Effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam as seed treatments on the early seedling characteristics and aphid-resistance of oilseed rape

Seed treatments with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were evaluated to determine whether the chemicals at effective concentrations for aphid control would influence the germination and early growth of oilseed rape,Brassica napus.Treatment with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam did not affect the cumulative germination rate,but significantly inhibited establishment potential by suppressing root system development in the cotyledon stage.However,these alterations in seedling development in the thiamethoxam-treated seeds appeared not to be detrimental as leaves developed;in contrast,for the seedlings with imidacloprid as seed treatment agent,a significantly decreased shoot/root ratio was still evident at the late two-leaf stage.After two leaves developed,chlorophyll content per leaf in the thiamethoxam treatment was significantly higher than that of the control,while chlorophyll content per leaf in the imidacloprid treatment remained close to that in the control.Most other parameters,i.e.,height,leaf area,weight of stem,leaf or root,and other growth indexes,between the treatments and the control showed no significant difference.Additionally,it was found that storage time of the treated seeds had a significant effect on cumulative germination rate.Treatment 30 d before planting significantly reduced germination relative to that of the control.All of the plants treated with neonicotinoids were shown to have significant anti-aphid characteristics that persisted until the end of the trial.

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting （RFRH） planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons （2012-2013 and 2013-2014）to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 （I1）, 60 mm （I2） and 120 mm （I3） with RFRH planting pattern and a control （CK） irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter （ADM）, nitrogen nutrition index （NNI）, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.

Responses of Seed Yield and Economic Benefit of Winter Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.) to Different NPK Ratio and Dose

Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2010 to investigate the effects of NPK fertilization on seed yield and economic benefit of a new hybrid cultivar of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)- Xiangzayou763,and to determine the optimum NPK ratio and dose in Hunan,China.The results showed that NPK ratio(1:0.50:0.50) with 180 kg/hm2 N,90 kg/hm^2 P_2O_5 and 90 kg/hm^2 K_2O was the optimum combination for the highest seed yield(2 231.13 kg/hm2) and economic benefit(9 816.97 Yuan/hm^2),of which 1 641.23 Yuan/hm^2 being set for fertilizer investment(VCR=4.11).Besides,the effects of N,P and K fertilizers on seed yield and oil production of winter oilseed rape were not identical.N had the greatest effect on plant growth of winter oilseed rape,followed by P and K.Total leaf number,green leaf number,leaf length and width,rhizome diameter,branch number,dry weight per plant and other agronomic characters in high N treatments were higher than those in low N treatments.By correlation and path analysis of yield components,the contribution rate to seed yield was found:effective silique number per plant>seed number per silique>1 000-seed weight.

Mechanical Harvesting Effects on Seed Yield Loss,Quality Traits and Profitability of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Seeding Density on Plant Growth and Seed Yield of Direct-seeding Rape

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of different N application rates and densities on the growth and development of direct-seeding rape as well as on its yield.[Methods] A field experiment was carried out by setting five N fertilizer treatments and three density levels.[Results] Increasing seeding density and N application rate could improve the seed yield of rape. The suitable N application rate for the three densities were calculated using the fitted fertilizer efficiency models, respectively, to be 186.77, 221.35 and 236.14 kg/hm^2, at which the yields were the highest. The results showed that in this area, the seeding density of direct-seeding rape could be selected in the range of 6.0×10^5-7.5×10^5 plants/hm^2, and the suitable N application rate could be in the range of 221.35-236.14 kg/hm^2.[Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for the maximization of spatial resource and efficient utilization of fertilizer.

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

中国油菜种业发展现状与对策研究

油菜种业作为食用油产业链上游的关键链条,其稳定健康发展对于保障我国植物油供给安全至关重要。该文从品种选育与保护、种子生产与推广、种子市场规模等方面对我国油菜种业发展现状进行全面阐述,深刻分析我国油菜种业发展存在的优异种质资源创新利用不足、突破性新品种缺乏、现有育种技术落后等问题,并从加大优异种质资源挖掘与创新利用、加快突破性新品种选育、加速现代油菜育种技术跨越式发展等方面提出推动我国油菜种业发展的政策建议。

Effects of harvesting method and date on yield loss and seed quality of rapeseed

China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.

