋生在降雪期间一直维持,动力锋生最强阶段和降雪最强时刻相对应。雷达反射率有0℃层亮带,50~55 dBz带状强回波;基本径向速度低层长时间维持东北急流构成的冷垫,并有一对正负速度中心的风速核,形成“牛眼”结构,“牛眼”结构代表边界层出现急流核;雷达基本径向速度图低层东北风,中高层西南急流,很好地反映了西南暖湿急流在冷垫上爬升的天气学结构特征,通过多普勒雷达实时监测弥补了普通降雪短时观测的不足,这对暴雪短时预报预警具有非常好的指示意义。

华南冷锋云系的中尺度和微物理特征模拟分析

利用中国气象科学研究院（CAMS）中尺度云分辨模式,结合实测地面雨量、卫星和雷达资料,对发生在2004年3月31日-4月1日的华南春季冷锋降水过程进行模拟分析。模拟云带的出现时间、位置、形状与走向以及随时间的演变均与卫星观测一致。模拟的雷达回波分布同实测一致,回波主要出现在地面锋线以及锋后冷空气一侧,呈西南东北带状分布,锋面云系的不同部位回波单体的差异很大。模拟的主要降水时段内的地面雨量分布范围以及大小同实测接近,中尺度雨带呈西南东北带状结构,随着冷锋的移动逐渐向东南方向移动。在中尺度雨带上有4个生命史超过3小时的强降水中心,强降水中心基本都是向东略偏南的方向移动,与回波单体的移动方向一致。锋面云系的垂直运动深厚,且基本与云区对应,云系产生在低层辐合、正涡度,高层辐散和高相当位温的区域。地面锋线附近的上升速度大,云水含量高,冰相粒子的淞附和雨滴碰并云滴是云中的主要微物理过程,暖雨过程和冷雨过程都重要;而在高空锋区宽雨带部分低层为下沉气流,上升气流只出现在高层,主要是过冷云水、霰和雪晶组成的混合云,雪晶是霰增长的主要源项,降水主要由霰的融化产生,冷云降水过程比较重要。

用过程透雨量确定的东亚夏季风北边缘特征

利用1951—2006年全国715个站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日和月平均再分析资料,以农作物生长角度为出发点,采用过程透雨量(20 mm)标准确定4—10月出现6次及6次以上过程透雨量作为东亚夏季风区,以北边缘历年波动范围确定夏季风边缘带,根据连续透雨过程达到无旱标准来判断东亚夏季风的开始时间。主要分析了夏季风北边缘的年际、年代际变化特征和夏季风边缘带的变化范围以及夏季风边缘的推进过程和北边缘变化机制及其对我国降水的影响。结果表明:透雨标准较好地确定了边缘带位置,夏季风北边缘呈现向南偏移的趋势,边缘带范围有所扩大;北边缘变化与偏南风强弱和水汽输送联系紧密,并且对我国雨带的分布以及北方降水有一定影响,北边缘偏北,雨带偏北,则华北降水偏多。

1958～2000年6月连续性暴雨的特征分析

利用1958～2000年6月的43年间我国长江以南各站的逐日降水资料,对连续性暴雨过程进行了区域划分和统计,并以此为依据作了初步的分析。分析发现6月份我国南方暴雨发生频繁,且华南、江南可同时有连续性暴雨过程存在,并得出了我国6月份连续性暴雨的基本特征以及年代际的变化规律,认为1990年代以后连续性暴雨增加明显。最后以1994、1998、2005年6月发生我国南方的连续性暴雨为例,初步探讨了连续性暴雨中华南、江南双雨带发展的基本规律和形成机制,指出产生连续性暴雨的大尺度背景场与南亚高压和高空急流的稳定维持有关。

近50年来夏季西风指数变化与中国夏季降水的关系

使用1951~2002年夏季500 hPa高度月平均格点资料,运用多变量方差分析的方法,找到夏季不同雨带类型对应的西风指数变化关键区,再对关键区西风指数与夏季160个站的降水进行相关分析,找到降水显著高相关区。最后,采用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,通过合成风场检验的方法,找到高低西风指数年对应的风场显著差异区以及不同雨带类型对应的风场显著差异区,对高低西风指数和正常年西风指数各自对应的环流场以及三种类型雨带对应的环流场进行比较。研究发现,夏季西风指数差异最大的关键区在(35°N^55°N,110°E^140°E)。在关键区内,I类雨带对应高指数环流,II类雨带对应多年平均环流形式,III类雨带对应低指数环流。而降水场上的高相关区在长江和江南一带,为负相关。高低指数年的u、v风场显著性关键区和I、III类雨带的u、v风场的显著性关键区基本相同,经度在100°E^130°E,纬度分别位于35°N^55°N(A关键区)和25°N^30°N(B关键区)。高指数年对应I类雨带,在关键区A南风加强,在关键区B东风加强。低指数年对应III类雨带,在关键区A东北风加强,在关键区B西风加强。而多年平均环流形式对应II类雨带,A、B两个关键区主要是西风控制。归结原因是由于西风带的南进北退导致冷空气南下北上的路径、强度发生变化,从而影响夏季雨带的分布。

台风“珍珠”螺旋雨带的数值模拟与诊断分析

利用1°×1°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用非静力中尺度模式WRF对0601号台风"珍珠"进行数值模拟,研究暴雨的成因以及螺旋雨带内部结构特征。数值模拟结果表明,台风中的气旋式涡度、垂直运动、动量和热量都集中在螺旋雨带中。进一步研究指出,螺旋雨带上空高层的强辐散与中低层的强辐合相配合产生的强烈"抽吸作用"、螺旋雨带两侧的干中心挤压螺旋雨带产生的"毛细效应"都导致了低层高湿空气加速向上输送,有利于对流的发展,这也是台风螺旋雨带得以维持的主要原因。

“莫拉克”台风螺旋雨带与水平涡度的关系

利用实况资料和WRF模拟资料,分析2009年8月6—10日"莫拉克"台风在台湾地区造成强降水过程中台风螺旋雨带与水平涡度的关系。结果表明:模式较好地模拟出了本次台风暴雨的发生发展过程。在7日00时—9日00时,台风外围有两条螺旋雨带,一支位于台湾的中部偏南,一支位于台湾的南部,暴雨主要位于这两支螺旋雨带上;暴雨出现在环流上升支附近,在中低层,雨带对应着较大的指向东的水平涡度,且随着水平涡度大值区移动而移动,显示出两者较密切的联系;水平涡度的大值区与垂直涡度的大值区也有较好的对应关系,存在水平涡度向垂直涡度的转化;水平涡度的旋度正值区对应上升运动区,其旋度的大值区对应强的螺旋雨带与降水。当水平涡度减小时,若水平涡度的旋度正值区存在,雨带仍然可以维持。

台风暴雨过程中不同尺度系统的相互作用

采用数值模拟和带通滤波相结合的方法,对一次台风暴雨过程中的大中尺度系统进行了分离;推导出一个包含大中尺度系统相互作用机制的涡度方程,对中尺度系统发生发展的主要影响因子和大中尺度系统之间的相互作用机制进行了定量诊断分析。结果表明:大中尺度系统之间的相互作用是中尺度系统发展增强、进而造成强降水的一种重要机制;当中尺度系统发展到一定阶段后,由中尺度涡度场、散度场和垂直速度场之间的相互配置所决定的散度项和扭曲项又会引起中尺度系统的减弱消散,这种中尺度系统发展演变的内在调节机制使得强降水在时间上也呈现出中尺度特征。