Analysis and Zoning of Rainstorm Flood Disaster Risk in Huaihe River Basin

Taking the rainstorm flood disaster of Huaihe River basin as the research object,according to the principles of risk assessment for natural disasters,starting from the fatalness of inducing factors and the vulnerability of hazard bearing body,the weight of each impact factor was calculated by using AHP. By using spatial analysis and statistical function of GIS,the integrated risk chart of rainstorm flood disaster in Huaihe River basin was obtained. The results showed that the high risk areas of rainstorm flood disaster in Huaihe River basin mainly distributed in the southern part of Henan,the central northern part of Anhui and eastern part of Jiangsu Province. Due to higher fatalness of inducing factors in southern Henan,there was high risk in the region. Central Anhui and east Jiangsu were not only high-fatalness zones but also high vulnerability zones of population and economy.

Climatic Characteristics Analysis of Flood-producing Rainstorm in Duhe River Basin

Based on the data from 1998 to 2005,area rainfall,flow of main hydrologic stations in Duhe River and upstream water level of the dam of Huanglongtan Reservoir in the lower reaches of Duhe River were analyzed,and the standard of flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River was given,while temporal and spatial distribution and circulation flow situation characteristic of flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River were studied.The results showed that the flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River was mainly continuous intensive precipitation with the characteristic of long duration.There was most rainfall in Zhuxiquan River,Zhushanguandu River and southwest part of the middle and upper reaches of Duhe River,and next came Zhuxi River.Flood-producing rainstorm occurred in Duhe River with some favorable circulation features.For example,it was more favorable in the west Pacific subtropical high,and the convergence zone at northeast-southwest direction was formed between subtropical high and continental high pressure at 700 hPa,while southwest vortex moved eastward.Low pressure system at 850 hPa in south part of plateau developed and moved eastward to Chongqing region and formed low vortex or shear near Duhe River basin.Moreover,the characteristics of physical quantity field were analyzed,the results showed that temperature in plateau area and the south area of Duhe River basin increased obviously before rainstorm,and east pathway was the main path of cold air which affected flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River.There was a θse intensive belt with NEE-SWW direction at 30°-40° N at 925-500 hPa,and moisture convergence was beneficial to the occurrence of rainstorm in Duhe River.

Characters and Impacts Evaluation of Rainstorms and Floods from July 8 to 13,2010 in Zunyi City

A strong rainfall during June 8-13,2010 in Zunyi City is comprehensively analyzed by several diagnosis methods,including space location,maximum value,history comparison,maximum value assumption and disaster influence analysis.Results show that this time the successive heavy precipitation fall in the northeastern area of Zunyi City,which are Zheng’an,Daozheng and Wuchuan etc..There are in total of 4 times of heavy rainstorms,8 times of rainstorms and 8 times of heavy rains in 14 meteorological observatories of the entire city.In the whole 215 towns,the daily precipitation in 162 stations reaches rainstorm scale,of which 45 stations reaches heavy rainstorm scale.The 24 hours rainfall of the heavy rain in Wuchuan Maotian town reaches 288.6 mm and the maximum rainfall intensity is 90.2 mm.The total precipitation from 22:00 on 7th to 05:00 on 10th in Fenshui,Wuchuan reaches 423.0 mm.The 1 h maximum precipitation,daily maximum precipitation and the maximum precipitation in any 3 days all surpasses the rainstorm which occurs once in a hundred years.The heavy precipitation results in large range of water-logging and flooding;the water level of several rivers passes the dangerous or warning line.The damages and impacts of the disaster are also put forward in this paper.

DISTRIBUTIONS AND HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE RAINSTORMS AND FLOODS IN CHINA

Regional distribution of the rainstorms and floods caused and affected by tropical cyclones are described and the geographicla divisions of China are also given in this paper. The hydrological characteristics of tropical cyclone rainstorms and floods are discussed and compared with that on non-tropical cyclones.

