This paper presents a low power,truly random number generator (TRNG) based on a simple chaotic map of the Bernoulli shift,which is extended to remain robustness in implementation. The map is realized by switched-cur...This paper presents a low power,truly random number generator (TRNG) based on a simple chaotic map of the Bernoulli shift,which is extended to remain robustness in implementation. The map is realized by switched-current techniques that can fully integrate it in a cryptosystem on a chip. A pipelined architecture post-processed by a simple XOR circuit is used to improve the entropy. The TRNG is fabricated in an HJTC 0.18μm CMOS mixed signal process,and the statistical properties are investigated by measurement results. The power consumption is only 1.42mW and the truly random output bit rate is 10Mbit/s.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel single electron random number generator (RNG). The generator consists of multiple tunneling junctions (MTJ) and a hybrid single electron transistor (SET)/MOS output circuit. It is an ...This paper proposes a novel single electron random number generator (RNG). The generator consists of multiple tunneling junctions (MTJ) and a hybrid single electron transistor (SET)/MOS output circuit. It is an oscillator-based RNG. MTJ is used to implement a high-frequency oscillator, which uses the inherent physical randomness in tunneling events of the MTJ to achieve large frequency drift. The hybrid SET and MOS output circuit is used to amplify and buffer the output signal of the MTJ oscillator. The RNG circuit generates high-quality random digital sequences with a simple structure. The operation speed of this circuit is as high as 1GHz. The circuit also has good driven capability and low power dissipation. This novel random number generator is a promising device for future cryptographic systems and communication applications.展开更多
Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve...Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve the generation rate of random numbers significantly. This method compares the detectors' responses to consecutive optical pulses and generates the random sequence. We implement a demonstration experiment to show its simplicity, compactness and scalability. The generated numbers are proved to be unbiased, post-processing free, ready to use, and their randomness is verified by using the national institute of standard technology statistical test suite. The random bit generation efficiency is as high as 32.8% and the potential generation rate adopting the 32× 32 APD array is up to tens of Gbits/s.展开更多
Random numbers play an increasingly important role in secure wire and wireless communication. Thus the design quality of random number generator(RNG) is significant in information security. A novel pseudo RNG is propo...Random numbers play an increasingly important role in secure wire and wireless communication. Thus the design quality of random number generator(RNG) is significant in information security. A novel pseudo RNG is proposed for improving the security of network communication. The back propagation neural network(BPNN) is nonlinear, which can be used to improve the traditional RNG. The novel pseudo RNG is based on BPNN techniques. The result of test suites standardized by the U.S shows that the RNG can satisfy the security of communication.展开更多
We propose a biased random number generation protocol whose randomness is based on the violation of the Clauser Home inequality. Non-maximally entangled state is used to maximize the Bell violation. Due to the rotatio...We propose a biased random number generation protocol whose randomness is based on the violation of the Clauser Home inequality. Non-maximally entangled state is used to maximize the Bell violation. Due to the rotational asymmetry of the quantum state, the ratio of Os to ls varies with the measurement bases. The experimental partners can then use their measurement outcomes to generate the biased random bit string. The bias of their bit string can be adjusted by altering their choices of measurement bases. When this protocol is implemented in a device-independent way, we show that the bias of the bit string can still be ensured under the collective attack.展开更多
This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generat...This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generates the initial random number sources from a combination of multiple existing random number sources. A time-to-amplitude converter and multichannel analyzer are used for qualitative analysis to demonstrate that each and every step is random. Furthermore, a carefully designed data acquisition system is used to obtain a high-quality random sequence. Our scheme is simple and proves that the random number bit rate can be dramatically increased to satisfy practical requirements.展开更多
In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amp...In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amplifier,ring oscillators,or comparators.Hence,this research focused more on implementing a Hybrid Nature of a New Random Number Generator.The key objective of the proposed methodology relies on the utilization of True random number generators.The randomness is unpredictable.The additions of programmable delay lines will reduce the processing time and maintain the quality of randomizing.The performance comparisons are carried out with power,delay,and lookup table.The proposed architecture was executed and verified using Xilinx.The Hybrid TRNG is evaluated under simulation and the obtained results outperform the results of the conventional random generators based on Slices,area and Lookup Tables.The experimental observations show that the proposed Hybrid True Random Number Generator(HTRNG)offers high operating speed and low power consumption.展开更多
