Practice and analysis of recycling non-drinking water from air-condition and reverse-osmosis system into rainwater collection system

This paper is based on the rainwater collection project in the retrofit of the Dongyi teaching block in Zhejiang University Xixi Campus.The analysis incorporates the local meteorological data, recycling water utilization, and precipitation adjustment.The rainwater collection system in this program also adds the condensation water from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning （ HVAC） system and the concentration from the reverse-osmosis system used for watering greens and supplying waterscapes.By calculating, the quantity of the HVAC condensation water in summer is 3.48 m3/d, and the quantity of the reverse-osmosis concentrated water is 198 to 396 L/d.This method solves the water shortage caused by high evaporation in summer and low precipitation in winter.Supported by empirical monitoring data, the proposed method significantly increases the economic efficiency of the system during the summer period.

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads （chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total suspended solids （TSS）） in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area 〉 commercial area 〉 residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS （R2, 0.87-0.95） and the low biodegradation capacity （biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD 〈 0.3）, a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.

Research on Rainwater Utilization Planning in Suzhou City of China

Based on the natural and geographic environment of Suzhou City,the paper had introduced its water resources condition,rainwater collection system and quality.By taking the Youth Activity Center and new eco-museum in the industrial park,Suzhou Agricultural School and vegetable farm in Jinlv District for example,rainwater utilization in Suzhou City had been investigated and its laws and regulations been explained.On this basis,it had discussed Suzhou rainwater utilization planning,analyzed rainwater utilization planning of squares,urban roads,residential areas,public architectures and eco-parks,utilization of replenished landscape water at riparian and waterfront belts,and ecological agricultural land construction.It hoped to reduce the load of rainwater pollution,improve the water environment of Suzhou City and further release the demand pressure for excellent water resources through implementing rainwater utilization system and reducing the threat of flood step by step.

RAINWATER UTILIZATION IN SEMI-ARID HILLY REGION OF NORTH CHINA-A CASE STUDY FROM YUANSHI COUNTY OF HEBEI PROVINCE

By reviewing the long-term struggle with drought, previous studies and practice of rainwater Utilization, the authors conclude that the Utilization ways of rainwater resource and development mode of rainwater agriculture in semi-arid Nodri China are 'to develop rainwater colledion, storag and saving simultaneously'. Rogional water crisis is becoming more and more serious and linhted social development. Facing this problem, the authors propose water resources development strategies and long-term regional water control measures which take rainwater as a main body for sustainable utilization.

A New Rainwater Harvesting and Recycling System for Transforming Sloping Land into Terraced Farmland

Transforming sloping land into terraced land is an effective approach to cope with the problems including farmland shortage and severe soil erosion.This paper introduces a new system based on rainwater harvesting and recycling technology,which may effectively improve farmland productivity rainwater use efficiency and reduce water and fertilizer inputs.The new system consists of three subsystems：1） A plough layer with the dual function of crop cultivation and rainwater harvesting; 2） A tank below the plough layer for storing water; 3） An irrigation-drainage subsystem.The plough layer and the storage tank,both treated for reducing seepage,are connected through the irrigation and drainage system.Results showed that,compared with the traditional paddy fields,rice evapotranspiration（ and crop coefficient） in the test field remained at a similar level,while the irrigation amount was reduced by 44.3% under the condition of basin irrigation,and the drainage amount decreased by 86.6%,and the non-point source pollution was reduced to 67.7%~87.9%,and the rainwater utilization efficiency increased by 30% and reached 95.4%,and crop yield of middle-season rice reached 9,975 kg/hm2,which was only 0.4% lower than that in the traditional paddy field in the terms of dry matter.The new technology sheds light on new possibilities for transformation of hilly sloping land.

Rainwater Harvesting in Multifamily Social Interest Housing

This study evaluated the reduction of water consumption in a SIH （social interest housing） complex from the simulation of implanting a rainwater harvesting system. The methodology consisted of characterization of the case study, survey data of water consumption and data of precipitation in the area, on-site visits to define the average consumption and monthly water distribution, and sizing of a rainwater harvesting tank following the Netuno Program. It was obtained 22.500 L as the ideal volume for the tank, supplying the demand for drinkingwater in 32%, although the reduction in the drinking water bills would be minor, since the object of the case study is considered SIH, and residents pay a fixed fee for consuming up to 10 m3 per month. Therefore, it becomes necessary to analyze this situation from a sustainable and environmental perspective, and the benefits are no longer only economic, but rather they take on a more comprehensive social dimension.

