Effect of Rare Earths on Tempered Martensite Embrittlement of Steel

The mechanical properties of SiMnCr and SiMnMo steels tempered in lowtemperature range were studied. The results show that there is no notable effect of RE on material strength during lowtemperature tempering. There are toughness troughs of tempered martensite embrittlement(TME) at 350 ℃ and 400 ℃ for steel SiMnCr and SiMnMo respectively. RE raises the toughness of TME troughs to some extent by refining grains and restraining embrittlment of austenite grain boundary, although it does not change TME temperature.

EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTO-TEMPERING AND DECOMPOSITION OF MARTENSITE FOR A LOW CARBON Si-Mn-V STEELS

The effect of rare earth metals(REM)on the characteristics of auto-tempering and decomposition of martensite for low-carbon and low-alloy steels(20SiMn2V and 20SiMn2VRE)was investigated using TEM,dilatometer and microhardness test.Results show that both ε.and θ carbides,during auto-tempering, may precipitate from the low-carbon martensite matrix at the same time in the 20SiMn2V steel,however,the precipitation of the ε-carbides can be inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel,resulting in change of the type of precipitated carbides and decrease of the extent of auto-tempering.The“in-situ”ob- servations show that the decomposition of martensite is also inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel during low temperature tempering.

EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH METALS ON MICROSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF LOW OR MEDIUM CARBON Si-Mn-V STEELS DURING QUENCHING AND TEMPERING

The microstruetural transformation of steels:20SiMn2V,20SiMn2VRE,40SiMn2V and 40SiMn2VRE during quenching and tempering have been examined by TEM,X-ray diffraction and dilatometer.It was shown that the addition of rare earth metals not only can refine the austenite grains of the low or medium carbon steels and packet of lath martensite and lath size,lower the M_s temperature,but can also raise the relative percentage of disloca- tion substructure of martensite in medium carbon steel,but there is little effect on volume frac- tion and thermal stability of retained austenite quenching and tempering structure of low or medium carbon steels.The rare earth metals may remarkably inhibit the decomposition of low carbon martensite during low temperature tempering,retard the precipitation of cementite plates in lath grains and delay the spheroidization of carbides.They may also restrain obvious- ly the precipitation and spheroidization of cementite in medium carbon martensite during high temperature tempering.

Overaging Phenomenon of Fe-2% Mn-Sb-Ce Structural Steels during Tempering

The temper embrittlement of Fe-2%Mn-Sb-Ce structure steels was studied by measurements of the ductile-brittle transition temperature and observations by AES and SEM of the fracture surface of isothermally embrittle steel. It shows that Sb and Mn can produce non-equilibrium co-segregation to grain boundaries and bring about the temper embrittlement of Fe-2%Mn-Sb-Ce structure steels. Cerium may reduce the temper embrittlement of the steels and the segregation of cerium to grain boundaries may play an important part in reducing the temper embrittlement of the steels.

Effects of Rare Earths on the Tempering Transformation Kinetics of High Carbon Steel

Effect of rare earth metals (REM) on tempering process and decomposition kinetics of martensite and retained austenite of high carbon steel were investigated by DSC technique,based on the non-isothermal kinetic theory.The result shows that the addition of REM in high carbon steel increases the decomposition temperatures of martensite and retained austenite,decreases the thennal effect values,elevates the activity energies and changes the transformation mechanism.

Effect of rare earth cerium on brittleness of simulated welding heat-affected zones in a reactor pressure vessel steel

The welding coarse-grained heat-affected zones（CGHAZs） in the undoped and Ce-doped samples of SA508CL-3 reactor pressure vessel steel were simulated using a Gleeble 1500 D thermomechanical simulator with a peak temperature of 1320 oC at the heat inputs of 30, 50 and 100 kJ /cm, respectively. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature（DBTT） of the simulated CGHAZs was evaluated along with microstructural and microchemical characterizations. The results indicated that Ce could substantially lower the DBTT of the CGHAZs by its microstructural and microchemical effects. After the thermal cycling of welding, the microstructure in the Ce-doped samples was apparently finer than that in the undoped samples, regardless of the lath bainite obtained at the heat inputs of 30 and 50 kJ /cm or the granular bainite acquired at the heat input of 100 kJ /cm, leading to lower DBTTs for the Ce-doped samples. Moreover, grain boundary segregation of Ce occurred apparently in the Ce-doped samples and exhibited a non-equilibrium characteristic. The segregation of Ce could play an important role in lowering the DBTT of CGHAZs or toughening the CGHAZs.