油菜“宽垄间距-垄作垄收”机械化生产试验研究

为研究“普通平作”模式与“宽垄间距-垄作垄收”模式对油菜主要农艺性状及产量性状的影响,为探究油菜机械化生产的最佳种植模式提供技术参考,以重庆市农业科学院水稻研究所提供的庆油3号为材料,测定“普通平作”与“宽垄间距-垄作垄收”两种种植模式下油菜机械化生产的主要农艺性状及产量性状,并比较两种种植模式的经济效益。结果表明:“普通平作”模式虽然单位面积有效株数多于“宽垄间距-垄作垄收”模式,但“宽垄间距-垄作垄收”模式种植的油菜产量性状更优,损失量和损失率更低,经济效益更高,更适合机械化收获。两种种植模式的主要农艺性状差别不大,但单位面积产量与经济效益存在明显差异,选择适宜的农机农艺融合模式进行机械化生产可获得高产高效。

微量元素在油菜种子引发中的调控作用及实用性

为了提高油菜(Brassica napus L.)种子活力以增强种子萌发和幼苗阶段的抗逆性,试验通过响应面分析方法对不同微量元素组合间效应进行比较分析,得出对油菜种子活力提升效果最佳的元素组合,并进一步验证了该组合对不同油菜品种生长发育和最终产量的影响。结果表明,Se(5.0 mg/L)、B(5.0 mg/L)、Zn(100.0 mg/L)、Mo(1.0 mg/L)对油菜种子萌发均具有明显的促进作用;响应面分析得出最佳微量元素配比组合为Se(6.7 mg/L)+B(7.5 mg/L)+Zn(82.3 mg/L)+Mo(4.6 mg/L),在此配比组合处理下,幼苗期可溶性蛋白质的累积量提高且幼苗的抗逆性也有明显增强;不同品种中的应用试验证明该配比组合处理可显著提高其单株产量(P<0.05)。

光照强度和氮水平对油菜种子萌发特性的影响

以油菜为实验材料,采用3种光照水平(L1、L2和L3分别为100%、45%和25%光照)和3种氮素水平(N1、N2和N3分别为0.4%、0.8%和1.6%NH 4 NO_(3))的双因素实验,研究光、氮及其互作对油菜种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在相同光照条件下,油菜种子的发芽率随着氮浓度的增加先上升后下降,0.8%氮浓度处理的种子发芽率最高。(2)种子发芽势随着氮浓度的增加呈现下降趋势,在相同光照强度处理下,1.6%氮浓度处理的种子发芽势显著低于其他两处理组(P<0.05)。(3)在L1、L2光照条件下,发芽指数随着氮浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而L3光照条件下,发芽指数随着氮浓度的升高呈现下降的趋势;在相同光照条件下,以1.6%氮浓度的种子发芽指数最低,显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05)。(4)在L1光照下,种子的活力指数随着氮浓度的增加而逐渐下降,以1.6%氮浓度处理组最低,显著低于其他两个处理组(P<0.05);在L2、L3光照处理下,种子活力指数随着氮浓度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,种子活力指数以1.6%氮浓度处理组最低,显著低于其他两个处理组(P<0.05);以0.8%氮浓度处理组最高,但与0.4%氮浓度处理组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:适当的遮光有利于油菜种子的萌发,高浓度的氮素水平会降低油菜种子的发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数从而影响种子的发芽,光强和氮浓度交互作用显著影响油菜种子活力指数。

长江中游地区不同钾肥用量对油菜生物量、产量和养分吸收利用的影响

2021~2022年在长江中游地区湖北省武汉市江夏区开展田间试验,研究不同氯化钾施用量对油菜苗期及成熟期生物量、产量和养分吸收分配的影响。试验设置6个氯化钾施用量处理,分别为K_(0)(K_(2)O 0 kg/hm^(2))、K_(30)(K_(2)O30 kg/hm^(2))、K_(60)(K_(2)O 60 kg/hm^(2))、K_(90)(K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))、K_(120)(K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2))和K_(150)(K_(2)O 150 kg/hm^(2))。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着钾肥用量的提高,油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位生物量和产量显著增加,其中最高增产量和增产率分别为1199.6 kg/hm^(2)和57.2%。当施钾量超过120 kg/hm^(2)后油菜生物量和产量均不再显著增加。油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位钾含量随着钾肥用量的增加而显著提高,氮含量均无显著变化,但成熟期籽粒中的磷含量随着施钾量的提高而显著增加。钾肥偏生产力随着钾肥用量的提高而显著降低,但钾肥农学利用率、生理利用率、表观利用率以及收获指数均在施钾量为90 kg/hm^(2)时达到最大,随后逐渐减小。经济效益分析表明施钾量为120 kg/hm^(2)时产投比和净收入达到最大,再继续增加钾肥用量经济效益反而会降低,结合线性加平台方程拟合结果该地区实现经济效益最大化的推荐施钾量为114.6 kg/hm^(2)。综上,合理施用钾肥能够显著提升油菜生物量、氮、磷和钾等养分积累量,提升株高、一级分枝数和角果数,实现增产和最大经济效益。