Application of Rainwater Garden in Dealing with Drought and Flood in Cities

On the basis of analyzing the concurrency of water resource shortage and flood disasters in Chinese cities, this paper proposed the application of natural water drainage mechanism, and introduction of rainwater garden into the urban landscape architecture design. The drainage ways of green streets including rainwater garden were elaborated, and it was proposed that roadside green belts can be used to save rainwater, realize the resource utilization of rainwater, to deal with the concurrency of drought and food in Chinese cities.

城市高架桥下新自然生境重建模式及维持策略——以上海市为例

【目的】城市高架桥下低光照、高污染、强干旱的特殊生境,严重影响了植物健康生长。构建高架桥“植物筛选—生境营造—可持续运维”的立体绿化体系,重建城市高架桥下新自然生境,可以有效改善城市高架桥下生境与人居环境,提高城市生物多样性。【方法】基于生境相似性原理,运用适应性、观赏性、功能性3层过滤模式筛选适生植物;制定“建筑-设施-介质”一体化策略;提出实现高架桥下立体绿化自维持运营的创新模式。【结果】筛选出了27种适宜种植于高架桥下特殊生境的抗性强的适生植物,丰富了高架桥下特殊生境的植物多样性,使植物单次更换周期延长至5年以上;研发出集适生植物、轻型栽培介质、叠垒式种植容器、浇灌系统、雨水收集净化设施于一体的新型立体绿化模块,支撑植物长期保持良好的生长状态,同时实现了雨水资源化利用、污染源头控制和城市雨水消纳等多重目标;在景观形式上,将平面绿化拓展到立体绿化,复合利用大量已建成的城市灰色空间来增绿、填绿,预期可为上海市增加0.3 m^(2)的人均绿化面积;创新性地提出以“绿”促“商”、以“商”养“管”的运维模式,建立了上海虹梅高架桥下立体绿化新模式示范段。【结论】通过研发城市典型的低光照区域立体绿化技术,集成了新型立体绿化模块,将覆盖面广、连通性强的城市狭长污染线——城市高架桥下空间转型为生命景观线、生物多样性廊道,为城市可持续发展提供重要的生态、经济效益。

公共建筑园区绿地节水灌溉系统综合设计探索

针对北运河管理处迁建项目园区绿地灌溉之前一直用井水和自来水,根据园区实际情况进行园区绿地节水灌溉系统设计,综合集成雨水收集利用技术、再生水利用技术、绿地节水灌溉技术、绿地灌溉智能化管控技术,实现园区灌溉多水源联调,优先利用雨水,充分利用临近小中河再生水、地下水作为应急备用水源;并贯彻海绵城市建设理念,最大限度蓄积利用雨洪水,增加地下水入渗补给,提升园区水生态环境。项目的实施提高了经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益。

我国透水路面发展研究综述

从政策、标准、方法、技术、效益评估等方面综述了我国透水路面的技术方案和综合效益,并将我国透水路面的发展历程划分为学习阶段、启动阶段、发展阶段、快速建设阶段、规范化阶段5个阶段。讨论了现行透水路面的分类方式、评价指标和建设规划,分析了透水路面的效益及评价方法。针对我国透水路面铺设缺乏方向性、技术标准不全面等问题,提出了完善透水路面评价机制、制定适当的透水路面建设指导原则、科学定量分析透水路面建设的可行性、对各地透水路面建设的合理性进行评估、鼓励在适宜区域内建设透水路面、加强标准和技术规范的制定和修订等建议。

超滤-纳滤双膜工艺深度净化天然雨水试验

随着人口数量增长与城市工业化进程的不断加快,对水资源的需求日益剧增。为了缓解水资源压力同时减轻城市排水系统的负担,开展了超滤-纳滤双膜工艺深度净化天然雨水的试验,探究了双膜工艺对天然雨水的水质净化效果。结果表明,超滤-纳滤双膜工艺可以有效降低雨水中污染物含量,对UV_(254)、总溶解性固体、总有机碳和电导率的平均去除率分别为87.5%、66.7%、32.0%和61.4%。双膜技术实现了对雨水中固体颗粒和溶解性有机物的高效去除,同时对荧光类有机物也显示出优异的截留效果。相比于常规的水处理工艺(混凝-沉淀-过滤工艺),双膜技术因具有出水水质优异、无二次污染、处理效率高等优势,在雨水的高效分离和资源化利用领域展现出较大的应用潜力。

