Effects of Farming and Seedling-raising Methods on Population Growth and Grain Yield of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

The effects of farming method, rice variety and seedling-raising method were studied on the population growth quality and grain yield of the mechanized transplanting rice by way of three-factor split plot design. The results showed that the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was poorer than the conventional mechanical transplanting treatment in transplanting quality in general, but the former was similar to the latter in population growth quality. In regard to grain yield, the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was lower than the conventional me- chanical transplanting treatment. Raising both pot-mat seedling and plastic-tray seedling did not make much difference in population growth and grain yield of mechanized transplanting rice, so both of the seedling-raising methods can be adopted according to practical conditions.

Effect of Seedling Raising Methods on Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Japonica Rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seedling raising modes on photosynthetic charactedsticsand grain yield under wheat straw returning. Four representative cultivars in Huaibei area were selected as test materials. By setting potted seedlings and carpet seedlings, the effects of different nursery meth- ods on the photosynthesis of rice at different growth stages in Huaibei area were investigated. Compared with carpet seedlings, the leaf area index of potted seedlings decreased at the maturation stage, but the dry weight of leaf shewed no significant difference.The SPAD of potted seedlings had an increasing trend after transplanting, but the SPAD increased differently according to cultivars. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of pot seeding rice were significantly higher than those of carpet seedling rice on the 85^th d after transplanting. However, theintracellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency of leaves had no significant differences between different ＇treatments. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves of pot seedling rice is stronger in early and middle stages, but the decay rate of photosynthetic function is slightly faster than carpet seedling rice, which might be the main reason for the rice yield of potted seedlings having no remarkable difference from carpet seedlings.

Overlapped Tray Seedling Raising Model for Mechanical Transplanting of Rice

With the development of China's social economy,transfer of rural labors,and rise of labor costs,the rice production technologies are changing from manual operation to mechanical operation.The core of mechanical rice production is mechanical planting,while the key to mechanical planting is the seedling raising.On the basis of analyzing and studying the problems and experience of traditional mechanical transplanting of rice,a new overlapped tray seedling raising model was introduced.Main features of this model: substrate seedling raising and overlapped seedling tray.The seedling trays for seeding line are overlapped,and the overlapped trays are moved into the seedling room with controlled temperature and humidity.The temperature of the seedling room is controlled at 30-32℃,and the humidity of the seedling room is controlled at above 90%.After about 48 h,when the seedling height reaches 0.5 cm,move the seedling trays to the nursery.This model consists of one seeding center( seedling raising center) and N nurseries,to realize 1 + N seedling raising for mechanical transplanting of rice.One seeding center can provide seedlings for several hundred to several thousand hectares of mechanical transplanting of rice,and provide a new model for social services.This model could improve the quality of seedlings,increase the seedling survival rate by about 20%,reduce the seedling raising costs by 15%-20%,reduce the seedling raising risks,and greatly increase the utilization rate of the site and equipment of seedling raising center.

Effects of soilless substrates on seedling quality and the growth of transplanted super japonica rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soilless substrates of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings （HLMS） on seedling quality and field growth characteristics of transplanted super japonica rice. A widely grown conventional super japonica rice cultivar （Wuyunjing 23） was selected as the test material. The effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield, and benefit-cost ratio were compared with seedlings grown in organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil, whJch was selected as the control. Root number, root twJstJng power and root activity of seedlings cultivated by HLMS were decreased compared to that of the organic substrates andcontrol. However, seedling root length as well as aboveground growth were increased compared to the organic substrates and control seed- lings. In the HLMS, the content of gibberellin acid （GA3） decreased while abscisic acid （ABA） content increased compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. During the early stages after transplanting, the re-greening of HLMS was delayed compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in tiller dynamics and crop yield among the HLMS, organic substrates and control treatments. The effects of HLMS on seedling production were similar to those of the organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil in the present study, suggesting that HLMS have the potential to replace traditional nutritive soil in seedling production without decreasing crop yield. Finally, it is important to reduce organic substrates and topsoil dependence during rice seedling production and worthwhile to consider HLMS popularization and its application on a larger scale.