With the rapid development of cryptography, the strength of security protocols and encryption algorithms consumedly relies on the quality of random number. In many cryptography applications, higher speed is one of the...With the rapid development of cryptography, the strength of security protocols and encryption algorithms consumedly relies on the quality of random number. In many cryptography applications, higher speed is one of the references required. A new security random number generator architecture is presented. Its philosophy architecture is implemented with FPGA, based on the thermal noise and linear feedback shift register(LFSR). The thermal noise initializes LFSRs and is used as the disturbed source of the system to ensure the unpredictability of the produced random number and improve the security strength of the system. Parallel LFSRs can produce the pseudo-random numbers with long period and higher speed. The proposed architecture can meet the requirements of high quality and high speed in cryptography.展开更多
How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014)140407] proposed a pre...How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014)140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.展开更多
A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes...A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes from the phenomenon of symmetry breaking in the nSQUID. The experimental circuit is fabricated by the Nb-based lift-off process. Low-temperature tests of the circuit verify the basic function of the proposed TRNG. The frequency characteristics of the TRNG have been analyzed by simulation. The generation rate of random numbers is expected to achieve hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz.展开更多
Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this pa...Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this paper, we improve the post-processing stage of TRNGs using a heuristic evolutionary algorithm. Our post-processing algorithm decomposes the problem of improving the quality of random numbers into two phases: (i) Exact Histogram Equalization: it modifies the random numbers distribution with a specified output distribution;(ii) Stationarity Enforcement: using genetic algorithms, the output of (ii) is permuted until the random numbers meet wide-sense stationarity. We ensure that the quality of the numbers generated from the genetic algorithm is within a specified level of error defined by the user. We parallelize the genetic algorithm for improved performance. The post-processing is based on the power spectral density of the generated numbers used as a metric. We propose guideline parameters for the evolutionary algorithm to ensure fast convergence, within the first 100 generations, with a standard deviation over the specified quality level of less than 0.45. We also include a TestU01 evaluation over the random numbers generated.展开更多
The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).How...The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).However,the speed of TRNG is still be further improved.Here,we propose a reliable Ag/SiNx/n-Si volatile memristor,which exhibits a typical threshold switching device with stable repeat ability and fast switching speed.This volatile-memristor-based TRNG is combined with nonlinear feedback shift register(NFSR)to form a new type of high-speed dual output TRNG.Interestingly,the bit generation rate reaches a high speed of 112 kb/s.In addition,this new TRNG passed all 15 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)randomness tests without post-processing steps,proving its performance as a hardware security application.This work shows that the SiNx-based volatile memristor can realize TRNG and has great potential in hardware network security.展开更多
Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlat...Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlattice and the applied voltage, while the latter is easier to adjust. In this paper, the model of the superlattice is first established. Then, based on this model, the chaotic characteristics of the generated signal are studied under different voltages. The results demonstrate that the onset of chaos in the superlattice is typically accompanied by the mergence of multistability, and there are voltage intervals in each of which the generated signal is chaotic.展开更多
A novel image encryption method based on the random sequence generated from the generalized information domain and permutation–diffusion architecture is proposed. The random sequence is generated by reconstruction fr...A novel image encryption method based on the random sequence generated from the generalized information domain and permutation–diffusion architecture is proposed. The random sequence is generated by reconstruction from the generalized information file and discrete trajectory extraction from the data stream. The trajectory address sequence is used to generate a P-box to shuffle the plain image while random sequences are treated as keystreams. A new factor called drift factor is employed to accelerate and enhance the performance of the random sequence generator. An initial value is introduced to make the encryption method an approximately one-time pad. Experimental results show that the random sequences pass the NIST statistical test with a high ratio and extensive analysis demonstrates that the new encryption scheme has superior security.展开更多
Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)...Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)are required for the highest level of security.TRNG is a significant component in the digital security realm for extracting unpredictable binary bitstreams.Presently,most TRNGs extract high-quality“noise”from unpredictable physical random phenomena.Thus,these applications must be equipped with external hardware for collecting entropy and converting them into a random digital sequence.This study introduces a lightweight and efficient true random number generator(LETRNG)that uses the inherent randomness of a central processing unit(CPU)and an operating system(OS)as the source of entropy.We then utilize a lightweight post-processing method based on XOR and fair coin operation to generate an unbiased random binary sequence.Evaluations based on two famous test suites(NIST and ENT)show that LETRNG is perfectly capable of generating high-quality random numbers suitable for various GNU/Linux systems.展开更多
This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are dis...This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are discussed, along with quantum vulnerabilities in public key infrastructure and symmetric cryptographic algorithms. Other relevant non-encryption-specific areas within cybersecurity are similarly raised. The evolution and expansion of cyberwarfare as well as new developments in cyber defense beyond post-quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution are subsequently explored, with an emphasis on public and private sector awareness and vigilance in maintaining strong security posture.展开更多
True random number generators(TRNG)are important counterparts to pseudorandom number generators(PRNG).especially for high security applications such as cryptography.They produce unpredictable,non-repeatablerandom sequ...True random number generators(TRNG)are important counterparts to pseudorandom number generators(PRNG).especially for high security applications such as cryptography.They produce unpredictable,non-repeatablerandom sequences.However,most TRNGs require specialized hardware to extract entropy from physical phenomena and tend to be slower than PRNGs.These generators usually require post-processing algorithms to eliminate biases but in tun.reduces performance.In this paper.a newpost-processing method based on hyperchaos is proposed forsoftware-based TRNGs which not only eliminates statisticalbiases but also provides amplification in order to improve the performance of TRNGs.The proposed method utilizes the inherent characteristics of chaos such as hypersensitivity to input shanugeri,diffusisn,and csnfusion sapabilities to ushievethese goals.Quantized bits of a physical entropy source areused to perturb the parameters of a hyperchaotic map,which is then iterated to produce a set of random output bits.To de-pict the feasibility of the proposed post-processing algorithm.it is applied in designing TRNGs based on digital audio.Thegenerators are analyzed to identify statistical defects in addition to forward and backward security.Results indicate that the proposed generators are able to produce secure true random sequences at a high throughput,which in turn reflects on the effectiveness of the proposed post-processing method.展开更多
Pseudo-random number generators have always been important in experimental design, computer simulation, cryptography and statistical analysis. This paper presents a method of comparing the degree of independence exhib...Pseudo-random number generators have always been important in experimental design, computer simulation, cryptography and statistical analysis. This paper presents a method of comparing the degree of independence exhibited by various random number generators, a procedure, based on consideration of the largest (in modulus) non-unit eigenvalue of the observed Markov transition matrix, is used to assess the 'randomness' of a random number generator.展开更多
The volume of securely encrypted data transmission increases continuously in modern society with all things connected.Towards this end,true random numbers generated from physical sources are highly required for guaran...The volume of securely encrypted data transmission increases continuously in modern society with all things connected.Towards this end,true random numbers generated from physical sources are highly required for guaranteeing security of encryption and decryption schemes for exchanging sensitive information.However,majority of true random number generators(TRNGs)are mechanically rigid,and thus cannot be compatibly integrated with some specific flexible platforms.Herein,we present a flexible and stretchable bionic TRNG inspired by the uniqueness and randomness of biological architectures.The flexible TRNG film is molded from the surface microstructures of natural plants(e.g.,ginkgo leaf)via a simple,low-cost,and environmentally friendly manufacturing process.In our proof-of-principle experiment,the TRNG exhibits a fast generation speed of up to 1.04 Gbit/s,in which random numbers are fully extracted from laser speckle patterns with a high extraction rate of 72%.Significantly,the resulting random bit streams successfully pass all randomness test suites including NIST,TestU01,and DIEHARDER.Even after 10,000 times cyclic stretching or bending tests,or during temperature shock(-25-80℃),the bionic TRNG still reveals robust mechanical reliability and thermal stability.Such a flexible TRNG shows a promising potential in information security of emerging flexible networked electronics.展开更多
Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consu...Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consumption,and hardware utilization and susceptible to the malicious attackers.In order to overcome this,a lightweight block cipher namely PRESENT architecture is proposed to provide the security against malicious attacks.The True Random Number Generator-Pseudo Random Number Generator(TRNG-PRNG)based key generation is proposed to generate the unpredictable keys,being highly difficult to predict by the hackers.Moreover,the hardware utilization of PRESENT architecture is optimized using the Dual port Read Only Memory(DROM).The proposed PRESENT-TRNGPRNG architecture supports the 64-bit input with 80-bit of key value.The performance of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is evaluated by means of number of slice registers,flip flops,number of slices Look Up Table(LUT),number of logical elements,slices,bonded input/output block(IOB),frequency,power and delay.The input retrieval performances analyzed in this PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture are Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Mean-Square Error(MSE).The PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is compared with three different existing PRESENT architectures such as PRESENT On-TheFly(PERSENT-OTF),PRESENT Self-Test Structure(PRESENT-STS)and PRESENT-Round Keys(PRESENT-RK).The operating frequency of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG is 612.208 MHz for Virtex 5,which is high as compared to the PRESENT-RK.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a low power,truly random number generator (TRNG) based on a simple chaotic map of the Bernoulli shift,which is extended to remain robustness in implementation. The map is realized by switched-current techniques that can fully integrate it in a cryptosystem on a chip. A pipelined architecture post-processed by a simple XOR circuit is used to improve the entropy. The TRNG is fabricated in an HJTC 0.18μm CMOS mixed signal process,and the statistical properties are investigated by measurement results. The power consumption is only 1.42mW and the truly random output bit rate is 10Mbit/s.
文摘This paper proposes a novel single electron random number generator (RNG). The generator consists of multiple tunneling junctions (MTJ) and a hybrid single electron transistor (SET)/MOS output circuit. It is an oscillator-based RNG. MTJ is used to implement a high-frequency oscillator, which uses the inherent physical randomness in tunneling events of the MTJ to achieve large frequency drift. The hybrid SET and MOS output circuit is used to amplify and buffer the output signal of the MTJ oscillator. The RNG circuit generates high-quality random digital sequences with a simple structure. The operation speed of this circuit is as high as 1GHz. The circuit also has good driven capability and low power dissipation. This novel random number generator is a promising device for future cryptographic systems and communication applications.
基金Supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics,Shanghai Branch,University of Science and Technology of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11405172
文摘Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve the generation rate of random numbers significantly. This method compares the detectors' responses to consecutive optical pulses and generates the random sequence. We implement a demonstration experiment to show its simplicity, compactness and scalability. The generated numbers are proved to be unbiased, post-processing free, ready to use, and their randomness is verified by using the national institute of standard technology statistical test suite. The random bit generation efficiency is as high as 32.8% and the potential generation rate adopting the 32× 32 APD array is up to tens of Gbits/s.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(60363087 ,90104005 and 60473023)
文摘Random numbers play an increasingly important role in secure wire and wireless communication. Thus the design quality of random number generator(RNG) is significant in information security. A novel pseudo RNG is proposed for improving the security of network communication. The back propagation neural network(BPNN) is nonlinear, which can be used to improve the traditional RNG. The novel pseudo RNG is based on BPNN techniques. The result of test suites standardized by the U.S shows that the RNG can satisfy the security of communication.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61378011,U1204616 and 11447143the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province under Grant No 2012HASTIT028the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Research Team in University of Henan Province under Grant No 13IRTSTHN020
文摘We propose a biased random number generation protocol whose randomness is based on the violation of the Clauser Home inequality. Non-maximally entangled state is used to maximize the Bell violation. Due to the rotational asymmetry of the quantum state, the ratio of Os to ls varies with the measurement bases. The experimental partners can then use their measurement outcomes to generate the biased random bit string. The bias of their bit string can be adjusted by altering their choices of measurement bases. When this protocol is implemented in a device-independent way, we show that the bias of the bit string can still be ensured under the collective attack.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61178010 and 11374042)the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications(Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications),Chinathe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.bupt2014TS01)
文摘This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generates the initial random number sources from a combination of multiple existing random number sources. A time-to-amplitude converter and multichannel analyzer are used for qualitative analysis to demonstrate that each and every step is random. Furthermore, a carefully designed data acquisition system is used to obtain a high-quality random sequence. Our scheme is simple and proves that the random number bit rate can be dramatically increased to satisfy practical requirements.