水稻—油菜轮作模式下稻套油栽培技术

油菜是重要油料作物之一,水稻套播油菜作为稻油轮作生产的一项重要农业技术,对提高粮油产量,实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文分析了稻套油模式的优势以及栽培技术要点,为推广油稻轮作栽培技术提供参考。

制种油菜杂株铲齿式拔除试验台设计与试验

针对目前人工拔除油菜杂株耗时、费力的情况,设计了一种铲齿式末端执行器,并搭建了试验台,可实现机械化杂株拔除作业。基于PLC的试验台控制系统包含硬件与软件两部分,可通过触摸屏设置作业参数、显示与记录数据,实现自动化杂株拔除作业。试验表明:试验台配合铲齿式末端执行器能够顺利进行制种油菜杂株机械化、自动化拔除作业,运行可靠且满足制种油菜田农艺要求,控制系统具有操作简单、效率高、使用成本低等优点。

不同光质对吉定黄籽油菜生长发育影响初探

为研究不同光质对西藏白菜型黄籽油菜生长发育的影响,以西藏地方品种,吉定黄籽油菜为实验材料,播种于盛有有机质、腐殖酸混合基质的花盆中,并置于7种不同的光质下进行培养:荧光灯(FL)、LEDs蓝光(B)、LEDs红光(R)、LEDs白光(W)、LEDs绿光(G)以及不同LEDs红、蓝配比光质(RB2:1;3:1)。结果表明,LEDs绿光处理,油菜株高最高,为5.95 cm,荧光灯处理株高为4.75 cm,属最低;单色光(红光、绿光、蓝光、白光)处理的幼苗高度、生长速率、根长、株高等指标均大于在复合光质处理的幼苗;而干鲜重、叶绿素的含量、蛋白质含量、叶面积等指标复合光质处理下高于单色光处理的油菜幼苗。由此可见,油菜营养物质的合成与积累与光质有关,且单色光不适合油菜幼苗的生长。

紫云英与油菜混播还田对湘南稻田的影响

为探究湘南地区稻田中紫云英与油菜混播对后茬水稻产量以及土壤养分的影响,本试验设置6个处理,分别为冬闲(CK)、单播紫云英(LF01)、单播油菜(LF02)和紫云英油菜混播(LF03—LF05),对比分析各处理组绿肥生物量、后茬水稻产量及土壤理化性状等。结果表明,紫云英与油菜混播处理的绿肥生物量明显高于单播处理,其中紫云英播种量22.5 kg/hm^(2),油菜播种量3.0 kg/hm^(2)(LF04)时效果最佳,较紫云英单播和油菜单播分别增加120.9%和39.3%;同时LF04处理较CK处理后茬水稻产量增加17.5%;土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提升了9.6%、8.1%、7.5%和9.6%。在湘南地区,相比紫云英、油菜单独播种,紫云英与油菜混播能够有效提高后茬水稻产量、改善土壤肥力,是一种有效的种植模式,适宜在该地区推广。

