Research on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Leading Edge and Bulge of Ram-Air Parafoil Based on CFD

This study focuses on the aerodynamic characteristics and flow mechanism of three different configurations of ram-air parafoil with open/closed air inlet and bulges. Firstly, we designed a special parafoil configuration for this study. Then we used numerical simulation to obtain the aerodynamic data of three parafoils at different angles of attack, and studied the influence of the bulge and the leading edge open/closed inlet on the aerodynamic performance of the ram-air parafoil. Finally, we study the flow mechanism of the ram-air parafoil through the pressure distribution and flow field. The results of the study show that compared with the aerodynamic parameters of the parafoil without bulges, the optimal angle of attack of the two parafoils with bulges is increased by 4?, the maximum lift to drag ratio of the parafoil with closed leading edge is reduced by about 4.3% and the optimal angle of attack is reduced by about 2?. The maximum lift to drag ratio of the parafoil with open leading edge is reduced by about 23.6% and the stalling angle of attack is reduced by about 4?. The pressure on the surface of a ram-air parafoil with open leading edge inlet is the highest. .

Effects of Geometric Parameters on Performance of Rectangular Submerged Inlet for Aircraft

To improve the comfortability and safety of aircraft,the demand of rectangular submerged inlets(RSIs)with low resistance is proposed to increase the inlet flow rate of ram air. A theoretical model is built to numerically analyze the effects of geometric parameters on the inlet mass flow rate of RSIs. The geometric parameters in question here encompass the aspect ratio of 2—4,the ramp angle of 6°—7°,the characteristic parameter of the throat of 0.20 —0.30,the ramp length of 939—1 337 mm,and the cone angle of 0° —3°. Simulation results demonstrate that the mass flow rate(MFR)is positively correlated with the aspect ratio,ramp angle,ramp length,and cone angle,and negatively correlated with characteristic parameter of the throat. Within the range of the geometric parameters considered,the RSI with the aspect ratio of 3,the ramp angle of 6°,the characteristic parameter of the throat of 0.20,the ramp length of 1 337 mm,and the cone angle of 3° obtains the largest MFR value of about 2.251 kg/s.

Experimental Study of Ethylene Combustion in a Scramjet Combustor

In this paper the ignition characteristics of gaseous ethylene hydrocarbon fuel is investigated in the supersonic clean airstreams experimental facility with a resistance heater. The generic cavity flame holder is used to create recirculation and promote the fuel/air mixing at the lower wall of the combustor. Three different injection concepts are considered in this research ： （ 1 ） ethylene injection upstream of the cavity ; （2） ethylene and hydrogen injection upstream of the cavity simultaneously; （ 3 ）ethylene injection preceded by pilot hydrogen injection. The pilot injection showed to be a supportive tool for holding the flame of the main normal ethylene fuel injection. Therefore, using pilot hydrogen injection and cavity configuration necessitates optimizing the combustor length to ensure the complete combustion and the full liberation of the chemical energy stored in the fuel before exiting the combustor.The present study proved the possibility of igniting the ethylene and maintaining its flame in the supersonic airstreams.

