Study on the Acute Toxicity of Rare Earth Yttrium to Earthworms under the Stress of Leaching Agent Ammonium Sulfate

This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of rare earth ion yttrium under the stress of leaching agent ammonium sulfate （NH4）2SO4. [Method] By using earthworms as indicator organisms of environmental pol ution, acute toxic ef-fects of rare earth yttrium on earthworms under the stress of ammonium sulfate were investigated with filter paper contact method. [Result] Under single stress of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=213.41 mg/L and LC50=322.63 mg/L, respectively. ② Under single stress of ammonium sul-fate, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=13.89 g/L and LC50=15.05 g/L, respectively. ③ In combined treatment of low concentration （10 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal con-centration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=198.65 g/L and LC50=399.85 g/L, respective-ly; in combined treatment of middle concentration （14 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=167.3 mg/L and LC50=256.73 mg/L, respectively; in combined treatment of high concentration （20 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=31.03 mg/L and LC50=127.65 mg/L, respectively. [Conclusion] Low concentration of ammonium sulfate could reduce the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produce certain antagonism against rare earth yttrium; middle concentration ammonium sulfate in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produced relatively sig-nificant synergistic effects; high concentration ammonium sulfate significantly in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms. Compared with ammonium sulfate, dead earthworms exposed to rare earth yttrium were more easily fractured, and living earthworms showed insensitive response to acupuncture.

Anomaly and geochemistry of rare earth elements and yttrium in the late Permian coal from the Moxinpo mine,Chongqing,southwestern China

The rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)of the K2 coal from the Moxinpo mine,Chongqing,were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results show that REY are enriched in the K2 coal,with the average content up to 462 lg/g,much higher than average values of most coals in the world.The REY distribution patterns indicate that the light REY is enriched and show a well-pronounced Eu minimum.The fractionation of individual light-REY is higher than that of the heavy-REY.The REY distribution through the K2 coal seam shows that the top and bottom portion of the coal seam have a lower content of REY than the middle portion.Goyazite and rhabdophane were identified with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersed X-ray spectrometer(SEM-EDX).The REY distributions through the coal seam,SEM-EDX data and the correlation analysis between ash yields and the concentrations have revealed that the REY mainly occurs in the organic matter.The K2 coal is a potential rare-metal resource due to its high REY contents,and the coal ash could be regarded as a new and promising raw material for recovery of REY as a by-product.

Geochemistry of rare earth elements and yttrium in a Ge-poor coal from the Wulantuga ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China

This paper reports data of yttrium and rare earth(REY,or REE if Y is considered)in a Ge-poor(the average value of Ge is 0.57 μg/g)coal from the Wulantuga ore deposit,middle Inner Mongolia,northern China.The contents of yttrium and rare earth in six coal samples of the Wulantuga ore deposit were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The content of yttrium and rare earth in the study area varies from 5.88 to 119.19 μg/g,with an average of 61.85 μg/g,similar to the average value for world coals.The light-REY and heavy-REY enrichments are the two major REY-enrichment types of the Ge-poor coal from the Wulantuga ore deposit,and the top and bottom parts of the coal seam have a higher content of REY than the middle part.The sources of yttrium and rare earth in the Ge-poor coal of Wulantuga may be mainly associated with terrigenous materials and natural waters enriched in yttrium and rare earth.

Rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese deposits from the South China Sea:distribution,composition and resource considerations

Ferromanganese nodules and crusts contain relatively high concentration of rare earth elements（REE） and yttrium（REY）,with a growing interest in exploitation as an alternative to land-based REY resources.On the basis of comprehensive geochemical approach,the abundance and distribution of REY in the ferromanganese nodules from the South China Sea are analyzed.The results indicate that the REY contents in ferromanganese deposits show a clear geographic regularity.Total REY contents range from 69.1×10^-6 to 2 919.4×10^-6,with an average value of 1 459.5×10^-6.Especially,the enrichment rate of Ce content is high,accounting for almost 60% of the total REY.This REE enrichment is controlled mainly by the sorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts.Moreover,the total REY are higher in ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenous origin than of diagenetic origin.Finally,Light REE（LREE） and heavy REE（HREE） oxides of the ferromanganese deposits in the study area can be classified into four grades： non-enriched type,weakly enriched type,enriched type,and extremely enriched type.According to the classification criteria of rare earth resources,the Xisha and Zhongsha platform-central deep basin areas show a great potential for these rare earth metals.