文摘In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amplifier,ring oscillators,or comparators.Hence,this research focused more on implementing a Hybrid Nature of a New Random Number Generator.The key objective of the proposed methodology relies on the utilization of True random number generators.The randomness is unpredictable.The additions of programmable delay lines will reduce the processing time and maintain the quality of randomizing.The performance comparisons are carried out with power,delay,and lookup table.The proposed architecture was executed and verified using Xilinx.The Hybrid TRNG is evaluated under simulation and the obtained results outperform the results of the conventional random generators based on Slices,area and Lookup Tables.The experimental observations show that the proposed Hybrid True Random Number Generator(HTRNG)offers high operating speed and low power consumption.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(60373087 and 90104005) Foundation for Doctoral SpecialBranch by Ministry of Education of China(20020486046)
文摘With the rapid development of cryptography, the strength of security protocols and encryption algorithms consumedly relies on the quality of random number. In many cryptography applications, higher speed is one of the references required. A new security random number generator architecture is presented. Its philosophy architecture is implemented with FPGA, based on the thermal noise and linear feedback shift register(LFSR). The thermal noise initializes LFSRs and is used as the disturbed source of the system to ensure the unpredictability of the produced random number and improve the security strength of the system. Parallel LFSRs can produce the pseudo-random numbers with long period and higher speed. The proposed architecture can meet the requirements of high quality and high speed in cryptography.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant Nos 2011CBA00200 and 2011CB921200the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61201239,61205118,11304397 and 61475148the Strategic Priority Research Program(B) of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant Nos XDB01030100 and XDB01030300
文摘How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014)140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.
基金Supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No 2011CBA00304the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 60836001the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program under Grant No 20131089314
文摘A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes from the phenomenon of symmetry breaking in the nSQUID. The experimental circuit is fabricated by the Nb-based lift-off process. Low-temperature tests of the circuit verify the basic function of the proposed TRNG. The frequency characteristics of the TRNG have been analyzed by simulation. The generation rate of random numbers is expected to achieve hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz.
文摘Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this paper, we improve the post-processing stage of TRNGs using a heuristic evolutionary algorithm. Our post-processing algorithm decomposes the problem of improving the quality of random numbers into two phases: (i) Exact Histogram Equalization: it modifies the random numbers distribution with a specified output distribution;(ii) Stationarity Enforcement: using genetic algorithms, the output of (ii) is permuted until the random numbers meet wide-sense stationarity. We ensure that the quality of the numbers generated from the genetic algorithm is within a specified level of error defined by the user. We parallelize the genetic algorithm for improved performance. The post-processing is based on the power spectral density of the generated numbers used as a metric. We propose guideline parameters for the evolutionary algorithm to ensure fast convergence, within the first 100 generations, with a standard deviation over the specified quality level of less than 0.45. We also include a TestU01 evaluation over the random numbers generated.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan“Nano Frontier”Key Special Project(Grant No.2021YFA1200502)Cultivation Projects of National Major R&D Project(Grant No.92164109)+12 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61874158,62004056,and 62104058)the Special Project of Strategic Leading Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB44000000-7)Key R&D Plan Projects in Hebei Province(Grant No.22311101D)Hebei Basic Research Special Key Project(Grant No.F2021201045)the Support Program for the Top Young Talents of Hebei Province(Grant No.70280011807)the Supporting Plan for 100 Excellent Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Hebei Province(Grant No.SLRC2019018)the Interdisciplinary Research Program of Natural Science of Hebei University(No.DXK202101)the Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development(No.521100311)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.F2022201054 and F2021201022)the Outstanding Young Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Hebei University(Grant No.605020521001)the Special Support Funds for National High Level Talents(Grant No.041500120001)the Advanced Talents Incubation Program of the Hebei University(Grant Nos.521000981426,521100221071,and 521000981363)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(Grant Nos.QN2020178 and QN2021026).