进气温度和含湿量对湿空气透平循环燃烧室实现柔和燃烧的影响研究

本文基于甲烷柔和燃烧的简化化学反应器网络模型,研究了空气进气温度和含湿量对湿空气透平(HAT)循环燃烧室内实现柔和燃烧的影响。针对HAT循环三种典型工况的研究结果表明:空气进口温度和燃烧室头部温度越高越容易实现柔和燃烧。空气含湿量对实现柔和燃烧的临界回流比的影响可以忽略,但空气含湿量的增加会引起点火延迟时间的延长,该影响持续至蒸汽含量达到其临界值,这有利于未燃反应物与烟气的充分掺混。当空气进口温度从381 K上升到881 K时,实现柔和燃烧的临界回流比下降了70%。空气加湿抑制NOx生成效果随着空气进口温度升高变得更加显著。随着空气进口温度的升高,由于热力型NO占主导地位,增加含湿量使得热力型NO迅速下降,而加湿引起快速型NO增加的效果不显著,从而使得整体NOx下降。针对模型柔和燃烧室的实验结果表明:绝热火焰温度在1 650~2 050 K内,热负荷36~59 k W条件下,不同含湿量(Ω=0~0.2 kg/kg)和不同空气进口温度(381,503,640 K)的NOx排放均低于1×10^(-5)@15%O2,而CO排放在含湿量0~0.1 kg/kg范围内同样能保持1×10^(-5)@15%O2以下。上述结果表明,该模型燃烧器能够在不同空气含湿量和空气进口温度下均保持较低的污染物排放。

3级旋流器各级气量变化对燃烧性能的影响

为了探究中心分级燃烧室各级旋流器叶片数量与相应旋流气量变化对燃烧室性能的影响,基于高推重比和高温升的技术需求,对设计模型进行了除旋流器外分块结构化网格划分,并在ICEM软件中实现混合网格周期性边界条件设置,进行3维数值模拟。结果表明:确定最优方案的3级旋流器叶片数量分别为8、10和15。中心分级燃烧室每级旋流器流通气量随其相应旋流器叶片数量改变呈负相关变化关系;设计油气比为0.045时,中心分级燃烧室最优方案即基准型方案的温升可达1300 K,出口温度分布系数OTDF达到0.13,在性能所要求的0.10~0.15之间,出口径向温度分布系数RTDF达到0.081,在性能所要求的0.08~0.12之间;中心分级燃烧室出口截面OTDF值随火焰筒头部每级旋流器的叶片数量或旋流气量的变化关系是“V”形,RTDF值随头部每级旋流器的叶片数量或旋流气量的变化关系是类“V”形。

翼面形状对翼伞气动性能的影响

为了研究不同翼面形状对翼伞气动性能的影响,文章以某型冲压翼型为对象,建立了翼伞滑翔阶段稳态绕流流场数值模型,分析了翼面后缘形状对稳态滑翔阶段翼伞流场结构及气动特性的影响,在此基础上探究了后缘前掠角大小对翼伞气动性能的影响。研究结果表明,后缘前掠型翼面的上翼面前缘压力降低,有利于减小翼面压差阻力,升阻性能最好,翼伞设计时宜采用后缘前掠型翼面设计;随着前掠角增大,升力系数和阻力系数均先减小后增加,翼伞升阻比随着前掠角增大呈现先增后减的趋势;当前掠角过大时,上翼面流动分离区变大,压差阻力增加会导致升阻比降低;综合流场结构和气动特性考虑,前掠角为6°时翼伞气动性能最优。研究成果可为高滑翔翼伞设计提供一定参考。

Role of Air Staging in a Batch-Type Fixed Bed Biomass Combustor under Constant Primary Air

Staged combustion of biomass is the most suitable thermo-chemical conversion for achieving lower gaseous emissions and higher fuel conversion rates.In a staged fixed bed combustion of biomass,combustion air is supplied in two stages.In the first stage,primary air is provided below the fuel,whereas in the later stage,secondary air is supplied in the freeboard region.The available literature on the effects of air staging(secondary air location) at a constant primary air flow rate on combustion characteristics in a batch-type fixed bed combustor is limited and hence warrants further investigations.This study resolves the effect of air staging,by varying the location of secondary air in the freeboard at five secondary to total air ratios in a batch-type fixed bed combustor.Results are reported for the effects of these controlled parameters on fuel conversion rate,overall gaseous emissions(CO_(2),CO and NO_x) and temperature distributions.The fuel used throughout was densified hardwood pellets.Results show that a primary freeboard length(distance between fuel bed top and secondary air injection) of200 mm has higher fuel conversion rates and temperatures as well as lower CO emissions,at a secondary to total air ratio of 0.75 as compared to primary freeboard length of 300 mm.However,NO_x emissions were found to be lower for a primary freeboard length of 300 mm as compared to 200 mm.An increase in secondary to total air ratio from 0.33 to 0.75 resulted in higher freeboard temperatures and lower CO as well as NO_x emissions.The outcomes of this study will be helpful in the effective design of commercial scale biomass combustors for more efficient and environmentally friendly combustion.