Determination of Trace Impurities of Rare Earth Elements in High Purity Yttrium Oxide by ICPMS

Determination of trace rare earth elements(REEs)in 99. 999% purity yttrium oxide using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric technique (ICPMS) has been developed. Instrumental parameters and factors affecitng analytical results have been studied and then optimized.Samples are analyzed directly following an acid digestion without separation or preconcentration and with limit of detection of 0. 003～0. 02 ng/ml, precision of ±5. 4%(cofficient of variation)and recovery of 90～115%. Correction for isobaric interferences from oxide ions and hydroxide ions is made mathematically. Special internal standard procedures are used to compensate drift in metal:metal oxide ratios and sensitivity. The analytical results of several samples are accurate as compared with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) and spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS).

Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium(REY) Geochemistry of Reefal Limestones in the Ordovician, Tarim Basin, NW China and their Paleoenvironment Implications

This study examines the rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)concentrations of twenty-five samples from the reef outcrop exposed along the Lianglitage Mountain in the Ordovician,Tarim Basin in China.The concentration analysis provides constraints on the paleoenvironment during reef deposition.Based on the detailed sedimentology and petrographic work,we divide the reef facies into four sub-facies:the base facies,reef-core facies,reef-flank facies,and sealing facies.The geochemical data(such as major and trace elements,carbon and oxygen isotopes,and REYs)are further used to study the coeval seawater characteristics as well as potential diagenesis overprints.The result indicated that the diagenesis has little effect on the REY patterns of the reefal limestones.The REY concentrations of the reefal limestones are overall low(ranging from 3.69 to 19.60 ppm,arithmetic mean=10.22 ppm,SD=5.4).The PAAS-normalized REY patterns are consistently flat compared to the typical well-oxidized,shallow marine water patterns.However,the light REE(LREE)depletions,positive La anomalies,negative Ce anomalies and positive Y anomalies,suggest that these reefal limestones are likely an indicative of contemporaneous seawater REY signals.The seawater-like Y/Ho ratios(average at 37.51)further support that REY signals in these limestones are likely a reflection of seawater with little diagenetic modifications.The low Y/Ho ratios presented only in the reef-flank facies and sealing facies are likely a suggestion of detrital contamination.Hence,this study confirms that REY patterns of the limestones at the base facies and reef-core facies can record ancient seawater information,and reefs can be used as a potential geochemical proxy for paleoenvironment studies throughout the Earth’s history.

Investigation of Polyacrylate Anion-Exchangers for Separation of Rare Earth Element Complexes with EDTA

The rare earth complexes with EDTA, Ln(edta), show an unusual sequence of affinity for the anion exchangers. The sorption and chromatographic separation of Y 3+ for Nd 3+ complexes with EDTA was studied by using the strongly basic gel and macroporous polyacrylate anion exchangers, Amberlite IRA 458 and Amberlite 958, and the weakly basic gel polyacrylate anion exchanger, Amberlite IRA 68. The investigations on sorption and separation of rare earth complexes with EDTA on the polyacrylate anion exchangers applied mainly in the environment protection so far indicate that they can be applied in anionexchange separation of lanthanide complexes with aminopolycarboxylic acids. It was shown that the weakly basic polyacrylate gel anion exchanger Amberlite IRA 68 is the most effective in purification of Y 3+ from Nd 3+ in comparison with the strongly basic anion exchangers of this type.

Gasoline Sensor Based on Rare Earth-Doped Indium Oxide with Low Power Consumption

Nanocrystalline indium oxide powders were prepared by microemulsion and then Y2O3 and Nd2O3 doped In2O3 were synthesized separately by impregnation and chemical co-deposition. The structure and morphology were characterized by XRD and TEM, respectively. Gas sensing properties were tested at static state. The results show that homogeneous indium oxide nanopowder with main grain size of 20 nm can be obtained from microemulsion after sintered at 600 ℃ for 1 h. Pure indium oxide gas sensor has higher sensitivity to gasoline than that to ethanol, HCHO, C6H6, NH3, C4H10, but the selectivity is not as well as sensitivity.

Long-Lasting Properties of Rare Earth-Doped Y_2O_2S Phosphors

The aim of this presentation is to report a new result of afterglow materials. The Y 2O 2S∶Ln 3+ (Ln=Sm, Tm) phosphors show bright reddish orange and orange-yellow colors when excited by UV or visible light. The main spectroscopic characterizations of Sm 3+ and Tm 3+ in yttrium oxysulfide and their long-lasting phosphorescence were measured and discussed in this presentation. Their long-lasting phosphorescence can be seen by the naked eyes clearly for about one hour in the dark room after the irradiation light sources were removed. XRD and photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as the luminance decay were used to characterize these long-lasting phosphorescence phosphors. The results of XRD indicate that the products synthesized through the flux fusion method under 1050 ℃ for 6 h have a good crystallization without any detectable amount of impurity phase. Both the PL spectra and luminance decay results reveal that these phosphors have efficient luminescent and good long-lasting properties. We believe that the experimental data gathered in our present work will be useful in finding some new long-lasting phosphors with different colors.