文摘The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).However,the speed of TRNG is still be further improved.Here,we propose a reliable Ag/SiNx/n-Si volatile memristor,which exhibits a typical threshold switching device with stable repeat ability and fast switching speed.This volatile-memristor-based TRNG is combined with nonlinear feedback shift register(NFSR)to form a new type of high-speed dual output TRNG.Interestingly,the bit generation rate reaches a high speed of 112 kb/s.In addition,this new TRNG passed all 15 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)randomness tests without post-processing steps,proving its performance as a hardware security application.This work shows that the SiNx-based volatile memristor can realize TRNG and has great potential in hardware network security.
基金Project supported by the Fund from Xi’an High-tech Institute,China
文摘Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlattice and the applied voltage, while the latter is easier to adjust. In this paper, the model of the superlattice is first established. Then, based on this model, the chaotic characteristics of the generated signal are studied under different voltages. The results demonstrate that the onset of chaos in the superlattice is typically accompanied by the mergence of multistability, and there are voltage intervals in each of which the generated signal is chaotic.
文摘A novel image encryption method based on the random sequence generated from the generalized information domain and permutation–diffusion architecture is proposed. The random sequence is generated by reconstruction from the generalized information file and discrete trajectory extraction from the data stream. The trajectory address sequence is used to generate a P-box to shuffle the plain image while random sequences are treated as keystreams. A new factor called drift factor is employed to accelerate and enhance the performance of the random sequence generator. An initial value is introduced to make the encryption method an approximately one-time pad. Experimental results show that the random sequences pass the NIST statistical test with a high ratio and extensive analysis demonstrates that the new encryption scheme has superior security.
基金This work was partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC0832500)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.lzujbky-2021-sp47,lzujbky-2020-sp02,lzujbky-2019-kb51,and lzujbky2018-k12)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61402210).We also gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Jetson-TX1 used for this research.
文摘Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)are required for the highest level of security.TRNG is a significant component in the digital security realm for extracting unpredictable binary bitstreams.Presently,most TRNGs extract high-quality“noise”from unpredictable physical random phenomena.Thus,these applications must be equipped with external hardware for collecting entropy and converting them into a random digital sequence.This study introduces a lightweight and efficient true random number generator(LETRNG)that uses the inherent randomness of a central processing unit(CPU)and an operating system(OS)as the source of entropy.We then utilize a lightweight post-processing method based on XOR and fair coin operation to generate an unbiased random binary sequence.Evaluations based on two famous test suites(NIST and ENT)show that LETRNG is perfectly capable of generating high-quality random numbers suitable for various GNU/Linux systems.
文摘This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are discussed, along with quantum vulnerabilities in public key infrastructure and symmetric cryptographic algorithms. Other relevant non-encryption-specific areas within cybersecurity are similarly raised. The evolution and expansion of cyberwarfare as well as new developments in cyber defense beyond post-quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution are subsequently explored, with an emphasis on public and private sector awareness and vigilance in maintaining strong security posture.
基金supported in part by the Min-istry of Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2019/I1CT05/USM/02/1)Universiti Sains Malaysia(304/PKOMP/6315190)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61702212).
