Estimation of random errors for lidar based on noise scale factor

Estimation of random errors, which are due to shot noise of photomultiplier tube(PMT) or avalanche photodiode(APD) detectors, is very necessary in lidar observation. Due to the Poisson distribution of incident electrons, there still exists a proportional relationship between standard deviation and square root of its mean value. Based on this relationship,noise scale factor(NSF) is introduced into the estimation, which only needs a single data sample. This method overcomes the distractions of atmospheric fluctuations during calculation of random errors. The results show that this method is feasible and reliable.

TESTING OF CORRELATION AND HETEROSCEDASTICITY IN NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODELS WITH DBL(p,q,1) RANDOM ERRORS

Chaos theory has taught us that a system which has both nonlinearity and random input will most likely produce irregular data. If random errors are irregular data, then random error process will raise nonlinearity （Kantz and Schreiber （1997））. Tsai （1986） introduced a composite test for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in linear models with AR（1） errors. Liu （2003） introduced a composite test for correlation and heteroscedasticity in nonlinear models with DBL（p, 0, 1） errors. Therefore, the important problems in regression model axe detections of bilinearity, correlation and heteroscedasticity. In this article, the authors discuss more general case of nonlinear models with DBL（p, q, 1） random errors by score test. Several statistics for the test of bilinearity, correlation, and heteroscedasticity are obtained, and expressed in simple matrix formulas. The results of regression models with linear errors are extended to those with bilinear errors. The simulation study is carried out to investigate the powers of the test statistics. All results of this article extend and develop results of Tsai （1986）, Wei, et al （1995）, and Liu, et al （2003）.

EFFECTS OF RANDOM ERRORS ON THE SIDELOBE FOR THE LINEAR ARRAY

The effects of statistically dependent random errors on the sidelobe are analyzed for the linear array. It is shown that the random errors cause a rise in the sidelobe level. The simple formulas can also be obtained for the case of independent random errors.

Effect of random phase error and baseline roll angle error on eddy identification by interferometric imaging altimeter

To achieve better observation for sea surface,a new generation of wide-swath interferometric altimeter satellites is proposed.Before satellite launch,it is particularly important to study the data processing methods and carry out the detailed error analysis of ocean satellites,because it is directly related to the ultimate ability of satellites to capture ocean information.For this purpose,ocean eddies are considered a specific case of ocean signals,and it can cause significant changes in sea surface elevation.It is suitable for theoretical simulation of the sea surface and systematic simulation of the altimeter.We analyzed the impacts of random error and baseline error on the sea surface and ocean signals and proposed a combined strategy of low-pass filtering,empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition,and linear fitting to remove the errors.Through this strategy,sea surface anomalies caused by errors were considerably improved,and the capability of satellite for capturing ocean information was enhanced.Notably,we found that the baseline error in sea surface height data was likely to cause inaccuracy in eddy boundary detection,as well as false eddy detection.These abnormalities could be prevented for"clean"sea surface height after the errors removal.

ON DESIGN METHOD OF THE PRECISION CAM PROFILE WITH RANDOM PROCESSING ERRORS

Based on probability and statistic, a design method of precision cam profileconcerning the influence of random processing errors is advanced. Combining the design with theprocess, which can be used to predict that cam profiles will be successfully processed or not in thedesign stage, design of the cam can be done by balancing the economization and reliability. Inaddition, an fuzzy deduction method based on Bayers formula is advanced to estimate processingreasonable of the designed precision cam profile, and it take few samples.

Error Threshold of Fully Random Eigen Model

Species evolution is essentially a random process of interaction between biological populations and their environ- ments. As a result, some physical parameters in evolution models are subject to statistical fluctuations. In this work, two important parameters in the Eigen model, the fitness and mutation rate, are treated as Gaassian dis- tributed random variables simultaneously to examine the property of the error threshold. Numerical simulation results show that the error threshold in the fully random model appears as a crossover region instead of a phase transition point, and ＆s the fluctuation strength increases the crossover region becomes smoother and smoother. Furthermore, it is shown that the randomization of the mutation rate plays a dominant role in changing the error threshold in the fully random model, which is consistent with the existing experimental data. The implication of the threshold change due to the randomization for antiviral strategies is discussed.