Preparation and Characteristics of Rare Earth Loaded Titanium Dioxide

Composite oxide catalysts Eu/TiO 2, Ce/TiO 2, Y/TiO 2 (RE/TiO 2) were prep ared by impregnation method and characterized by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM and BET. The results indicate that the size of TiO 2 has different effect o n the modification effic iency. The catalytic activity of micron scale TiO 2 increases by 136% and 59% o w ing to the addition of Y and Ce, respectively, while the catalytic activity of n anoscale TiO 2 decreases due to the doping of Y and Ce.

海洋磷酸盐对稀土元素的超常富集作用

通过对西太平洋富稀土深海沉积物研究进一步证实,深海沉积物中稀土元素(REY)的富集与P和Ca密切相关,并与生物磷灰石的发育成正比。西太平洋研究区稀土赋存载体之间的定量关系可表达为:∑REY=0.002×[Al_(2)O_(3)]+0.004×[MnO]+0.057×[P_(2)O_(5)]-235.7(单位为μg/g)。

云南普阳煤矿新近系褐煤中稀土元素的赋存状态

目前对于褐煤中稀土元素(REY)赋存状态的研究还存在较多疑问,主要体现在两个方面:一是褐煤中REY究竟主要赋存于有机质中还是矿物质中?二是褐煤含有较多容易受到酸溶干扰的含氧官能团,在逐级化学提取实验过程中,高比例HCl提取相中的REY究竟来自于碳酸盐、磷酸盐、单硫化物等矿物还是来自于有机质?着眼于此,本文在逐级化学提取这一常规元素赋存状态研究方法的基础上,结合密度分离实验、红外光谱(FTIR)等手段,对普阳煤矿新近系褐煤中REY的赋存状态进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,普阳煤矿M2和M3煤层为极低—中灰、中高—高挥发分、中硫分褐煤,其组成矿物主要为石英、方解石、高岭石、黄铁矿。M2和M3煤层中常量元素以Al和Si为主,其REY配分模式主要为L型和N型,其中M2煤层中REY轻度富集。逐级化学提取实验结果显示M2和M3煤层中的REY主要被HCl浸取,其次被HNO3浸取,同时还有部分REY保留在残渣中,HF对煤中REY的提取率很低(一般<10%)。密度分离实验结果表明REY主要赋存于低密度组分中。红外光谱分析结果显示煤样品经HCl处理后,酚羟基、羟基等含氧官能团增多,可能是经HCl浸取后样品中与酚羟基、羟基点位结合的REY被浸出迁移所致。综合来看,普阳煤矿M2和M3煤层中的REY主要赋存于有机质中,少量赋存于硅酸盐矿物中,碳酸盐、磷酸盐、单硫化物和双硫化物也可能是部分REY的赋存载体。逐级化学提取实验过程中HCl所提取的异常高比例的REY可能主要来自于有机质。

高性能YVO_(4)基稀土杂化发光材料的构建及其能量传递机制

采用溶剂热和离子交换两步实验法,以YVO_(4)为无机基质,2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(TTA)为有机配体,构建了具有核壳结构的YVO_(4)∶Eu^(3+)@YVO_(4)∶Eu^(3+)-TTA稀土杂化发光材料,研究了其高效的发光性能和内部的能量传递机制。结果表明,在621nm的监控波长下,YVO_(4)∶Eu^(3+)@YVO_(4)∶Eu^(3+)-TTA稀土杂化发光材料在280~420nm范围内有两个很强的吸收峰(即V-O峰和TTA特征吸收峰)。YVO_(4)基质通过交换作用能量传递,而TTA有机配体通过分子内能量传递,可将吸收的紫外光能量有效地传递给Eu^(3+),从而实现了Eu^(3+)更高效的可见光(红光)发射。

玉米秸秆生物炭负载羟基磷灰石对稀土钇的吸附特性研究

钇作为高丰度稀土元素,广泛应用于各领域。在离子型稀土开采过程中,稀土母液会扩散至矿区周边水体,造成稀土资源浪费。为找寻高效吸附稀土钇的材料,本研究选用玉米秸秆烧制生物炭(BC),并负载羟基磷灰石制备生物炭复合材料(HAP@BC)。利用SEM、XRD和FTIR对HAP@BC进行表征,单因素吸附实验考察初始Y^(3+)浓度、生物炭投加量、pH、转速及吸附温度等因素对吸附性能的影响,吸附等温线分析其吸附特性,解吸实验考察其循环利用性能。结果表明,相比BC,HAP@BC的吸附量提升了3倍,pH为4.0时有最大吸附量为333.83 mg/g。吸附过程符合Langmuir单分子层吸附模型,且HAP@BC具有良好的循环利用性能,是一种潜在的Y^(3+)高效吸附剂。