不同育苗方式对机插秧苗素质、栽插质量及水稻产量的影响

为探明常规育苗、托盘育苗和漂浮育苗3种方式对水稻育苗及大田生长的影响,以‘南粳9108’为供试材料,比较相同播量下3种方式所育秧苗素质差异及对栽插质量、大田生长和产量的影响。结果表明:3种育苗方式成苗率在71.7%-75.0%,其中漂浮育苗最高,三者的地上部性状无显著差异,但常规育苗根系数量及长度较托盘育苗和漂浮育苗分别增加21.4%、16.1%和3.3%、9.8%;漂浮育苗的空穴率和伤秧率分别为0.39%、0.78%,栽插质量最优;漂浮育苗分蘖高峰期分蘖数较托盘育苗和常规育苗分别增加9.8%和24.0%,但单株生物量积累有所降低;漂浮育秧最终成穗数较托盘育苗、常规育苗增加7.2%和8.1%,但每穗实粒数降低4.9%、4.6%,在最终产量上三者之间无显著差异。综合来看,3种育苗方式都可育出健壮秧苗,并且栽插质量、大田生长和产量表现良好,在生产上可根据实际情况进行选择。

水稻机械育插秧技术研究进展

比较了我国水稻生产中不同水稻机插秧方式、机插播种育秧方式的优缺点,分析了传统杂交稻机插技术存在的问题,进而创新提出杂交稻精准播种机插技术,并展望了水稻绿色机插技术的发展。

基于育秧机插新技术创制的中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制模式优化研究

本研究围绕提高中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制的发展现状及可持续性展开,以江西省为研究对象,深入分析了该模式当前面临的主要挑战。研究发现,由于茬口紧张和较低的比较效益,农民对该模式的采纳率不高。通过解决水稻、油菜机播育苗移栽环节的瓶颈问题,本研究提出了培育长秧龄带蘖壮秧的新技术目标。利用钵体毯盘技术实现了精量稀播匀播,成功培育了早稻35 d的长秧龄壮秧以及中、晚稻30 d的长秧龄带蘖壮秧,有效缓解了“稻-稻-油”三熟制的茬口紧张问题。本研究的成果不仅提高了“稻-稻-油”模式的实际可操作性,还为促进农业机械化和提升作物生产效率提供了新的思路。

不同育苗方式和移栽方式对烤烟田间抗病抗逆性的影响

【目的】探究不同育苗方式和移栽方式对烟草田间抗病抗逆性的影响。【方法】试验采用双因素完全随机设计,包含生态深栽、膜下小苗移栽2种移栽方式和湿润育苗、浅水育苗、干湿交替育苗、无纺布育苗和漂浮育苗5种育苗方式。系统分析育苗方式和移栽方式对田间烟草农艺性状、烟草重要病害病情指数和抗病抗逆酶活性的影响。【结果】与膜下小苗相比,生态深栽在5种育苗方式下均促进了烟草的生长并提高了抗病抗逆性;而在2种移栽方式中浅水育苗和无纺布育苗与漂浮育苗相比显著提高了烟草抗病抗逆性。生态深栽浅水育苗组合处理相比膜下小苗漂浮育苗组合对照处理,在烟草伸根期、旺长期和成熟期有效叶片数、株高、茎围、最大叶面积分别提高了31.14%、25.00%和21.70%,27.43%、20.86%和25.16%,35.71%、17.31%和14.54%,51.69%、30.06%和18.95%;病毒病、叶斑类病害和根茎类病害病情指数分别降低了24.29%、24.88%和15.51%,45.09%、31.16%和25.02%,68.84%、43.41%和35.99%;过氧化物酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别增加了60.66%、68.36%和22.67%,108.88%、43.08%和27.69%。【结论】不同育苗方式和移栽方式及对烟草大田期各项农艺指标、抗病抗逆酶活性和田间病情指数的均有影响,生态深栽组合浅水育苗显著提升了烟草大田期的农艺性状和抗病抗逆酶活性,降低了病情指数,从而显著提高了烤烟大田期的抗病抗逆性。

早稻机插中拱双层覆盖保温规模化育秧技术特点及技术要点

经多年规模化集中育秧试验示范,逐步探索出早稻机插中拱双层覆盖保温规模化育秧技术。该技术具有节本减污、高效实用、规模增效等特点,比大棚育秧节本近6000元/667 m^(2),秧田利用率比泥浆竹拱覆盖育秧提高100%,取秧效率提高30%左右,值得在早稻机插规模化育秧中推广应用。

薄膜大棚育水稻机插秧技术应用

主要应用钵苗育秧盘、水稻钵苗全自动精量播种机播种提升育秧效率,采取湿润式和旱式育秧方式,培育秧苗素质好、弹性较大、落田基本苗多、移栽方式灵活(可机械栽插、人工手插、丢抛秧),特别适合机械插秧的高素质秧苗。该技术始于2015年,从中国水稻研究所引进,经过多年试验表现出苗好、苗壮、增产等特性。增产幅度平均可达9.5%,对水稻种植增产增收效果显著,对推进山区水稻全程机械化作业进程,提高贵州山地农机化率意义重大。