A Radiotherapy Treatment Margin Formula When Systematic Positioning Errors are Relatively Small Compared to Random Positioning Errors: A First-Order Approximation

A radiotherapy treatment margin formula has been analytically derived when a standard deviation (SD) of systematic positioning errors Ʃis relatively small compared to an SD of random positioning errors σ. The margin formula for 0 ≤ Ʃ≤ σwas calculated by linearly interpolating two boundaries at Ʃ= 0 and Ʃ= σ, assuming that the van Herk margin approximation of k1Ʃ+ k2σis valid at Ʃ= σ. It was shown that a margin formula for 0 ≤ Ʃ≤ σmay be approximated by k1σ+ k2Ʃ, leading to a more general form of k1 max(Ʃ,σ) + k2 min(Ʃ,σ) which is a piecewise linear approximation for any values of Ʃand σ.

THE APPLICATION OF RANDOM METRIC SPACE IN ERROR ESTIMATE

Throughout this paper,let(Ω,ι,μ)be a probability space,D the collection of allleft-continuous distribution functions,and D^+={F(0)=0|F∈D},and L(Ω)the collec-tion of all random variables which is a.s.finite on Ω,and L^+={ξ≥0 a.s.|ξ∈L(Ω)}.For random metric (normed) spaces,see [1]or[2].Theorem 1 Let(M,d)be a complete metric space f:M→M,a contract mappingwith contract coefficient α∈[0,1),L(Ω,m)the collection of all M-valued random vari-

THE LAW OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM OF RANDOM WEIGHTING APPROXIMATION FOR MEAN ERROR──NON．I．I．D．SITUATION

For the dislribulion if mean error under independent but not identicallydislribuled conditions. its approximating dislribution whose precision reachO is obtained.

Effects of systematic phase errors on optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm

This study investigates the effects of systematic errors in phase inversions on the success rate and number of iterations in the optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm. Using the geometric description of this algorithm, a model of the algorithm with phase errors is established, and the relationship between the success rate of the algorithm, the database size, the number of iterations, and the phase error is determined. For a given database size, we obtain both the maximum success rate of the algorithm and the required number of iterations when phase errors are present in the algorithm. Analyses and numerical simulations show that the optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm is more robust against phase errors than Grover＇s algorithm.

USING ERROR-CORRECTING ENCODERS TO DESIGN LOCAL-RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATORS

This paper proved the statement that a good linear block encoder is in fact a good local-random sequence generator. Furthermore, this statement discovers the deep relationship between the error-correcting coding theory and the modern cryptography.

随机误差传递的高空气象秒级数据快速校验方法

【目的】为保证气象预报结果的准确性。【方法】提出了考虑随机误差传递的高空气象秒级数据快速校验方法。对高空气象秒级数据进行预处理,包括数据中心化处理、特征点提取。数据中心化的处理方式为实施各组数据的加权平均处理,获得新的数据组作为基准数据;特征点提取使用的处理方法为遍历法,需要遍历全部数据点。考虑数据获取过程中的随机误差传递情况,对预处理后的高空气象秒级数据实施空间一致性检查、内部一致性检查。应用集合经验模态分解EEMD(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition)算法与对比源反演CSI(Contrast Source Inversion)算法构建基于CSI-EEMD的高空气象秒级数据快速校验模型,实施数据得到快速校验。【结果】测试结果表明,该方法能够实现4个气象站数据的快速校验,校验结果的均方根误差与平均绝对误差均低于0.1,实现了数据的质量控制。【结论】将该方法应用于气象站数据校验中,可以实现精准度的数据校验,具有一定的实用价值。

一种光学陀螺随机误差在线补偿方法

光学陀螺随机误差在线补偿方法通常先离线建立随机误差模型,再利用Kalman滤波在线补偿随机误差。受陀螺仪自身性能稳定性以及外界环境的影响,离线建立的随机误差模型应用于在线补偿时会出现偏差;外界环境变化导致量测噪声统计特性具有时变性,不满足Kalman滤波必须已知噪声先验统计的要求,这2个因素均会降低随机误差的在线估计精度。提出一种基于自适应滤波的随机误差在线补偿方法。通过引入虚拟噪声,将随机误差模型偏差的影响归结为时变虚拟系统噪声;进而利用渐消记忆时变噪声估值器,对虚拟系统噪声和量测噪声的统计特性进行估计与修正,消除随机误差模型偏差及量测噪声时变的影响。试验结果表明,所提方法可以实现对随机误差的高精度在线补偿,具有一定工程应用价值。