Frequency, Intensity Statistics and Cyclical Analysis of Rainstorm in the Flood Season in Guangzhou

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the variations of rainstorm frequency, intensity and period in the flood season in Guangzhou. [Method] Based on the daily precipitation data in Guangzhou City during 1951-2010, the interannual and interdecadal variation characteristics of rainstorm in the flood season in recent 60 years were analyzed by using the linear regression analysis, correlation analysis, wavelet analysis and so on. Moreover, the relationship between the rainstorm in the flood season and annual average temperature was analyzed. [Result] In recent 60 years, the rainstorm amount and days in the flood season in Guangzhou respectively increased with 6.23 mm/10 a and 0.27 d/10 a linear trends. The most rainstorm days (rainfall) was in 2001 and was 15 d (1 085.7 mm). There was no rainstorm in the least year (1990). The interannual variations of rainstorm amount and days in the flood season in Guangzhou obviously increased in recent 20 years. The decadal and interannual variations of rainstorm in the prior and latter flood seasons had the difference. The trend in the prior flood season increased and in the latter flood season slightly decreased. The positive correlation between the rainstorm days and the annual average temperature in the flood season in Guangzhou was significant, and the relative coefficient was 0.22, which passed α=0.02 significance level test. The total rainstorm days in the prior flood season in Guangzhou City mainly had 4.2-year interannual and 52.9-year interdecadal periodic variations. The total rainstorm days in the latter flood season mainly had 5.5-year interannual and 18.4-year interdecadal periodic variations. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the precipitation forecast in the flood season.

Analysis on the Flood Rainstorm in the Lijiang River of Guilin

[Objective] The research aimed to study the flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River of Guilin. [Method] By using the observation data of flood rainstorm and water level in the Lijiang River, the flood rainstorm standard in the Lijiang River was delimited. Via the analysis on the spatial and temporal distribution, weather situation of flood rainstorm in South China, the flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River was systematically studied. [Result] The flood in the Lijiang River closely related to the duration and intensity of torrential rain in the upstream. When the daily rainfall in the upstream ≥100 mm, or the daily rainfall in above continuous 2 d ≥ 50 mm, the flood was easy to happen in the Lijiang River. During April-July in every year, the flood was possible to happen in the flood season in the Lijiang River but mainly happened during May-June. The period of flood water level variation in the Lijiang River was ten-year. When the highest water level was lower than the warning stage (145.00 m) in the year, most of highest water level in the next year surpassed the warning stage and reached above 146.00 m. The weather type which caused the flood rainstorm could be divided into the frontal zone type (frontal zone southward movement type, stationary front northward movement type) and the low pressure vortex type. The upstream in the Lijiang River was the rainstorm center in Guilin area and the key zone of flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River. The special terrain provided the favorable condition for the multi-occurrence of rainstorm. [Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the forecast of flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River.

Characteristics of Rainstorm and Flood Disaster in Shaoyang City and Flood Protection Countermeasures

Based on ground meteorological observation data at 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1951-2017 and rainfall data at over 220 automatic weather stations during 2005-2017,statistical analysis on rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang was conducted. Occurrence characteristics and rule of rainstorm and flood disaster were found,and disaster situation was evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that（ 1）there was almost local rainstorm and flood in Shaoyang City every year,with strong seasonal characteristic.（ 2） The loss caused by rainstorm and flood disaster was the most serious in various meteorological disasters.（ 3） Rainstorm and flood disaster generally had the sudden and devastating characteristics. Via the analysis and research on rainstorm and flood disaster,defense measure and countermeasure of rainstorm and flood were proposed,which could provide scientific decision basis for party and government leading flood relief,and had important guidance significance for preventing and mitigating disasters by government agencies.

Damage of Flood-causing Rainstorm to Towns in Zhumadian City and Its Countermeasures for Disaster Reduction

Based on meteorological data of Zhumadian City in the past 56 years, the damage of flood-causing rainstorm to towns in Zhumadian City as well as its cataclysm form, influencing system, cataclysm characteristics and action mechanism were analyzed to discuss the characteristics and rules of damage caused by flood-causing rainstorm. Meanwhile, countermeasures against flood-causing rainstorm cataclysm in Zhumadian City were proposed to provide scientific references for early warning and monitoring of flood-causing rainstorm as well as flood control and disaster mitigation.