辣椒低山工厂育苗高山移栽可行性及新增固碳减排能力研究

为探索低山工厂辣椒苗对高山地区环境的适应性、增产能力和新增固碳减排能力,通过不同播期对比试验、17个品种对比试验和大面积移栽生产试验,比较分析辣椒低山工厂育苗高山移栽的适应性、丰产性以及固碳减排效应。结果表明:辣椒低山工厂育苗不仅可以完全适应宜昌市高山地区生态环境,且各项试验均实现大幅增产、增收,其中大面积移栽生产试验中辣椒667 m^(2)产量为3 280 kg,667 m^(2)产值达15 622.6元;较农民自育苗667 m^(2)增产967 kg,增产率达41.8%,667 m^(2)产值增加7 273.6元,增收率达87.1%;667 m^(2)新增固定减排CO_(2)量为619 kg,固碳减排效果良好。

不同育秧方式对水稻机插秧苗素质的影响

分析了水育秧、旱育秧和淤泥育秧 3种方式对机插秧苗素质的影响。结果表明 :旱育秧更有利于机插健壮秧形成 ,同时在增加秧龄弹性、延长秧龄方面也具有明显的优势 ;淤泥育秧有一定的可行性 ,但成秧率较低 ,且受土壤质地影响较大 ,实际生产中要慎重使用。在培育机插长秧龄秧苗过程中 。

机插稻超秧龄秧苗的生长特点研究

水稻机插移栽中秧苗不能及时机插而生长过度,形成超秧龄秧苗。本试验以扬粳9538为供试品种,在不同床土培肥条件下,观测了超秧龄秧苗的生长特征。在超秧龄初期阶段(至播种后28d),秧苗地上部仍维持一定的生长,秧苗干重和单位苗高干重尚有一定增加,尚能维持糖氮代谢。但秧苗叶色(SPAD值)迅速下降,地下部生长停滞,根长、根数停止增加,根系活力迅速下降,根冠比明显降低。在严重超秧龄阶段(至播种后36d),苗高依然快速增加,单位苗高干重大幅下降,秧苗叶色维持在较低水平。根系活力低,根系生长处于最低水平。超秧龄生长过程中秧苗糖代谢反应敏感,氮代谢相对稳定,糖氮比在严重超秧龄时大幅下降。床土肥力显著影响超秧龄秧苗生长,高培肥水平下的秧苗茎基粗没有显著变化,但苗高迅速增加,单位苗高干重大幅降低,地下部生长较低培肥处理更弱,根数和根长较低,根系活力下降迅速,根冠比与低培肥处理相比大幅减小。床土培肥水平对秧苗的碳氮代谢影响显著,高培肥处理的超龄秧苗营养状态更为劣化。以上结果表明,超秧龄阶段特别是在严重超秧龄阶段的秧苗生长,很大程度上取决于育秧阶段(适栽期)的育秧条件和生长状况,低培肥处理的秧苗在超秧龄生长中糖氮比能维持相对较高的水平,从而维持秧苗相对较好的营养状态。

机插稻育秧床土的培肥效应研究

床土培肥是培育水稻机插秧苗的首要措施。在不同类型床土条件下对培肥水平与床土速效氮磷钾增加的关系及育秧过程中的肥力消耗进行了分析。结果表明,通过添加速效肥料进行床土培肥,随培肥量增加床土速效氮磷钾含量迅速增加,速效氮的增加呈指数关系,高培肥处理的增幅大于低培肥处理,丘陵土的增加快于冲积土;速效磷含量随培肥水平的提高直线上升,床土类型间有显著差异,丘陵土快于冲积土;速效钾的增加趋势与速效磷相似,但增速在不同床土间几近相同。育秧过程中速效养分的消耗也各具特点,总的趋势是高培肥水平下高消耗,速效氮消耗快于速效磷和速效钾。一定肥力范围内,秧苗株高和地上部干物质随床土培肥水平的升高而增加,通过床土培肥措施可以有效地调控秧苗株高。但根/冠比随培肥水平增加而下降。只有在合适的肥力指标范围内,才能育成适宜形态和地上、地下部生长均衡的健壮机插秧苗。