稀土钇对无氧铜铸锭组织和性能的影响

采用直读光谱仪、氧氮氢分析仪、显微硬度计和涡流电导率仪等,研究了稀土Y对无氧铜铸锭组织、力学性能和导电性能的影响规律。结果表明,添加稀土Y可以显著降低无氧铜铸坯中O、S、P和Zn等杂质元素的含量;随着稀土Y含量的提高,试验铸锭的晶粒尺寸先增大后减小且分布更均匀,维氏硬度先降低后升高,导电率则先升高后降低。

不同生物炭对Y3+的吸附性能研究

生物炭是一种应用广泛的重金属离子吸附剂,为探寻不同生物炭对钇离子(Y^(3+))高效吸附的条件,以污泥炭(WBC)、猪粪炭(ZBC)和稻壳炭(DBC)3种生物炭以及Y^(3+)为研究对象,采用吸附实验研究不同因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:在生物炭添加量为1.5 g、溶液pH>5时的环境最适于对Y^(3+)的吸附,同时最为经济、吸附效率也最高,温度、初始浓度对Y^(3+)吸附有显著的影响;吸附动力学和等温吸附分析表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,表明该过程为单分子层吸附过程;该研究为稀土Y^(3+)吸附提供合适吸附剂和最佳条件,为离子型稀土矿区矿后修复提供理论支持。

基于高温HF/H_(2)法的YF_(3)∶Yb^(3+),Er^(3+)上转换发光性能增强研究

近年来,稀土材料因其独特的上转换光致发光特性备受关注。采用共沉淀法制备了掺杂Yb^(3+)和Er^(3+)的YF_(3)上转换发光材料。为了提高晶体结晶度和消除氧杂质的影响,采用500℃高温和HF/H_(2)气氛进行脱水除氧处理。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、氧分析仪、红外吸收光谱和荧光光谱等手段进行全面表征。结果表明:经过HF/H_(2)气氛高温脱氧处理的样品具有更高的结晶度和更优异的发光性能,表现出更高的量子产率。揭示了氧杂质对YF_(3)∶Yb^(3+),Er^(3+)上转换发光材料性能的负面影响,而采用高温HF/H_(2)气氛处理是提高发光性能的有效途径,为类似发光材料的研究提供了新思路。

稀土钇生物浸出研究进展

综述稀土钇(Y)在自然界的赋存状态及分布情况、主要的化学提取与生物提取方法,并从稀土钇生物浸出(微生物吸附、微生物代谢物浸取)、稀土钇对微生物的影响等方面探讨稀土钇与微生物之间的关系。生物法提取稀土钇前景广阔,但仍然面临着优势浸矿菌株匮乏、矿物-微生物互作机制尚不明确等诸多问题,在此基础上进一步提出建立高通量浸矿微生物筛选和功能菌种快速识别方法、加强微生物与钇在分子水平上的相互作用机制和微生物对钇元素的选择性浸出研究、推广微生物代谢产物生物浸取,优化原位浸提工艺技术等建议,期望能对我国钇资源的设计开发提供参考。

稀土Y对激光熔覆Inconel 625合金抗高温氧化和热腐蚀性能影响

目的分析稀土Y添加对激光熔覆Inconel 625组织和性能的影响规律,为严苛服役环境条件下的改性Inconel 625合金设计和制备提供借鉴。方法采用真空气雾化工艺,制备含有0.1%(质量分数)Y的IN625-Y粉末,并使用激光熔覆工艺分别制备了IN625和IN625-Y的熔覆试样。对比研究二者在组织和力学性能上的差异,分析稀土Y添加对激光熔覆IN625试样表面氧化膜组成、抗高温氧化、模拟烟气及熔盐热腐蚀性能变化趋势的影响。结果IN625合金和IN625-Y试样的显微组织主要由灰色富含Ni和Cr的γ-Ni基体相和枝晶组成,而IN625-Y试样晶粒组织更为细小,且有少量Laves相析出。IN625-Y和IN625试样的显微硬度分别为(268.8±3.1)HV0.3和(265.2±3.2)HV0.3,屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别从(430.1±20.8)、(753.2±19.1)MPa和(37.6±3.4)%,提升到(433.8±21.8)、(774.8±10.4)MPa和(39.2±1.1)%。激光熔覆IN625-Y试样的高温氧化增重和气氛熔盐条件下的热腐蚀增重速率均小于未添加稀土Y的IN625试样。结论基于稀土Y添加对IN625熔覆组织的晶粒细化和洁净化作用,添加稀土Y能整体提升IN625试样的力学性能。激光熔覆IN625-Y试样表面能形成致密且稳定的Cr_(2)O_(3)氧化膜,具有更强的抗高温氧化性能,能更好地抵御SO_(2)气体及NaCl/Na_(2)SO_(4)熔盐的热腐蚀。