Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Growth Dynamics of Austenite in 60CrMnMo Steel

The growth dynamics of austenite grains was investigated in 60CrMnMo steel with different RE elements. The results show that austenite grains of 60CrMnMo steel can be refined and their growth can be restrained by adding a certain amount of RE. From the experimental results, the values of n and Q were evaluated.

Effect of Rare Earths on Tensile Behavior of Hot Roller Steel 60CrMnMo and Estimation of Roll′s Fatigue Life

The effect of rare earth(RE) on tensile behavior of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo was investigated at the temperature when roll served The roll′s fatigue at 500 ℃ was estimated The results show that elongation δ of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo can be increased by adding RE It is possible to estimate the fatigue life with tensile behavior of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Austenite Growth Dynamics of Steel 9Cr2Mo

The growth dynamics of austenite grain was investigated in steel 9Cr2 Mo with different rare earth(RE)element addition.The results show that austenite grains of steel 9Cr2 Mo can be refined and their growth can be restrained by adding a certain amount of RE.According to the results,the n and Q were calculated and the mechanism of the refinement of austenite grains was discussed.

Heterogeneous Nuclei of Intergrowth Eutectic in Austenite-Bainite Steel Modified by Ce and Al

The nodular eutectic in the austenite bainite steel is pseudo eutectic of austenite and (Fe,Mn) 3C, which is formed between austenite dendrites at the end of the solidification because of the segregation of C and Mn. By thermodynamics calculation, two dimensional lattice misfitting calculation and observations of transmission electron microscope(TEM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM), it is shown that CeO 2 and CeAlO 3 may act as the heterogeneous nuclei of the nodular eutectic.

Modifying Effect of Rare Earths and Titanium on Austenitic Manganese Steel

By means of thermodynamic calculations, optical microscope, sweep electron microscope(SEM), transimssion electron microscope(TEM) and microcomposition detection, the modifying effect of RE and Ti on austenitic manganese steel was investigated The results show that the constitutional supercooling of austenitic manganese steel during solidification can be improved and the dendritic crystals can be grown facilely, melted, isolated and multiplied by adding RE(Ce) In the melt the alloying elements Ti and C can form TiC directly which acts as nucleus of cementite and causes both primary and eutectic cementite to be granulated and refined so that the cementite network in this steel can be eliminated

Micro-alloying of Rare Earths in Heavy Rail Steel

In the present study, heavy rail steel was prepared by the process of vacuum induction furnace smelting, forge work and rolling. Effects of Rare earths (RE) on microstructure and mechanical properties of heavy rail steel were systematically investigated by metallographic microscope, SEM, integrated mechanical testing machine, impact tester and so on. Metallographic analysis shows that, a few of RE can evidently delay the growth of austenite grain and fine pearlite. When the RE content is 0.016%, both annealing and normalizing pearlite laminae distances reach the minimum which is 115 nm (annealing) and 104nm (normalizing), respectively. But when the RE content reaches 0.133%, the annealing and normalizing pearlite laminae distance is respectively increased by 40% and 13%. Mechanical properties tests show that, a few of RE has not notable effect on the strength, but both plasticity and ductility can be improved obviously. When the RE content is 0.016%, both plasticity and ductility reach maximum. The maximum of elongation and reduction of area is 13.3% and 29.0%, respectively. However, when the RE content reaches 0.133%, the strength, plasticity and ductility are decreased. Especially, the low temperature (-40 ℃) and room temperature (20 ℃) ballistic work is respectively decreased by 9% and 24.8%.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Low Frequency Fatigue Cyclic Softening of Hot Rolled Steel 60CrMnMo at High Temperature

The effect of rare earth (RE) on cyclic softening of low frequency fatigue of the hot rolled steel 60CrMnMo at high temperature was investigated. The hardness of specimens before thermal fatigue test and being cycled 180 times from room temperature to 650℃ was compared. The results show that by adding a certain amount of RE in steel 60CrMnMo, the cyclic softening during low frequency fatigue test at high temperature can be restrained considerly. The carbide particles were refined during tempering treatment and the agglomeration and growth of carbide particles can be obstructed during thermal cycle.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Low Frequency Fatigue of Hot Rolled Steel 60CrMnMo at High Temperature