Effects of rare earth modifying inclusions on the pitting corrosion of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel

In this study,the pitting corrosion behavior of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel(BASE)and that modified with rare earth(REM)in 0.1 mol/L Na Cl solution were characterized.Techniques such as automatic secondary electron microscope(ASPEX PSEM detector),scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),scanning Kelvin probe force microscope(SKP),potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations were employed.The results obtained indicate that BASE steel contains Al_(2)O_(3)/Mn S,Al_(2)O_(3) and Mn S inclusions,while REM steels contain(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O and(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O-S inclusions.Compared with BASE steel,REM steel is more susceptible to induce the metastable pitting nucleation and repassivation,whereas it restrains the transition from metastable pitting to stable pitting.Adding 0.021%rare earth element to BASE steel can reduce the number and area of inclusions,while that of 0.058%can increase the number and enlarged the size of inclusions,which is also the reason that pitting corrosion resistance of 58 REM steel is slightly lower than that of 21 REM steel.In the process of pitting corrosion induced by Al_(2)O_(3)/Mn S inclusions,Mn S is preferentially anodic dissolved,and also the matrix contacted with Al_(2)O_(3) is subsequently anodic dissolved.For REM steels,anodic dissolution preferentially occurs at the boundary between inclusions and matrix,while(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O inclusions chemically dissolve in local acidic environment or are separated from steel matrix.The chemically dissolved substance(La^(3+) and Ce^(3+))of(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O inclusions are concentrated in pitting pits,which inhibits its continuous growth.

油气输送用管线钢组织及性能研究进展

管线钢是石油、天然气输送中用到的一种特殊钢材,其组织和性能是研究者关注的重点。本文综述了油气输送用管线钢组织及性能的最新研究成果,从添加合金元素和稀土、热处理两个维度总结了其对组织和性能的影响。研究发现,添加稀土和合金元素会对管线钢的性能造成不同程度的影响,不同钢级的管线钢的不同热处理工艺对性能的影响也不尽相同,最后展望了管线钢未来发展的方向。

Microstructure characteristics of 12Cr ferritic/martensitic steels with various yttrium

12Cr ferritic/martensitic steels with 0, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt% and 0.3 wt% theoretical yttrium(Y) additions were fabricated by vacuum inducting melting and casting method. Solubilities of Y in the 12Cr steels are0.027, 0.078 and 0.17 for 12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 12Cr-0.3 Y, respectively. Phase transformations and microstructure characteristics under different heat-treatment schedules were investigated. The starting temperature of ferrite-to-austenite transformation A^(c1) are maintained about 850℃, but the finishing temperature of ferrite-to-austenite transformation A^(c3) are about 950, 970, 980 and 1000℃ for 12Cr-0 Y,12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 12Cr-0.3 Y, respectively, which indicates that A^(c3) increases gradually with the addition of Y. Martensite accompanied with a few δ-ferrite is the dominant structure in all the steels. The amount of δ-ferrite shows a strong dependence with the Y content and austenitizing temperature. Area fraction of δ-ferrite increases with the content of Y, which is the ferrite favouring element. The minimum amount of δ-ferrite are achieved at 950℃ for 12Cr-0 Y, 12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 1000℃ for 12Cr-0.3 Y.Besides, more carbides precipitate along the martensite laths and grain boundaries in the Y-bearing steel due to the redistribution of carbon between austenite and ferrite resulting from the ferrite favouring element of Y.

稀土镧对H13模具钢回火稳定性和抗氧化性的影响

本工作研究了稀土镧对H13模具钢在极限服役温度下的回火稳定性和抗氧化性的影响。随着镧元素的质量分数由0%增大至0.570%,H13模具钢在620℃下加热50 h后的硬度降低值先减小后增大,镧含量为0.052%时H13模具钢的回火稳定性最好,这主要是因为碳化物在回火过程中的融合长大受到了抑制。但是,当镧含量达到0.570%时,铁素体的再结晶受到显著抑制,基体组织为粗大的板条状铁素体,导致H13模具钢回火稳定性降低。添加0.052%的镧对长时间加热后的位错密度影响不显著,这说明稀土镧对H13模具钢回火稳定性的影响主要体现在碳化物和铁素体晶粒的演化。另外,随着镧元素的质量分数由0%增大至0.094%,在650℃加热100 h后H13模具钢的氧化层变得更加光滑和致密,氧化层厚度由48.4μm减小至30.6μm。添加镧元素促进了针状氧化物的形成,并减弱了内氧化。

含硅型高铬马氏体耐热钢的回火脆性研究

采用冲击试验、X射线衍射分析、断口和显微组织观察，研究了回火温度和冷却速度对含硅型高铬马氏体耐热钢冲击韧性的影响。研究结果表明，含硅型高铬马氏体耐热钢在400℃以下回火时组织中存在少量残余奥氏体，在450～600℃区间存在高温回火脆性，硬度达到峰值，产生沿晶和准解理混合断裂。分析认为，沿晶界生成的链状碳化D物降低晶界结合强度，以及基体组织中析出的大量细小弥散的碳化物产生二次硬化，两者是回火脆性产生的主要原因。冷却速度通过碳化物析出差异影响基体强度，进而影响钢的冲击韧性。

稀土元素对Si-Mn-V钢淬火、回火过程中组织结构转变的影响

采用透射电镜,X射线,膨胀仪等方法,对含稀土和不含稀土的4种低、中碳Si—Mn-V钢(20SiMn2V;20SiMn2VRE;40SiMn2V和40SiMn_2VRE)进行了淬火、回火过程中组织结构转变的对比试验,结果表明:稀土元素可以细化低、中碳钢的奥氏体晶粒度;降低M_s点;细化马氏体板条束和板条晶尺寸;并增加中碳钢马氏体中位错亚结构的相对比例。而对低、中碳钢淬火回火组织中残余奥氏体的体积和热稳定性影响甚微。稀土元素明显地抑制了低碳马氏体在低温回火过程中的分解,阻碍板条晶内片状渗碳体的析出,并推迟其长大球化过程。稀土元素也明显地抑制了中碳马氏体中高温回火过程中粒状渗碳体的析出和球化过程。

