THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PARAMETERIZATIONS ON FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH CHINA IN ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON

An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result.

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE FROM GMS-5 INFRARED CLOUD IMAGERY AND SURFACE RAIN RATES DURING THE RAINING SEASONS OF FUJIAN PROVINCE

The GMS-5 infrared cloud imagery for two yearly first raining seasons in 1998 and 1999 are used to study the relationship between brightness temperature and surface rain rates. The result shows that it is likely to have large probability of heavy precipitation with the decrease of brightness temperature and the gradual increase of rainfall intensity; for areas of low temperature, the brightness temperature is better determined for atmosphere above rain gauge stations with multiple points sampling than with single point one; for the yearly first raining season, the threshold brightness temperature is set at 4.6℃ for indication of heavy precipitation in the Fujian area.

ANALYSES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD-CAUSING RAINSTORMS IN XIJIANG RIVER VALLEY DURING THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON IN THE PAST YEARS

Based on the daily precipitation data of nine stations representing the Xijiang River valley and the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) reanalysis data, this study uses the wavelet analysis and band-pass filter methods to investigate the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation characteristics of flood-causing rainstorms in the valley during the annually first raining seasons in 1968, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2005. Results show that the daily precipitation in the valley exhibits significant quasi-biweekly (10 to 20 days) oscillations. The flood-causing rainstorms in the valley were mainly associated with the confluence of low-frequency warm and humid airflow in the lower latitudes and cold and dry airflow in the higher latitudes. The low-frequency vortexes were propagating or in control when this type of rainstorms took place over the valley, being favorable for the convergence of moisture at lower levels and thus vital to the formation of the rainstorms.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE FIRST RAINING SEASON (APRIL-JUNE) IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND SST OVER OFFSHORE WATERS IN CHINA

Precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China were analyzed,with the suggestion that there are obvious interannual variation of peak values.In the raining season,the general tendency of precipitation is not obvious and the anomalous oscillation is multi-scale.Corresponding to years of more or less precipitation in the raining season,there are sharply opposite distribution across the nation in the simultaneous periods.In addition,by studying the distribution of correlation between anomalous precipitation in southern China in the first raining season and SSTA over offshore waters of China in the preceding period (June ～August of the previous year),a sensitive zone of waters has been found that has steady effect on the precipitation of southern China in the season.Discussions are also made of the sensitive period,its simultaneous SSTA and subsequent anomalous circulation field in relation to precipitation anomalies and simultaneous circulation field in the first raining season of southern China.In the last part of the work,relationship between the SSTA in the sensitive zone and global SSTA is analyzed.A possible mechanism by which SSTA in offshore Chinese waters affects the precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China is put forward.

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONS OF BASIC CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION DURING RAINING SEASONS IN REGIONS SOUTH OF CHANGJIANG RIVER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SST ANOMALIES

Basic climatic characteristics are analyzed concerning the precipitation anomalies in raining seasons over regions south of the Changjiang River (the Yangtze). It finds that the regions are the earliest in eastern China where raining seasons begin and end. Precipitation there tends to decrease over the past 50 years. Waters bounded by 9(S -1(S, 121(E - 129(E are the key zones of SST anomalies that affect the precipitation in these regions over May ~ July in preceding years. Long-term air-sea interactions make it possible for preceding SST anomalies to affect the general circulation that come afterwards, causing precipitation anomalies in the raining seasons in regions south of the Changjiang River in subsequent years.

Analysis of the effect of professional teaching staff construction in the training of low-level nurses in operating room

Objective:To explore the application effect of constructing professional teaching staff in low-level training in operating room,so as to further optimize the teaching strength of operating room in our hospital and improve the training effect of junior nurses.Methods:Thirty-eight low-level nurses in the operating room of a third-class hospital in Yantai were selected for half a year's nurse training.With theoretical scores,overall nursing performance,nurses'self-awareness evaluation system and nurses'satisfaction with tutors as evaluation criteria,and based on the selection of high-quality teachers,various evaluation indexes before and after the training of low-level nurses in the operating room were compared and evaluated through the cultivation of practical teaching teachers'ability and the application of a series of teaching methods based on the change of c ompetence-based education(CBE)teaching mode,the application of guided learning interactive canadian education(BOPPPS)teaching model and p roblem-b ased l earning(PBL)teaching method.Results:After the training,the examination scores of low-level nurses were significantly improved(P<0.05),the teaching quality was highly recognized by low-level nurses,the quality of low-level nurses was improved,and patients'satisfaction with nurses was improved.Conclusion:It is of great significance to assist the construction of professional teachers in evidence-based medicine.Through the training of practical teaching teachers'ability and the application of a series of teaching methods based on the change of CBE teaching model,the application of BOPPPS teaching model and PBL teaching method,the training results of nurses have been significantly improved and improved,which is worthy of clinical reference and promotion.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTH CHINA SEA SOUTHWEST MONSOON ANOMALIES AND IMPORTANT WEATHER IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE DURING THE RAINING SEASONS