饲料油菜在新疆南北部不同模式下的产量及品质分析

【目的】研究饲料油菜在新疆南北部正播、复播模式和不同采收次数下的生物产量及品质。【方法】以甘蓝型油菜饲油2号为研究对象,分别在新疆南北部正播、复种栽培试验,分析不同模式下饲料油菜的生物产量构成及品质指标含量变化。【结果】新疆南部复播模式下,饲料油菜生长92 d时,株高为1.47 m,单株鲜重0.77 kg,鲜草的生物量为7923 kg/667m^(2),粗蛋白含量高达20%,粗纤维和灰分含量分别为21%和14.5%,饲用品质好;新疆北部种植区,复播种植饲料油菜89 d,株高为0.91 m,单株鲜重0.3 kg,鲜草产量为4978 kg/667m^(2),粗蛋白含量为14.9%,纤维和灰分含量分别为14.1%和12.5%,利于消化吸收,但部分营养品质指标低于其他种植模式。正播种植模式下饲料油菜的产量较低,第一茬鲜草产量为1243 kg/667m^(2),粗脂肪含量高达3.6%,植株成熟度高,鲜草纤维化程度高,饲用品质差。第二茬鲜草粗蛋白含量为15.9%,灰分含量为21%,粗纤维含量为18.6%,鲜草产量最低,为311 kg/667m^(2)。【结论】新疆南北部均采用复播模式,并在植株成熟后尽早收获,整个生育期以90 d为宜。

稻油兼用型成条飞播装置设计与试验

针对水稻和油菜飞播普遍采用漫撒播方式而造成的落种散乱无序等问题,设计了一种可同时适应水稻和油菜条播农艺要求的无人机播种装置。以成条飞播排种系统的兼用化、轻量化、电驱化和模块化为设计目标,采用电驱、工作长度可调的外槽轮组件作为排种器,以舵机带动连杆驱动的自动折叠导种管为投种部件,通过台架试验、场地泥盒飞播试验和田间试验3种方式,确定结构参数和工作参数并验证作业效果。试验结果表明,排种系统在排种电机额定转速及扭矩范围内,能够满足5 m/s以内飞行速度下,油菜播量6~7.5 kg/hm~2、杂交稻播量15~45 kg/hm~2及常规稻播量60~105 kg/hm~2的农艺要求,且各行一致性变异系数、总排量一致性变异系数等性能参数优于行业标准要求,在作业高度1 m、作业速度4 m/s时,泥盒中油菜和水稻种子平均条带宽度分别为6.7、3.8 cm,播后30 d田间幼苗成条效果明显。

氮磷钾肥对旱地和水田油菜产量及养分利用的影响差异

氮磷钾肥施用是农业生产中的重要增产措施,旱-旱和水-旱周年复种轮作是我国长江流域冬油菜的主要种植模式。为探究氮磷钾养分对不同轮作油菜产量和养分吸收利用的影响及其差异,于2017—2020年在湖北省沙洋县连续3年开展田间定位试验,采用旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)和水田油菜(水稻-油菜)2种轮作模式,各轮作分别设置氮磷钾(NPK)、不施氮(–N)、不施磷(–P)和不施钾(–K)4个处理,分析了油菜籽产量、产量构成和养分吸收情况,并对肥料利用率和土壤养分供应能力进行了评估。3年试验的平均结果表明,与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K处理的旱地油菜分别减产68.4%、89.6%和7.0%;水田油菜分别减产71.0%、84.7%和6.4%。对产量构成因子进一步分析发现,无论是旱地油菜还是水田油菜,施肥对角果数影响最大,其次是每角粒数,对千粒重影响最小。与NPK处理相比,旱地和水田油菜的角果数因缺氮、缺磷和缺钾分别减少61.6%和52.0%、82.0%和67.8%、16.2%和19.7%。相同施肥处理的旱地和水田油菜产量及养分吸收均存在显著差异,在–N、–K和NPK处理,旱地油菜产量均高于水田油菜,分别高27.2%、15.9%和16.7%,而–P处理的旱地油菜产量比水田油菜低20.8%;养分积累量趋势与产量相似,除–P处理外,其余3个处理的旱地油菜地上部养分积累量均高于水田,NPK处理的旱地油菜地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别比水田油菜高20.4%、37.3%和4.2%。旱地油菜季的年均土壤本底氮和钾供应量分别比水田高15.0%和20.9%,而磷供应量比水田低39.2%。旱地油菜季氮肥和磷肥回收利用率均高于水田,而钾肥回收利用率低于水田。综上,养分的配合施用显著提高油菜产量和养分利用效率,旱-旱轮作和水-旱轮作油菜产量存在显著差异并受养分种类的影响。与旱地油菜相比,水田油菜种植需格外注重氮肥和钾肥的施用,而旱地油菜较水田油菜则需适当增施磷肥,以针对性地补充土壤缺乏养分和实现油菜高产高效生产。