基于ECOC平衡随机森林的雷达降水粒子分类

针对数据不平衡情况下的降水粒子分类问题,提出了一种基于纠错输出码(error correcting output code,ECOC)平衡随机森林的双偏振气象雷达降水粒子分类方法。首先,将多类别降水粒子数据集编码为多个二分类数据集;然后,对二分类数据集进行有放回的平衡重采样,构建多棵分类回归树;最后,利用所有的分类回归树联合进行降水粒子分类。对实测数据的处理结果表明,所提方法能够在保证总体准确率较高的情况下,大幅提高少数类的分类效果。

基于红外传感器的多无人机对高速飞行器协同定位跟踪方法综述

为了实现高精度远距离稳定定位与跟踪,多无人机搭载红外传感器对高速飞行器的定位跟踪方法成为研究热点。就此背景进行了综合评述,以相关技术难点及关键技术为切入点,分析了瞬时定位和动态跟踪问题的研究现状和发展方向。在瞬时协同定位方面,首先对目标瞬时定位的算法进行了分析对比,然后对造成定位误差的影响因素进行分析并探讨了误差补偿方法,最后针对传感器资源优化,讨论了能够使计算结果最优的传感器分布阵型。在动态跟踪方面,首先探讨了时间不同步问题对目标跟踪的影响及补偿方法,然后对目标运动学建模的问题进行了分析,最后对最优估计问题中各种滤波算法的应用进行对比。综述表明,无人机搭载红外传感器对高速飞行器进行定位和跟踪,存在误差来源多、相对运动速度快的技术难点,需要特别关注定位算法、误差来源及最优估计算法的影响,以尽可能实现稳定跟踪。

Errors-in-variables模型的参数估计

介绍了Errors_in_variables模型 ,利用Fisher得分算法 ,给出了在自变量的随机影响因素和因变量的随机影响因素相互独立和无重复测量数据情况下Errors_in_variables模型参数估计的迭代公式 .

考虑配电线路参数误差的相间故障测距方法

针对配电线路参数误差对相间故障测距结果的影响,提出了一种基于随机森林算法的相间故障测距方法。首先,选取并介绍了4种典型的双端测距基础算法,通过分析建立了参数误差、测量误差与测距结果的关联关系,结果发现该关联关系具有非线性且难于显性解析表达的特点。然后,通过建立随机森林模型,构建了以基础算法测距结果为输入,以精确故障位置为输出的非线性模型,表征参数误差、测量误差与测距结果的非线性关系,实现相间故障测距。最后,数字仿真验证了所建模型测距精度高,不受线路参数误差、故障位置、故障起始角等因素的影响,且适用于含高渗透分布式电源的配电网,具有泛化能力和实用价值。

基于CRF的中文语法错误诊断系统的实现与应用

随着中国国际影响力的提高和汉语国际地位的提升,将中文作为第二语言学习的外国人数量逐年增加,中文已成为世界上最为流行的语言之一。基于此,中文语法错误诊断的研究备受关注。首先,从中文语法错误诊断的定义出发,总结目前的研究现状。其次,通过对各种中文语法错误诊断方法的分析,构建了基于条件随机场的中文语法错误诊断系统,探究中文语法自动检错系统及其具体应用流程,以帮助中文学习者提高学习效率。在CGED2016数据集上的实验结果表明,该系统在检测层和识别层上的性能较好,在位置层上还需要改进。

无回答与计量误差叠加时总体方差的校准估计

非抽样误差是一种系统误差,在概率抽样、非概率抽样和全面调查中都可能存在,对统计数据质量和估计结果都会造成重要影响。当前对非抽样误差视角下有限总体参数估计方法的研究存在不足,对多种非抽样误差叠加时总体方差估计的研究也比较少。文章基于校准估计方法讨论了在两种非抽样误差同时存在的情况下,分层随机抽样中有限总体方差的估计问题。针对无回答和计量误差叠加存在的情形,提出了一种改进的总体方差校准估计量。在此基础上,考察了所提校准估计量的统计性质,并推导了其偏差和均方误差的一阶近似数学表达式。模拟研究和真实数据结果均显示,所提校准估计量相比Singh的校准估计量总是更有效的。