不同降雨规模对城镇污水处理厂进水水质水量影响分析

以江苏省中部某城镇污水处理厂2021年进水数据为依据,利用夏波洛-威尔克(S-W)检验法、三角形法等方法,分析城镇污水处理厂进水水质分布;结合2021年降雨量数据,研究不同降雨规模下污水处理厂可生化性、雨水混入比例及生活污水收集率变化,以期为优化污水处理厂雨天运行管理提供数据和科学支撑。结果表明:污水处理厂进水COD服从正态分布,氨氮、总氮和总磷呈正偏态分布;随着降雨规模的增大,雨水混入率由11.1%提高至19.7%,污水处理厂设计规模宜考虑乘以1.2的安全系数;中雨时,污水处理厂进水水质处于较好状态的天数占比最高,大雨时可生化性最差;降雨量越大,生活污水收集率越低,汛期(6-8月)生活污水收集率比枯水期(12月-次年2月)降低20个百分点,应强化汛期6-8月生活污水的收集处理,降低生活污染物排放。

考虑集雨效率和生态效应的近自然集雨面综合评价比选

针对香格里拉普朗铜矿区高陡边坡植被修复无灌溉水源的问题,结合当地的降雨特点,在不影响原生境的情况下,开展SCA-2配合比试验、集雨试验并利用AHP层次分析法和模糊综合评价模型分析了不同类型集雨面的集雨效率及集雨优劣情况。结果表明,研究区土壤与SCA-2型土壤固化剂最佳使用配比为0.45%(质量占比);与自然坡面(T1)、夯实坡面(T2)和塑膜坡面(T3)相比,最优配比SCA-2处理坡面(T5)的集雨效率明显增加,仅次于混凝土坡面(T4),5种集雨面的平均集雨效率从大到小的顺序为T4>T5>T3>T2>T1;从生态、经济、耐久和高效4个指标进行评价,5种集雨面的优劣顺序为T5>T4>T3>T1>T2,可推得最优配比SCA-2处理坡面是一种相对更经济、生态的近自然集雨面。

氮肥对垄沟集雨种植谷子氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】探究垄沟集雨种植模式下谷子的生长、产量对氮肥的响应,以期为黄土高原半干旱区谷子高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2022—2023年选用陕豫谷3号谷子品种进行大田试验,采用裂区设计,主因素为种植模式(垄沟集雨种植模式,R;传统平作种植模式,T),副因素为施氮量(0 kg·hm^(-2),N0;60 kg·hm^(-2),N1;135 kg·hm^(-2),N2;210 kg·hm^(-2),N3),在不同种植模式下测定谷子旗叶净光合速率、叶绿素相对含量、各生育时期地上部群体干物质积累量、氮素积累量,以及成熟期农艺性状和产量,并计算氮素利用率。【结果】同一施氮量下,与传统平作种植模式相比,垄沟集雨种植模式下谷子旗叶的净光合速率、叶绿素相对含量在降雨较多的2022年仅灌浆期有所提高,在降雨较少的2023年抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期则均有提高,两年间垄沟集雨种植模式均增强了谷子生育中后期的光合能力,延缓叶片衰老;谷子地上部群体干物质积累量、氮素积累量在2022年的拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期有所提高,在2023年各生育时期均有增加,且N1、N2、N3间均无显著性差异,地上部干物质积累量、氮素积累量分别提高了0.6%—39.5%、0.9%—51.1%;籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量、花后氮素对籽粒贡献率在两年间均有显著增加,满足了谷子全生育期的养分需求,改善了传统平作种植模式下谷子生育后期氮肥供应不足问题;氮肥偏生产力在两年间均有增加,分别提高了3.7%—14.3%、2.8%—27.6%,氮肥农学利用效率在2022年于210 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量下略有降低,氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率在2023年施氮量超过135 kg·hm^(-2)时均有所降低,三者均随施氮量的增加而降低;谷子穗粗、单穗重在两年间均有提高,穗长则有所下降;产量在两年间均有显著性提高,分别增加了3.7%—14.3%、2.8%—27.6%,在降雨较少的2023年增产效果更为显著,且当施氮量超过60 kg·hm^(-2)时,产量无显著性增加。【结论】在黄土高原半干旱区,垄沟集雨种植模式配施60—135 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥更有利于谷子氮素利用和产量形成。