The effect of rare earth(RE) on low frequency high temperature fatigue strength of hot rolled steel 60CrMnMo was investigated. The results show that by adding a certain amount of RE in steel 60CrMnMo, its serviceable life during low frequency fatigue test at high temperature can be improved.The number of cycles for fracture was increased by 18.5%～28.8%. The number of large inclusion particleswas reduced and the composition of inclusions and their shape were changed as well. The strip distances on fatigue fracture surface were decreased. It is concluded that the optimum amount of RE addtion is about 0.05 wt%～0. 10 wt%.

Effect of RE oxide on growth dynamics of primary austenite grain in hardfacing layer of medium-high carbon steel

The flux cored wires with different rare earth oxide additions for hardfacing the workpieces of medium-high carbon steel were developed. The microstrucmre of the hardfacing layer was observed using the optical microscopy. The average dimension of primary austenite grains in hardfacing layer was measured by image analyzer. The primary austenite grain growth activation energy and index were calculated according to Sellars＇s mode and Beck formula, respectively. Moreover, the effect of rare earth oxide on the growth dynamics of primary aus- tenite grain was analyzed, and then discussed with the misfit theory. The experimental results showed that, by adding rare earth oxide, the av- erage dimension of primary austenite grains in hardfacing layer of medium-high carbon steel decreased, and it was the smallest when the ad- dition of rare earth oxide was 5.17 wt.%. Meanwhile, at this rare earth oxide addition, the primary austenite grain growth activating energy in hardfacing layer was the largest, while its index was the smallest. The calculated results indicated that the primary austenite grain could be refined because LaAlO3 as heterogeneous nuclei of γ-Fe was the most effective.

稀土对60CrMnMo钢奥氏体长大动力学的影响

研究了不同稀土加入量对６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学的影响。结果表明，６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢中加入一定量的稀土，能细化奥氏体晶粒并抑制其长大。根据实验结果，对奥氏体晶界迁移激活能（Ｑ）进行了计算，计算表明随稀土加入量增加，Ｑ值亦增加。

高碳稀土钢的微观组织

通过真空感应炉模拟实验,结合金相分析,研究稀土对于高碳重轨钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸和珠光体片层间距等的影响作用。研究表明,随着稀土含量的增加,高碳稀土钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸显著减小,珠光体片层间距先逐渐减小而后开始增大。在本实验条件下,当稀土含量大于0.0050%时,奥氏体晶粒可控制在10μm左右,当稀土含量为0.0061%时,高碳稀土钢的珠光体片层间距达到最小值,分别为0.19μm(正火)和0.26μm(退火)。

稀土和钛对奥氏体中锰钢的变质作用

通过热力学计算、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观测及微观成分分析证明：ＲＥ（Ｃｅ）可加剧奥氏体中锰钢凝固时的成分过冷现象，促进树枝晶的发展、熔断、游离和增殖，提高结晶形核率，有效地细化奥氏体晶粒；Ｔｉ和Ｃ可以直接在液相中反应形成ＴｉＣ，并可作为渗碳体的结晶核心，使一次渗碳体和共晶渗碳体发生粒化和细化，从而避免连续网状碳化物的形成。

稀土对BNbRE重轨钢微观组织的影响

通过实验测定、金相观察和理论分析,系统研究了稀土在BN bRE重轨钢中的赋存状态和存量的变化规律,及其对微观组织的影响作用机制。研究发现,对于BN bRE重轨钢而言,加入大量的稀土并不能增加钢中的固溶稀土含量,固溶稀土含量均保持在0.0012%以下。少量的固溶稀土可以细化BN bRE重轨钢的奥氏体晶粒度和珠光体片层结构。