The activity of South China Sea southwest monsoon (SCSSM) has direct impacts on the anomalies of important weather in Guangdong province during the raining seasons. So it is necessary to explore thoroughly the activity pattern of SCSSM and its relationship with important weather anomalies in the province. In this paper, the methods of composite analysis and correlation statistics are used to study the relationship between the onset date and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather, such as precipitation trends in Guangdong province during the annually first and second raining seasons, the timing of the annually first and last typhoon and the number of typhoons landing in Guangdong province. The results show that the rainfall is less than normal during the first raining season, but more than normal during the second one and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of early SCSSM onset. The rainfall is more than normal during the second raining season and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of strong SCSSM. The relationship between the SST of April - June, July - September and previous winter (December - February) and 500 hPa geopotential height and the onset date and intensity of SCSSM is analyzed. Some mechanisms between the onset dates and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather anomalies in Guangdong province are preliminarily explored. The results can be used for reference in short-term climate forecast.

ON STRONG SIGNALS OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN EARLY RAINING SEASON OF GUANGDONG AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF PREDICTION

Reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR are used to systematically study preceding signals of monthly precipitation anomalies in the early raining season of Guangdong province, from the viewpoints of 500-hPa geopotential height field, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) field, sea surface temperature (SST) and fourteen indexes of general circulation depicting atmosphere activity at high, middle and low latitutes. Being multiple tools of information, a number of conceptual models are formulated that are useful for prediction of the magnitude of monthly precipitation (drought, flood and normal conditionss).

Unrolling a rain-guided detail recovery network for single-image deraining

Background Owing to the rapid development of deep networks, single-image deraining tasks have progressed significantly. Various architectures have been designed to recursively or directly remove rain, and most rain streaks can be removed using existing deraining methods. However, many of them cause detail loss, resulting in visual artifacts. Method To resolve this issue, we propose a novel unrolling rain-guided detail recovery network(URDRN) for single-image deraining based on the observation that the most degraded areas of a background image tend to be the most rain-corrupted regions. Furthermore, to address the problem that most existing deep-learningbased methods trivialize the observation model and simply learn end-to-end mapping, the proposed URDRN unrolls a single-image deraining task into two subproblems: rain extraction and detail recovery. Result Specifically, first, a context aggregation attention network is introduced to effectively extract rain streaks;thereafter, a rain attention map is generated as an indicator to guide the detail recovery process. For the detail recovery sub-network, with the guidance of the rain attention map, a simple encoder–decoder model is sufficient to recover the lost details.Experiments on several well-known benchmark datasets show that the proposed approach can achieve performance similar to those of other state-of-the-art methods.

Unit 7 It’s raining! Section B(2a-2c)阅读课教学设计与反思

授课对象：初二学生指导老师：原江西省教育厅教学教材研究室谭少虞江西省南昌市教科所肖君江西省南昌市东湖区教研中心高友明一、课例背景该课例是笔者参加2016年“第十三届中学骨干英语教师新课程教学高级研修班”教学成果评选活动的参赛课例,获初中组一等奖。

《Unit 6 It’s raining!Section A》教学设计

教学内容：本课选自人教版义务教育课程标准实验教科书《英语》（新目标）七年级下册。教学目标：1.掌握单词rain,windy,cloudy,sunny,snow,weather, Moscow, Boston.撑握句型How’stheweather？It’s sunny．3．能听懂、会读、会说本课对话且能Make similardialogues.4．正确询问及表述天气状况。5．分析目前很多地方天气状况恶劣的原因，教育学生要保护环境，关爱地球。

Unit 6 It’s raining!Section A 1a-1c教学设计(二)

[本课选自人教版义务教育课程标准实验教科书《英语》（新目标）七年级下册] 【教学目标】语言知识目标：学习表述天气状况的单词rain，windy，cloudy，sunny，snow，weather。学习地点名称Moscow,Toronto，Boston。学习句型How’s the weather？It’s＋v-ing．／It’S＋adj．．语音技能目标：学会谈论天气并能做天气预报。情感态度目标：分析目前很多地方天气状况恶劣的原因，教育学生为了让全世界都能有好的天气状况，我们应该保护环境，关爱地球。