Climatic Characteristics of Rainstorm during the Flood Season in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2012

Based on daily precipitation data at 35 meteorological observation stations during the flood season in Shandong Province from 1961 to2012,the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity were analyzed by conventional statistical methods. The results show that the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong showed a decreasing trend from 1961 to 2012,but the decreases were not statistically significant at the 0. 05 level. Annual average number of rainstorm days during the flood season in Shandong over the past 52 years was 2.2d and had the changing periods of 3. 4 and quasi-8 a; the annual average rainstorm intensity was 67. 8 mm/d and had the changing periods of 2. 3,3. 3,6. 9 and quasi-12. 0 a. From 1961 to 2012,there was no abrupt climatic change in the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong,and the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong reduced from the middle and late 1970 s to the late 1980 s. The annual average number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong from 1961 to 2012 rose gradually from the northwest to the southeast. Rainstorm( continuous rainstorm) during the flood season appeared frequently,and rainstorm intensity was high in the south of Shandong Province,the south and east of Shandong Peninsula.

基于FloodArea模型的洪安涧河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

为直观反映暴雨洪涝灾害的淹没情景,及时有效地提供流域内的暴雨洪涝风险区划信息,采用洪安涧河流域气象站历史降水序列,结合致灾临界面雨量阈值和历史灾情数据,使用广义极值分布函数等,确定了不同重现期的致洪面雨量,采用FloodArea水文模型推演了洪水淹没的情景,并结合承灾体绘制了流域在不同重现期下的暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图,提取了不同重现期和不同淹没深度下承灾体的受灾信息。结果表明:随着淹没水深的加深,人口和GDP受灾占比呈阶梯向上变化,而耕地和居民地受灾面积占比均呈明显对数函数关系增长;随着重现期的增大,流域洪涝灾害的危险程度逐渐加重,较高风险区分布在河道及中下游河道两侧蔓延处等区域,承灾体在低风险区的受灾占比最大(超过80%),极高风险区占比次之,中、高风险区占比最小。

基于FloodArea模型的大通河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

利用流域内所有国家气象站及区域自动站共39站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量和降水落区预报、数字高程模型(DEM)、土地利用、土壤类型以及实地灾情调查等资料,采用Flood Area模型的暴雨淹没情景,对2013年7月5日20时—6日20时大通河流域出现的历史罕见强降水时段进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明:大通河流域中上游水位上涨明显,大部地区涨水超过1 m,部分支流水位上涨超过3 m,竹阳乡、酉华乡和乔木乡的局部地区涨水超过6 m。灾情调查检验表明,对于洪水淹没范围和淹没水深,Flood Area模拟值与实况值均较为吻合,表明Flood Area模型在大通河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,可用于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与预警业务。

基于FloodArea的山洪灾害风险区划研究——以淠河流域为例

致灾临界面雨量、洪水淹没范围及深度的确定是暴雨山洪灾害风险区划的核心环节。本文以淠河流域为研究区,利用统计方法与水文模型相结合的方法确定雨-洪关系,得到致灾临界面雨量;基于FloodArea开展洪水淹没模拟,叠加承灾体信息,得到T年一遇洪水淹没风险评估与区划图。通过对2015年13号台风"苏迪罗"强降水过程的淹没反演,验证表明:无论是洪水淹没范围还是淹没水深,FloodArea模拟值与实况值均较为吻合。综合来看,淠河流域暴雨山洪灾害风险区划与评估结果较为合理;基于FloodArea模型在淠河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,可用于暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与预警。

基于MIKE FLOOD的暴雨积涝模型在川沙地区的应用

前期以上海市浦东新区惠南镇为研究区域,以MIKE FLOOD为平台,耦合MIKE URBAN与MIKE 21,搭建暴雨积涝模型。将其应用于浦东川沙地区,以提高应对内涝灾害的能力。选取"2015-06-17"降雨灾情验证模型,并取得较好结果。应用模型评估研究区域现状雨水管网排水能力,大部分管道不满足1年一遇降雨的设计要求。分析主要易涝点及积水原因,模拟不同降雨重现期和不同水位边界工况下的积涝,以及评估对应的内涝风险,从而为防汛部门提供排涝减灾对策依据。