Ce对00Cr17不锈钢冲击韧性及475℃脆性的影响

利用冲击试验、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察研究了不同稀土Ce含量对00Cr17钢冲击韧性及475℃脆性的影响。结果表明,随着钢中Ce含量的增加,00Cr17钢的横向和纵向冲击韧性均先增加后减少,在含0.02%Ce时最大。冲击韧性的改善是由于稀土Ce的加入改变了钢中非金属夹杂的形貌和类型。随着475℃时效时间的增加,不同Ce含量的00Cr17钢的冲击韧性均逐渐减小,并最终趋于零,呈现完全脆性断裂。但在475℃时效时间小于196h时,含Ce钢的冲击韧性高于不含Ce的钢,即减缓00Cr17钢的475℃脆化速度,这是由于稀土Ce的加入抑制了钢中α′相的析出。

镧和铈对Cr13型不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学交流阻抗谱法(EIS)和扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了含镧铈混合稀土对Cr13型马氏体不锈钢在3.5%Na Cl溶液中耐腐蚀性的影响。分析了交流阻抗等效电路图中电化学参数随稀土含量变化的演变规律。结果表明,相比未加稀土的钢,稀土含量为0.034%的钢在溶液中生成的锈层薄、致密且更具保护性;镧铈混合稀土提高了Cr13型不锈钢的耐腐蚀能力。

稀土对9Cr2Mo钢抗回火能力的影响

通过在冷轧辊用９Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢中添加稀土元素，利用全自动膨胀仪研究了稀土元素对其抗回火能力的影响．试验结果证明，稀土元素对钢中碳化物的结构没有影响，但抑制了碳化物的析出过程，提高了其抗回火能力．

Measurement of Residual Stress Field of Hardfacing Metal with RE Oxide and Its Numerical Simulation

The temperature and residual stress fields of a medium-high carbon steel, welded by a cracking resistance electrode with rare earth (RE) oxide, were measured by thermo-vision analyzer and X-ray stress analyzer respectively. Meanwhile, the martensitic transformation temperatures of matrix, hard-face welding (hardfacing) metal welded by conventional hardfacing electrode and that welded by cracking resistance electrode with RE oxide were determined. According to the experimental data and the thermo-physical, mechanical parameters of materials, finite element method (FEM) of temperature and stress fields was established. In this FEM, the effect of martensitic transformation on residual stress of hardfacing metal of medium-high carbon steel was taken into account. The results show that, by adding RE oxide in the coat of hardfacing electrode, the martensitic transformation temperature can be decreased, so that the residual tensile stress on the dangerous position can be decreased. Therefore, the cracking resistance of hardfacing metal can be improved.

RE—B对Si—Mn铸钢强韧性的影响

稀土、硼、稀土—硼加入 Si—Mn 铸钢能够细化铸态组织,遏制或消除针状和网状铁素体,并增加铁素体数量。经高温淬火低温回火,能改善马氏体的亚结构,增加回火碳化物数量,并在马氏体板条间出现残余奥氏体薄膜,从而改善 Si—Mn 铸钢(ZG31Mn2Si)的力学性能,尤其是韧性。

稀土对SiMnCr和SiMnMo结构钢回火脆性的影响

研究了ＳｉＭｎＣｒ钢和ＳｉＭｎＭｏ钢低温回火过程中机械性能的变化。稀土对低温回火时的材料强度没有明显的影响。ＳｉＭｎＣｒ钢和ＳｉＭｎＭｏ钢分别在３５０和４００℃存在ＴＭＥ谷底值；稀土对谷底值的温度虽然没有影响，却可以在一定程度上改善其数值。稀土改善回火脆性是细化晶粒和抑制奥氏体晶界脆化作用的结果。

热处理工艺对高碳稀土贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响

通过对高碳稀土贝氏体钢组织和性能的研究表明：高碳稀土贝氏体钢空冷条件下得到以贝氏体为主的Ｂ／Ｍ复相组织，其中马氏体为板条马氏体和孪晶马氏体的混和组织；而贝氏体为变态下贝氏体组织。实验用钢空冷后经２５０～３００℃回火时具有较好的强韧配合，当回火温度超过３００℃时，产生显著的回火脆性。

稀土Y对30Cr13铸造马氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察不同稀土Y含量30Cr13马氏体不锈钢试样的显微组织,通过萃取试验、X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了不同试样析出相的变化情况,并测试了相关力学性能。研究结果表明:适量的稀土Y添加到30Cr13马氏体不锈钢中,抑制碳化物的析出,可以改善碳化物的网状结构,使碳化物分布更加均匀弥散。但稀土含量继续增多时,碳化物趋于链状分布,同时引起夹杂物增多,导致抗拉强度降低。