POD算法在飞机RAT舱温度预测中的应用研究

冲压空气涡轮(RAT)系统是飞机的应急发电系统,在飞机失去主交流电源后为飞机供电,RAT平时回收在非气密区的RAT舱内,在应急工况下释放到气流中。RAT舱温度很大程度上决定了RAT的释放时间,进而影响飞机在应急工况下的安全性,RAT舱的温度预测对于应急供电下的安全性具有重要意义。通过本征正交分解(POD)将RAT舱温度与高度、大气静温、飞行速度、RAT舱周围舱温度作为模型整体进行统一分析,并通过RAT舱温度简化模型及简化模型与完整模型的映射关系,选取试验数据作为样本数据,利用POD算法进行RAT舱温度预测。结果表明:1阶模态占据所有模态的比重超过99%,归一化处理后预测结果的平均绝对误差最小可达到0.063,均方根误差最小达到0.07;POD算法可以在样本数据基础上,通过模态重构有效预测RAT舱的温度信息。

基于RAM拓展模型的我国城市空气质量评价

作为一种重要的环境要素,空气质量的好坏直接关乎环境质量的优劣,并影响着经济发展的成果。因而,如何科学地评价空气质量受到学者的广泛重视。本文基于RAM拓展模型构建了评估空气质量状况的空气质量指数以及评估空气质量提升空间的空气质量发展指数,并将其应用于我国城市空气质量评价研究。研究结果显示,我国城市空气质量存在明显的区域差异,北方是空气污染重灾区;经济发展会制约城市空气质量提升的潜力,并且经济越发达,制约效应越明显;重灾区城市的空气质量近年来未发生明显变化,且在短时间内很难得到有效改善。本文认为,在治理空气污染时,需要分区域分类别进行整治;在当前空气污染的形势下,可以优先考虑降低各区域首要污染物的浓度水平和污染强度。

基于模型的动车组空调系统RAMS协同设计方法

为提高动车组空调系统的安全性与可靠性,在动车组空调系统的设计初期,对空调系统进行RAMS协同设计.通过分析动车组空调系统RAMS设计指标,建立了空调系统的风险分析模型;应用此模型,分析了空调通风系统的故障发生响应方式、潜在的故障发生模式及危害程度;还搭建了蒸发风机的可靠性模型,计算出重要部件允许的故障概率和理论的寿命时间,完成了空调系统的RAMS设计.所有设计结果均满足现行的动车组顶层设计要求,应用此结果,能够为缩短设计周期、优化设计方案和制订维修计划提供有效帮助.

Emission Characteristics and Axial Flame Temperature Distribution of a Circumferential Reverse Flow Combustor

In partially premixed combustion of gas turbine, the combustion temperature should be lowed in order to reduce NOx. One solution is lean premixed combustion. However, the problem is that large excess air ratio may make the combustion unstable. A novel combustor with circumferential reverse flow of fuel gas is proposed for settling this problem. A 10 kw furnace is established to test performance of this combustor. Three factors such as primary air ratio, position of secondary air, total excess air ratio are studied. The emission characteristics and axial flame temperature distribution are studied. Basing on experimental results, the axial flame temperature and NOr emission increase with primary air ratio and axial length of second stream, and decrease with total excess air ratio. When the total excess air ratio is larger than 1.05, the combustor presents a lower temperature field and much lower NOx emission （less than 10 ppm）.

