Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpi...Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpine mountains and at high latitude areas.The measured amount of precipitation in those areas is frequently less than the actual amount of precipitation.To understand the impact of climatic conditions on precipitation measurements in the mountainous areas of Northwest China and the applicability of different gauges in alpine mountains,we established a cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system in 2008 in the Qilian Mountains,which consists of six automated observation stations located between 2960 and 4800 m a.s.l.Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges tested in the World Meteorological Organization-Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment(WMO-SPICE)were used at observation stations with the CHOICE system.To study the influence of climatic conditions on different types of precipitation measured by the TRwS gauges,we conducted an intercomparison experiment of precipitation at Hulu-1 station that was one of the stations in the CHOICE system.Moreover,we tested the application of transfer functions recommended by the WMO-SPICE at this station using the measurement data from a TRwS gauge from August 2016 to December 2020 and computed new coefficients for the same transfer functions that were more appropriate for the dataset from Hulu-1 station.The new coefficients were used to correct the precipitation measurements of other stations in the CHOICE system.Results showed that the new parameters fitted to the local dataset had better correction results than the original parameters.The environmental conditions of Hulu-1 station were very different from those of observation stations that provided datasets to create the transfer functions.Thus,root-mean-square error(RMSE)of solid and mixed precipitation corrected by the original parameters increased significantly by the averages of 0.135(353%)and 0.072 mm(111%),respectively.RMSE values of liquid,solid and mixed precipitation measurements corrected by the new parameters decreased by 6%,20% and 13%,respectively.In addition,the new parameters were suitable for correcting precipitation at other five stations in the CHOICE system.The relative precipitation(RP)increment of different types of precipitation increased with rising altitude.The average RP increment value of snowfall at six stations was the highest,reaching 7%,while that of rainfall was the lowest,covering 3%.Our results confirmed that the new parameters could be used to correct precipitation measurements of the CHOICE system.展开更多
高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4410 m,属于典型的高寒山地气候,天气变化迅速。广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field of view Cherenkov Telescope Array,WFCTA...高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4410 m,属于典型的高寒山地气候,天气变化迅速。广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field of view Cherenkov Telescope Array,WFCTA)是LHAASO三大观测阵列之一,需要在晴朗的夜晚工作。为保证望远镜的正常运行,需要时刻检测雨雪情况,保证广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列在雨雪天气时及时关闭。但由于气温过低,传统的雨雪传感器在站点不能正常工作,因此需要改进仪器增加加热装置。通过实验室研究完成了加热装置设计,并在现场进行了实地检测。结果表明,高灵敏度雨雪传感器可以在站点低温环境下使探测表面温度保持在零度以上,可以实时有效地监测雨雪天气,为广角切伦科夫望远镜的正常运行提供了重要的支撑。展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(42171145,41690141,41971041,42101120)the Joint Research Project of Three-River Headwaters National Park,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Province,China(LHZX-2020-11).
文摘Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpine mountains and at high latitude areas.The measured amount of precipitation in those areas is frequently less than the actual amount of precipitation.To understand the impact of climatic conditions on precipitation measurements in the mountainous areas of Northwest China and the applicability of different gauges in alpine mountains,we established a cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system in 2008 in the Qilian Mountains,which consists of six automated observation stations located between 2960 and 4800 m a.s.l.Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges tested in the World Meteorological Organization-Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment(WMO-SPICE)were used at observation stations with the CHOICE system.To study the influence of climatic conditions on different types of precipitation measured by the TRwS gauges,we conducted an intercomparison experiment of precipitation at Hulu-1 station that was one of the stations in the CHOICE system.Moreover,we tested the application of transfer functions recommended by the WMO-SPICE at this station using the measurement data from a TRwS gauge from August 2016 to December 2020 and computed new coefficients for the same transfer functions that were more appropriate for the dataset from Hulu-1 station.The new coefficients were used to correct the precipitation measurements of other stations in the CHOICE system.Results showed that the new parameters fitted to the local dataset had better correction results than the original parameters.The environmental conditions of Hulu-1 station were very different from those of observation stations that provided datasets to create the transfer functions.Thus,root-mean-square error(RMSE)of solid and mixed precipitation corrected by the original parameters increased significantly by the averages of 0.135(353%)and 0.072 mm(111%),respectively.RMSE values of liquid,solid and mixed precipitation measurements corrected by the new parameters decreased by 6%,20% and 13%,respectively.In addition,the new parameters were suitable for correcting precipitation at other five stations in the CHOICE system.The relative precipitation(RP)increment of different types of precipitation increased with rising altitude.The average RP increment value of snowfall at six stations was the highest,reaching 7%,while that of rainfall was the lowest,covering 3%.Our results confirmed that the new parameters could be used to correct precipitation measurements of the CHOICE system.
文摘高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4410 m,属于典型的高寒山地气候,天气变化迅速。广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field of view Cherenkov Telescope Array,WFCTA)是LHAASO三大观测阵列之一,需要在晴朗的夜晚工作。为保证望远镜的正常运行,需要时刻检测雨雪情况,保证广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列在雨雪天气时及时关闭。但由于气温过低,传统的雨雪传感器在站点不能正常工作,因此需要改进仪器增加加热装置。通过实验室研究完成了加热装置设计,并在现场进行了实地检测。结果表明,高灵敏度雨雪传感器可以在站点低温环境下使探测表面温度保持在零度以上,可以实时有效地监测雨雪天气,为广角切伦科夫望远镜的正常运行提供了重要的支撑。