基于近40年降水数据的全国七大地理区屋面雨水利用可行性研究

雨水利用是解决城市水资源危机和缓解城市内涝的有效途径,降水特征和雨水利用可行性是衡量雨水利用工程可行与否的关键指标。基于全国各监测站点1980—2020年降水量数据,分析了全国七大地理区的降水特征;运用水量平衡原理,建立了日降水量-用水量平衡模型,探究了屋面雨水利用的影响因素,分析了全国七大地理区7座典型城市的雨水利用可行性。结果表明:1)我国年均降水量受地形和气候差异的影响,呈现出由东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势;季节降水量和年均降水量空间分布趋势一致,各季节降水量以夏季最高、春秋季次之;降水集中度分布特征与降水量不同,年均降水量较小的地区降水相对更加集中。2)降水特征、雨水罐设计容积、集雨面积、日用水需求量、节水效率和溢流率对不同地区雨水利用可行性具有显著影响。降水量越大的地区雨水利用可靠性越高,不同地理区7座典型城市雨水利用可靠性顺序为广州>武汉>南京>昆明>哈尔滨>北京>西宁,但各城市的雨水利用可靠性均难以达到100%。3)雨水利用可靠性随雨水罐容积的增大而增大,但当雨水罐容积达到10m3时,其增加显著减缓;雨水利用可靠性与集雨面积成正比,与日用水需求量成反比;节水效率的曲线趋势变化与可靠性趋势变化基本一致,但是数值上高于可靠性;合理控制溢流率可以提高雨水利用效益,在实际应用中应结合可靠性和溢流率来确定雨水罐最佳尺寸。总体上,华南、华东、西南地区进行雨水利用的可行性较高,东北、华北地区次之,而西北地区的可行性最低。

雨水收集容器容积设计研究综述

近年来,城市洪涝灾害频发和水资源短缺问题日益突出,雨水收集利用不仅能够缓解城市洪涝灾害,还可以增加城市水资源供给。雨水收集容器设计是雨水资源化关键技术之一,其中雨水收集容器容积设计直接影响着城市雨水收集回用系统的雨水收集效率和经济效益。该研究旨在探讨城市雨水收集回用系统中的雨水收集容器容积设计问题,综合梳理国内外现有设计方法,归纳概括为经验公式法、理论分析法和工程效益法。通过阐述雨水收集容器的概念与分类,总结雨水收集容器容积设计方法,以及分析国内外雨水收集容器容积设计方法的发展现状和未来发展趋势,旨在为促进城市雨水资源的可持续利用提供理论与技术支持。

北方滨海山地公园雨洪管理策略的水文成本效益分析

【目的】针对北方滨海山地区域雨洪管理快排模式导致下游易发洪涝灾害且难以滞蓄雨水资源等问题,探索具有水文成本效益优势的蓄用结合导向的雨洪管理策略。【方法】以烟台市岱王山公园为研究区域,提出“源头削减、过程截流、末端蓄用”的山地水文调控策略,在年径流总量控制率达标、滞留调蓄设施容积相等的约束条件下,比较从侧重源头到侧重末端,再到二者结合的多种雨洪管控方案,通过SWMM模型评估水文成本效益。【结果】模拟显示:1)渗透滞留效能受降雨强度和雨水管控设施布局的共同作用,对源头改造方案可提升雨水径流总量管控效能,对末端改造方案可促进峰值流量的管控;2)储蓄利用效能受季节性降水规律与雨洪管控景观设施体系的综合影响,夏季降雨量大、径流利用率高,其他季节降雨量低、径流利用率低,从源头到末端的综合改造方案储蓄利用效能最大;3)水文成本效益由水文管控效能及全生命周期成本决定,从源头到末端的综合改造方案充分利用了场地的滞蓄空间,可大幅削峰,促进雨水滞蓄入渗,以最小成本实现雨水的回收利用,水文成本效益最佳。【结论】构建了山地公园的水文成本效益分析框架,提出了兼具经济性和有效性的山地公园适宜性雨洪管理策略,为烟台及相近自然条件下的山地公园规划建设提供一定参考。

雨水回用技术在典型沿海城市的运用

海岛绿化是环境保护和生态建设的重要一环,但由于水资源短缺,常成为制约其发展的瓶颈。因此,寻求一种高效、环保、可持续的绿化用水解决方案成为当务之急。雨水回收系统作为一种新型的水资源回收利用技术,具有广阔的应用前景。通过探讨雨水回收系统在海岛绿化用水方面的应用价值,为解决水资源短缺问题提供新的思路。

海绵城市理念下小区道路雨水收集与再利用技术分析

文章基于海绵城市理念对城市某小区进行了雨水收集与再利用技术的深入研究与应用。详细分析小区的地理、气候和居民构成,采取高效雨水过滤材料、自动化与智能化监控系统等策略,结合社区内部的宣讲会,确保技术的顺利实施与居民的高度参与。经过工程部署,期望该小区的内涝事件得到明显缓解,雨水资源得到有效利用,为居民创造更宜居的环境。

基于海绵城市的规划设计研究

伴随着社会的不断发展,人们对于城市发展的理念也有了更加新颖的思想,将海绵城市的理念融入城市规划和建设过程当中可以使得城市的水弹性更好,一个拥有良好水弹性的城市,可以使得城市的抗洪能力得到明显提升。在海绵城市的建设过程中,应当与实际情况相结合,注重城市多方面的综合设计,使城市的这种状态能够进一步促进城市多元化发展,打造更加舒适宜居的城市环境。