国际主流伞降装备专业技术综合分析报告

本文主要概述了跳伞运动中降落伞的运行原理、形状类型、主要部件、关键材料、装备应用和发展趋势的基础上,对比分析了对4家国际主流运动降落伞生产商的主降落伞、备用降落伞进行技术及数据,探究不同气孔数量、展弦比以及材料对降落伞运行的影响。研究发现:主降落伞的展弦比相对更高,在2.2-2.8之间。伞翼的展弦比越高,产生的形状阻力越小,但最大不能超过3:1。主降落伞气孔数量为9孔的居多。对于备用降落伞而言,气孔均为7孔,展弦比范围基本在2.0-2.2之间。

空气加热器喷雾燃烧流场仿真模拟

为研究喷注压降对空气加热器喷雾燃烧流场的影响规律,采用DPM离散相模型,结合考虑湍流燃烧效应的涡耗散模型对酒精/液氧/空气三组元加热器进行仿真计算,并与理论计算及试验结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性。仿真结果表明:在保持三组元流量恒定的条件下,提高空气喷注压降能够缩短酒精喷雾的雾化距离与火焰长度,当空气喷注压降提高后,能使喷雾距离缩短50%,火焰长度缩短40%,燃烧室内温度分布更加均匀,有利于提供满足试验需求的均匀热气流;同时,降低酒精喷注压降能够减小酒精喷雾的穿透距离,使火焰更加集中于燃烧室轴线处;当空气喷注压降超出工作范围时,火焰无法附着在喷嘴出口,容易造成加热器熄火;过高的酒精喷注压降会使燃烧火焰周期性摆动,不利于燃烧室热防护。

非旋空气对分级贫油直喷燃烧室流动和雾化影响的实验研究

针对中心分级贫油直接喷射燃烧室头部,采用粒子图像测速技术、平面激光Mie散射技术以及粒径测量技术,对比研究了非旋流空气与旋流空气四种不同的进气比例对燃烧室流动特性、喷雾特性以及燃油粒径分布特征的影响。研究发现:在常温常压状态,随着非旋流空气比例的增高,中心回流区不断缩小直至消失,预燃级燃油锥角不断减小,雾化受到阻碍,主燃级射流由向主燃级偏转逐渐转为向预燃级偏转,主油破碎效果先恶化后优化。在旋流器压降为1%和2%工况下,非旋流空气对两级燃油雾化均有抑制作用,随着非旋流空气比例的升高,空气对两级燃油雾化的阻碍作用呈现先增强后削弱的趋势,在压降为3.3%工况,非旋流空气比例对燃油雾化的影响较小。结果表明:非旋流空气与旋流空气比例为1∶2时,能够得到较为良好的流场结构、燃油分布和雾化效果,综合性能较好,是最优方案。

基于AMESim的液压模式冲压空气涡轮系统仿真研究

冲压空气涡轮系统(Ram Air Turbine, RAT)是飞机应急能源系统,紧急情况下为飞机提供应急能源,用于飞机的操控。在分析涡轮调速机构原理基础上,建立了涡轮部件调速机构的动力学方程,并在AMESim中建立了涡轮部件仿真模型。分析了RAT液压泵的原理,结合柱塞液压泵调压、卸荷原理,建立了RAT液压泵的动力学方程,并在AMESim中建立RAT液压泵仿真模型。在涡轮部件和RAT液压泵模块基础上,建立液压模式RAT系统仿真模型,分析了液压模式RAT的性能,为液压模式RAT的设计和分析提供了一种方法。

高速飞行器空气涡轮发电系统仿真与评估

针对高速飞行器的高空发电问题,提出了一种以高温高压的冲压空气作为工质的预冷-两级膨胀的空气涡轮发电系统。采用理论分析计算与软件模拟仿真计算相结合的方法,建立了高速飞行器空气涡轮发电仿真模型,对空气涡轮发电系统进行性能分析,并采用起飞总质量法对发电系统进行评估分析。结果表明,高速飞行器在飞行高度30 km和飞行马赫数为6的飞行条件下,发电系统所需冲压空气0.0945 kg/s,在换热器处与JP-7燃油充分换热,使得涡轮前冲压空气温度降低至1196.36 K,保护涡轮不受高温损伤,同时发电系统可以稳定输出28.2 kW电量供用电系统及用电设备使用,此外,经换热后的燃油进入发动机,在很大程度上提高了系统的经济性。