文摘True random number generators(TRNG)are important counterparts to pseudorandom number generators(PRNG).especially for high security applications such as cryptography.They produce unpredictable,non-repeatablerandom sequences.However,most TRNGs require specialized hardware to extract entropy from physical phenomena and tend to be slower than PRNGs.These generators usually require post-processing algorithms to eliminate biases but in tun.reduces performance.In this paper.a newpost-processing method based on hyperchaos is proposed forsoftware-based TRNGs which not only eliminates statisticalbiases but also provides amplification in order to improve the performance of TRNGs.The proposed method utilizes the inherent characteristics of chaos such as hypersensitivity to input shanugeri,diffusisn,and csnfusion sapabilities to ushievethese goals.Quantized bits of a physical entropy source areused to perturb the parameters of a hyperchaotic map,which is then iterated to produce a set of random output bits.To de-pict the feasibility of the proposed post-processing algorithm.it is applied in designing TRNGs based on digital audio.Thegenerators are analyzed to identify statistical defects in addition to forward and backward security.Results indicate that the proposed generators are able to produce secure true random sequences at a high throughput,which in turn reflects on the effectiveness of the proposed post-processing method.
文摘Pseudo-random number generators have always been important in experimental design, computer simulation, cryptography and statistical analysis. This paper presents a method of comparing the degree of independence exhibited by various random number generators, a procedure, based on consideration of the largest (in modulus) non-unit eigenvalue of the observed Markov transition matrix, is used to assess the 'randomness' of a random number generator.
基金This study was financially supported by the funds of the Science Challenging Project(No.TZ2018003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175204,61875178,61805218,and 12104423).
文摘The volume of securely encrypted data transmission increases continuously in modern society with all things connected.Towards this end,true random numbers generated from physical sources are highly required for guaranteeing security of encryption and decryption schemes for exchanging sensitive information.However,majority of true random number generators(TRNGs)are mechanically rigid,and thus cannot be compatibly integrated with some specific flexible platforms.Herein,we present a flexible and stretchable bionic TRNG inspired by the uniqueness and randomness of biological architectures.The flexible TRNG film is molded from the surface microstructures of natural plants(e.g.,ginkgo leaf)via a simple,low-cost,and environmentally friendly manufacturing process.In our proof-of-principle experiment,the TRNG exhibits a fast generation speed of up to 1.04 Gbit/s,in which random numbers are fully extracted from laser speckle patterns with a high extraction rate of 72%.Significantly,the resulting random bit streams successfully pass all randomness test suites including NIST,TestU01,and DIEHARDER.Even after 10,000 times cyclic stretching or bending tests,or during temperature shock(-25-80℃),the bionic TRNG still reveals robust mechanical reliability and thermal stability.Such a flexible TRNG shows a promising potential in information security of emerging flexible networked electronics.
基金supported by the Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund(XMUMRF)(Grant No:XMUMRF/2019-C3/IECE/0007).
文摘Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consumption,and hardware utilization and susceptible to the malicious attackers.In order to overcome this,a lightweight block cipher namely PRESENT architecture is proposed to provide the security against malicious attacks.The True Random Number Generator-Pseudo Random Number Generator(TRNG-PRNG)based key generation is proposed to generate the unpredictable keys,being highly difficult to predict by the hackers.Moreover,the hardware utilization of PRESENT architecture is optimized using the Dual port Read Only Memory(DROM).The proposed PRESENT-TRNGPRNG architecture supports the 64-bit input with 80-bit of key value.The performance of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is evaluated by means of number of slice registers,flip flops,number of slices Look Up Table(LUT),number of logical elements,slices,bonded input/output block(IOB),frequency,power and delay.The input retrieval performances analyzed in this PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture are Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Mean-Square Error(MSE).The PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is compared with three different existing PRESENT architectures such as PRESENT On-TheFly(PERSENT-OTF),PRESENT Self-Test Structure(PRESENT-STS)and PRESENT-Round Keys(PRESENT-RK).The operating frequency of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG is 612.208 MHz for Virtex 5,which is high as compared to the PRESENT-RK.