基于FloodArea模型的龙须河流域暴雨洪涝淹没模拟研究

选取龙须河流域内及周边气象区域站和国家站的逐日降雨量资料,采用广义极值分布函数来进行拟合优度检验并计算出不同重现期的致洪面雨量。将不同重现期致洪面雨量、小时雨型分布、高程数据代入FloodArea模型进行洪水淹没模拟,得到不同重现期下面雨量淹没范围和水深。结果表明:龙须河流域中下游水位上涨明显,靠近龙须河中游的荣华水文站点模拟水淹最深,出现2次涨水,模拟水位上涨超过3m,通过和实际水文站数据对比,洪水发展过程、最高水淹深度要滞后于降水峰值5-7小时,且与实际的水文站的水位差较吻合,证明FloodArea模型在龙须河流域具有较好的洪水淹没模拟效果,为暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估和预警业务提供较好的技术支撑。

基于FloodArea的石嘴山市暴雨山洪灾害风险影响区划

为分析评估石嘴山市暴雨山洪灾害风险及其影响,利用地形、水系、降水、人口、经济、土地等数据,采用FloodArea模型模拟与GIS空间分析相结合的方法,分析了石嘴山市极端降水变化特征,评估了不同重现期暴雨山洪灾害风险,及其对人口、社会经济的影响。结果表明:石嘴山市近20年处于极端暴雨偏多阶段,其典型暴雨过程降水分布概率具有双峰型特征。FloodArea模型能较为准确地模拟出石嘴山市的暴雨山洪过程。发生50 a、100 a一遇暴雨山洪灾害时,石嘴山市海拔1220~1310 m的山洪沟中游和海拔1095~1220 m的山洪沟下游两侧、山前海拔1300~1320 m的区域属于中高风险区,全市中风险区面积分别为170.2 km^(2)、268.3 km^(2),高风险区面积分别为159.1 km^(2)、319.3 km^(2);贺兰山下海拔1100~1300 m的村庄受暴雨山洪灾害影响最大,受影响人口数分别为3.19万、7.73万;农田、草地和建设用地三类土地受影响最大,合计受影响面积分别为3.21万hm^(2)、5.01万hm^(2);贺兰山内和沿山40%~90%的工矿企业、基础设施和农业产业会面临较大风险,受影响国内生产总值(GDP)为15.0~27.0亿元。

基于Flood Area模型的邢台市小马河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险分布特征

利用邢台市小马河流域26个区域站2014—2019年及周边7个国家站1980—2019年的逐日降水资料,基于泰森多边形法和MuDFiT软件计算不同重现期面雨量。运行Flood Area模型对该流域不同重现期下的淹没范围进行模拟,基于此叠加承灾体数据,得到各承灾体受损率。为验证模拟结果的准确性,选取2016年7月19—20日强降雨过程对百年一遇暴雨洪涝灾害风险分布特征进行验证,结果与模拟淹没范围基本一致。研究表明随着重现期不断增大,洪水逐渐向中下游地区推进,淹没范围不断扩大加深。当淹没深度在0.1~0.3 m及1.0 m以上时,林地受损率最高,淹没深度小于0.1 m时,林地受损率最低。人口、GDP、城镇用地、耕地、草地等其他承灾体淹没深度在0.1 m以下时受损率最高,在0.1~0.3 m时受损率次之,在1.0 m以上时受损率居中,在0.3~0.5 m时受损率较低,淹没深度位于0.5~1.0 m时受损率最低。