机载电子吊舱环控方法优化研究

随着电子设备集成度不断提高,机载电子吊舱日趋小型化,对电子吊舱环控系统的要求越来越高,必须综合各方面的约束条件对环控技术路线进行分析、论证,获取优化方案,才能满足需求。结合工程实例,综合工作包线、热流密度、温度、均温性、体积、重量及能耗等约束条件,基于仿真、计算及模拟试验验证,对电子吊舱环控方法进行系统分析,最终确定了一种优化的冲压液冷环控方案,并对其中主要部件的优化、验证进行了阐述。工程试验及使用情况印证了优化方法的合理性和优化结果的正确性。

冲压空气涡轮气动设计及其规律研究

冲压空气涡轮是飞机的应急动力装置。依据叶素动量理论对冲压空气涡轮叶片进行气动设计,对设计的冲压空气涡轮进行计算流体力学仿真,研究了来流速度、安装角与冲压空气涡轮输出功率的关系,不同偏航角对冲压空气涡轮性能的影响及评估方法,绘制冲压空气涡轮输出功率随来流速度、安装角的变化曲线。研究发现,偏航角小于15°时,冲压空气涡轮的性能下降满足cos 3γ评价法则,但随着偏航角的增大,这个法则不再适用。

Operational feasibility study of stagnation pressure reaction control for a mid-caliber non-spinning projectile

Controlled,guided munitions can reduce dispersion in the shot,while providing the capability of engaging both stationary and maneuvering targets.The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research has developed a fin-less control technology called Stagnation Pressure Reaction Control(SPRC)that takes stagnation pressure air and directs it sideways to control non-spinning projectiles.In a previous study,this technology was demonstrated at Mach 2 wind-tunnel conditions to achieve up to 1.5°controllable angle of incidence for a non-spinning,aerodynamically unstable projectile-like test object.In an operational scenario,the decelerating projectile will experience a decline in control force while the simultaneous forward shift of the center of pressure increases the need for control force.Furthermore,angles of incidence exceeding 1.5°will be experienced under realistic flight conditions,especially against maneuvering targets.This work addresses these challenges and presents an operational feasibility study for a practical application of SPRC in a non-spinning mid-caliber gun-launched projectile,using experiment data on control latency and force of the earlier study.It illustrates the combined effect of the control-and stability dynamics and underlines the potential of an SPRC projectile as a precisionoperation ammunition.This research revealed that SPRC technology can stabilize and control the hypothesized projectile in a direct fire scenario against stationary and maneuvering targets.

B737-800飞机冲压空气全开灯亮故障分析

飞机空调系统是航空器非常重要的一个系统,飞机空调系统故障直接影响航班正常运行,这给航空公司带来巨大的成本压力,因此研究飞机冲压空气全开灯亮故障故障是非常有必要的。为了分析飞机冲压空气全开灯亮的原因,通过对不同的故障现象进行分析,以波音维修手册维修方法为基础,结合空调系统冷却原理,建立了完整的基于各个故障现象排故方式。本文B737-800飞机冲压空气全开灯亮故障故障为例,根据故障现象给出了不同的排故方案:①短时出现冲压空气全开灯亮,根据空调冷却原理可知热交换器脏导致的;②在地面对空调附件组件(AUAC)进行测试,有故障代码的,根据故障代码进行排故;③AUAC无任何代码,是冲压空气排气单向活门故障引起的。实践证明,该方法可以有效的运用在B737-800飞机航线排故中。