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性研究

应用变形速率连续可变式热裂纹试验方法（ＶＤＲ法）研究了碳、钼和稀土元素对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性的影响。试验结果表明，降低奥氏体不锈钢熔敷金属中的碳含量并加入适量的钼可显著提高焊缝的抗热裂性能。稀土元素对焊缝的抗热裂性也有显著影响，加入适量稀土能减少焊缝中夹杂物的数量和大小，改变其成分及分布，提高抗裂性。但是如果加入过量，焊缝中会形成大量稀土夹杂物，降低奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的抗裂性。

稀土元素对奥氏体不锈钢焊条熔敷金属组织和性能的影响

在奥氏体不锈钢焊条中,通过在焊条药皮中加入稀土元素,探讨了其对焊条熔敷金属组织和性能的影响。对加稀土前后两种焊条进行了熔敷金属常规拉伸和冲击试验,宏观金相组织分析和冲击断口扫描电镜分析,并对熔敷金属薄片进行了透射电镜分析。结果表明:在奥氏体不锈钢焊条药皮中加入稀土元素,可以细化结晶组织,改变晶界上碳化物的析出形态和分布,并使碳化物的析出数量和颗粒尺寸明显减小,从而净化了奥氏体晶界,提高了其焊条熔敷金属的机械性能。

稀土深层渗碳钢的研究

研究了稀土深层渗碳钢 2 0Cr2Mn2MoRE奥氏体晶粒长大动力学、渗层组织和力学性能 ,并与2 0Cr2Mn2Mo钢进行了比较。结果表明 :钢中加入稀土元素可显著抑制奥氏体晶粒长大 ,改善渗层组织 。

稀土奥氏体热作模具钢的组织和强韧性研究

测试了加稀土元素的奥氏体热作模具钢的组织、强韧性及热稳定性，并利用SEM对冲击断口进行分析。结果表明：该钢具有良好的强韧性和高热稳定性，稀土的加入改善了钢的组织性能，室温冲击韧性超过300J／cm^2，在750℃保温20h的试验条件下，硬度降低1～3HRC，表明试验钢可以运用在高温工作条件下。

稀土对低合金耐磨铸钢铸态显微组织的影响

针对未添加稀土和添加不同量La、Ce稀土的低合金耐磨铸钢铸态试样,采用金相显微镜、QUANTA-400环境扫描电镜和JEM-2100透射电镜对其铸态组织、微观亚结构及原始奥氏体晶粒大小进行观察分析,探讨稀土的作用机理。结果表明,未添加稀土时,试验钢的铸态组织为粒状贝氏体,当La、Ce稀土总量为0.0092%时,有少量下贝氏体出现,随稀土含量增加到0.0320%,下贝氏体量增多,并且有板条马氏体出现;透射电镜观察表明,添加稀土可以增大铸态组织中的位错密度、细化试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒,并使晶粒也更加均匀。

稀土元素Ce对201不锈钢耐腐性的影响

实验以含不同量稀土元素Ce的201不锈钢为研究对象,经由冶炼、锻造、热处理,并用交流阻抗法测试其交流阻抗谱,以研究稀土元素Ce对201不锈钢耐蚀性的影响.经分析得出:在本实验范围内,当稀土Ce的质量分数为0.012%时,其耐蚀性最佳,且其耐蚀性随时间的延长呈先减小后增加的趋势.

Effect of rare earth alloying on creep rupture of economical 21Cr-11Ni-N heat-resistant austenitic steel at 650 ℃

The effect of rare earth（RE） on creep rupture of economical 21Cr-11Ni-N heat-resistant austenitic steel was investigated at 650 °C under different stress levels. It was found that RE could increase the time to creep rupture, especially at long-term creep duration. The logarithm of the time to creep rupture（lgtr） was a linear function of the applied stress（σ）. RE addition was favorable to generating a high fraction of low-coincidence site lattice（CSL） boundaries which was a possible cause for improving the creep rupture resistance. The fracture surface of RE-added steel exhibited less intergranular cracks suggesting the alteration on the nature of grain boundaries due to the presence of RE. RE addition changed the morphology of the intergranular chromium carbides from continuous network shape to fragmentary distribution which was another cause for longer creep duration. These results strongly suggested that the effect of RE alloying played a crucial role in improving the creep rupture resistance.