基于MikeFlood的组合情景洪水风险分析

针对模拟河道洪水淹没时,干、支流同频率暴雨组合情景不能合理反映洪水漫堤真实情景的缺陷,考虑到洪水汇流淹没过程中干、支流实际降水情况的差异,构建基于干、支流不同频率组合方案下洪水淹没情景的MikeFlood耦合水动力模型。以典型丘陵地貌地区修水为研究对象,模拟研究区域内干流以及主要支流分别发生20年、50年、100年不同频率暴雨时的24种组合情景,选取其中几种情景与干、支流发生同一种频率暴雨的典型暴雨情景进行对比。结果表明,选取的组合情景与典型情景相比,其淹没水深的分布、大小均有较大的变化,可多样性地反映洪水来临时洪水漫堤的情景,为丘陵地区的洪水风险预报和紧急避洪转移工作提供决策依据和技术支撑。

The 1999 Flood on Changjiang River and Some Thoughts on It

Following the basin wide heavy flood on Changjiang River in 1998, a significant flood occurred in 1999. Comparative analysis of both floods in terms of flows and flooding situations shows that both floods had one common feature, that is, the flood stages were fairly high. But they differed greatly at the same time, that is, the 1998 flood was a basin wide heavy one while the 1999 flood was a significant local one. At Yichang station there occurred eight flood peaks in 1998, while in 1999 only three peaks took place. The maximum peak discharge at this station in 1999 was 57 600 cubic meters per second, which was smaller than that in 1998. The maximum flood-volume in 30 d of the 1998 flood at this station equaled that in 1954, when an extraordinary heavy flood happened on the River, while the maximum flood-volume in 30 d in 1999 was 25.8 billion cubic meters per second smaller than the 1998 one. It is seen that inflow floods from the upstream Changjiang River (above Yichang) in 1999 were not so big. Comparison of flood volumes in longer period shows that the 1999 flood was relatively concentrated while the 1998 one had lasted longer duration. Analysis shows that flooding situations in both years differed significantly in terms of the flood volumes diverted from river channels due to dyke breaches and collapses, the cases of polder embankment collapses, the areas of inundated cultivated land and the numbers of dangerous events for hydraulic structures. These differences had been resulted from the different properties of both floods and the dyke strengthening efforts made after the 1998 flood. It is seen that flood control engineering constructions initiated in the days following the 1998 flood have played an important role in fighting the 1999 flood.

基于FloodArea模型的一次特大暴雨洪涝淹没模拟

利用蒲河流域内所有国家气象站以及区域自动气象站共28站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量、数字高程模型、土地利用、土壤类型等资料,采用FloodArea水动力模型,对2020年6月19日21时—22日20时出现的历史罕见暴雨洪涝过程进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明:(1)全过程模拟水位与实测水位整体拟合度较高,确定性系数DC达93.22%;(2)蒲河上游来水较小,持续性强降水是造成此次洪涝水位偏高的主要原因,模拟显示蒲河流域中上游水位上涨明显,其中石角水文站模拟的最大上涨水位达7.61 m,与实测上涨水位7.14 m较为一致;(3)FloodArea水动力模型能够较准确地反演出蒲河流域暴雨致洪个例的淹没进程,能够直观地反映出淹没范围、淹没深度的空间差异,且淹没深度与逐小时实测水位的确定性系数较高,淹没深度的突增对洪峰的预报预警具有一定的指示意义。

Lizi Synoptic Model for Rainstorm Forecast and its Applicable Sample

[Objective] The paper was to analyze lizi synoptic meteorology of 13 rain- storm processes during the flood season of Hunan Province in 2010. [Method] Using the principle of lizi synoptic meteorology, 13 regional rainstorm weather processes occurred in Hunan Province in 2010 were analyzed. [Result] Thirteen rainstorms are all closely related to self-organization convergent airflow, rainstorm is the inevitable result after the outbreak of self-organization convergent airflow. The inoculation area of self-organization convergent airflow is accorded with the occurrence area of rain- storm in the next 12-36 h; once the inoculation area of self-organization convergent airflow disappears, there will be no regional rainstorm in the next 12-36 h; the inoc- ulation area of self-organization convergent airflow is produced in the convergence domain of large scale of southern and northern lizi pair. [Conclusion] The existence of southern and northern lizi pair can be used as the short-term forecast model of regional rainstorm during flood season.