育秧方式与播种量对水稻机插长龄秧苗的影响

为探讨适宜机插的大苗培育新技术,该文以川香9838为材料,采用田间试验方法,研究了4种育秧方式及3个播种量水平对机插大苗素质和栽插质量的影响。结果表明,秧苗成苗率随播种量增加而下降;不同育秧方式的秧苗素质有极显著差异;不同播种量间,除百株干质量为显著性差异外,株高、茎粗、根数、根长、根活力、丙二醛及质量高比均为极显著差异;无纺布旱育秧的秧块盘结力较小,为6.48kg/m2,双膜旱育秧的秧块盘结力较大,为18.70kg/m2。依据GB/T6243-86评价栽插质量,报纸旱育秧较好,其次为无底旱育秧。播种量为277.78g/m2时,伤秧率、勾秧率和漏插率较低;播种量为416.67g/m2时,漂秧率、全漂率和翻倒率较低。因此,水稻机插长龄秧苗应选择报纸旱育秧或无底旱育秧,且播种量在277.78～416.67g/m2之间。

高吸水种衣剂在水稻旱育抛秧上的应用

应用高吸水种衣剂对水稻种子进行包衣处理，不浸种不催芽直接播入旱育苗床，考查了它对种子的出苗、病虫害及死苗的防治、秧苗素质以及抛栽后立苗速度、抗植伤能力和产量形成的影响。高吸水种衣剂包衣处理在种子周围及秧苗根部形成了18cm×1．5cm×1．2cm左右的“蓄水球囊”，不仅提高了种子出苗率、成秧率，有效地防止了多种病虫害及死苗的发生，壮大根群，提高了秧苗素质；而且实现了旱育秧苗根部带土抛植，提高了立亩速度和抗植伤能力，增加了旱育抛栽稻的产量。

不同播量及育秧基质对机插水稻秧苗素质的影响

以机插水稻秧苗为研究对象，探讨不同播量及基质配比对机插水稻秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：播量及育秧基质对机插秧苗素质有明显影响，不同播量及不同基质配比的秧苗素质不同，较低播量（每平方米芽谷300-400g）和适宜的基质配比[土与谷壳体积比1：（2～3）]能培育出适合于机插的高素质秧苗。

播种量对草木灰水稻育苗基质秧苗素质的影响

目前，草木灰多应用于林业、改良土壤性质等方面[1-5]，以草木灰作为主体材料制作水稻育苗基质的报道还较少。草木灰中含有丰富的营养元素，且具有孔隙度大、持水性好、性质稳定、无菌无毒等优良的特性，是制作水稻育苗基质的适宜材料，具有良好的应用效果[3]。由于受到机插秧技术、插秧器械等因素影响，同时由于秧苗生长空间小，秧龄短，适栽期窄，因此机械插秧对秧苗的培育有很多要求[6-8]。使用水稻育苗基质可以培育健壮的水稻秧苗。目前，草木灰水稻育苗基质已经在江苏省苏北地区示范推广，进一步明确使用育苗基质培育的水稻秧苗的生长特点和生长规律对生产实践具有指导意义。

不同增温处理对基质育苗移栽棉缓苗期部分生理生化指标的影响

试验以露地移栽为对照,研究了地膜覆盖和地膜覆盖加拱棚2种增温处理对基质育苗移栽棉花缓苗期的影响,结果表明,在缓苗期内,不同的增温处理对叶绿素影响不大,丙二醛MDA和脯氨酸含量均随生育进程呈现先增加后下降趋于稳定的趋势,覆膜和覆膜加拱棚较露地移栽含量低,温度高有利于缓解棉苗的受胁迫程度;3种不同处理条件下,超氧化物歧化酶SOD和过氧化物酶POD两种酶活性呈现先增加后下降趋于稳定在一个水平,POD对环境胁迫的反应较大;缓苗期各处理间棉苗素质没有差异,缓苗期后,覆膜加拱棚单株鲜重及叶面积均高于其它处理。说明较高温度有利于缩短移栽棉的缓苗期,促进棉苗早发。

不同育秧方式对机插中籼水稻秧苗素质和产量性状的影响

[目的]为选择适应水稻机插作业的育秧方式和提高机插杂交中籼稻产量提供理论基础和技术支持。[方法]以徽两优6号为供试材料,研究营养土软盘育秧、流水线营养土硬盘育秧、淤泥软盘育秧3种育秧方式对机插秧水稻秧苗素质和产量性状的影响。[结果]流水线营养土硬盘育秧秧苗素质表现出较强的优势,成苗率较高,漏插率较低,茎基部较粗,根系盘接力较高,根系活力较强,缓苗期较短,产量优势明显,理论产量和实际产量分别高于其他育秧方式。[结论]在安徽省江淮地区,采取流水线营养土硬盘育秧有利于提高水稻机插秧的秧苗素质,建立合理的群体起点,形成较高的产量。