It’s Raining Dogs and Cats

Every morning as I pedal my biketo work, I see scores of Beijingersout walking their dogs. Once I evensaw an elegant elderly lady

Blood Flow-Restricted Training in Older Adults:A Narrative Review

Background Low-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)combined with blood flow restriction(BFR)is an alternative to traditional moderate-high-intensity resistance training to increase strength and muscle mass.However,the evidence about the efficacy of this novel training method to increase strength and muscle mass in healthy and older adults with patholo-gies is limited.Furthermore,the possible risk and adverse effects with BFR training methodology in older adults should be considered.Objectives(1)To summarize the current evidence on training with BFR strategies in older adults aiming to improve strength and to increase muscle mass;and(2)to provide recommendations for resistance and aerobic training with BFR in older adults based on the studies reviewed.Methods Studies that investigated the chronic responses to resistance training or aerobic training with BFR related to strength and muscle mass changes in older adults were identified.Two independent researchers conducted the search in PubMed,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases from their inception up to November 1,2018.Results Seventeen out of 35 studies,which performed resistance or aerobic training with BFR in older adults focused on strength and muscle mass outcomes,were included in this review.Studies performing resistance and aerobic train-ing with BFR found better improvements in strength and higher increase in muscle mass compared to non-BFR groups that performed the same training protocol.High-intensity resistance training(HI-RT)without BFR provided greater improvements in strength and a similar increase in muscle mass compared to light-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)with BFR.Conclusions Current evidence suggests that LI-RT and/or aerobic training with BFR improves strength and increases muscle mass in older people.Light-intensity training without BFR would normally not obtain such benefits.Therefore,LI-RT and aerobic training with BFR is an alternative to traditional methods to improve strength and by way of an increase in muscle mass,which are important in the elderly who have progressive muscle atrophy and are at higher risk of falls.

Unit 7 It’s raining!

同步讲解Section A1.It’s raining.下雨了.rain n.'雨水',通常用作不可数名词;v.'下雨',通常用it作主语来指代。I like walking in the rain.我喜欢在雨中散步。It is going to rain.要下雨了。拓展rainy是rain的形容词形式,意为'阴雨的;多雨的'。What do you usually do in the rainy weather?在阴雨天你通常做什么?注意:大部分表示自然现象的词都可以通过在名词词尾加-y变为形容词。如:

Unit 7 It’s raining!

本单元知识网络同步讲解Section A1.It’s raining.下雨了.rain n.'雨水',通常用作不可数名词;v.'下雨',通常用it作主语来指代。I like walking in the rain.我喜欢在雨中散步。It is going to rain.要下雨了。

It's Raining Cows

奥地利首都维也纳的消息。牛从天降,砸在一辆汽车上,汽车报废,且一人受伤！文章的write-off(报废),简洁可学。另外,英语文章中的破折号值得读者注意,比如,文中的gallery别具含义,文章作者即使用破折号,添加一个注释性的说明。

Plant life form determines spatiotemporal variability and climate response of plant seed rain in subtropical forests

Spatiotemporal variation of seed rain reflects the response of plants in terms of their reproductive strategy to environmental gradients.In this study,we collected seeds from four sites in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve,Hubei Province,China,between 2011 and 2014,measured seed output and seed mass as seed rain traits,and compared their interannual and elevational variation.Then,we ran phylogenetic generalized mixed linear models(PGLMMs) to explore the effects of temperature and precipitation as well as interspecific differences on seed rain,and fitted the best regression models for seed rain vs.weather of canopy and understory species.The results showed no correlation between values of seed output and seed mass.However,the variation of the two traits showed significantly positive correlation.Seed output of canopy species generally decreased with increasing elevation,and showed significant interannual difference;however,seed output of understory species and seed mass for both canopy and understory species did not show consistency tends along elevational or in interannual variation.Seed output was significantly affected by temperature and precipitation,while seed mass mainly varied due to interspecific differences.Weather explained more the variation of the seed output of canopy species than that of understory species,with R^(2) values of 43.0%and 29.9%,respectively.These results suggested that canopy plants contributed more to the reproductive dynamics of the whole communities,and the canopy's buffer effect on the underground weakened the response of understory plants to weather variation in terms of their reproductive strategy.