Mechanism of Improving the Wearability of WC78-TiC14-Co8 Cemented Carbide with Yttrium Addition

The influence of yttrium addition on microstructure and wearability of WC78 TiC14 Co8 cemented carbide has been studied It is shown that the wearability of the carbide tool is significantly improved by adding trace amount of yttrium and the optimal adding amount is about 0 27%(wt)(in binder) Experimental results indicate that owing to adding yttrium, in as sintered cemented carbides the sizes of carbide grains and Co rich binder regions are reduced and their size homogeneity is improved, while in the binder, both dissolved contents of tungsten and titanium and volume proportion of the ductile α Co phase with f c c lattice are increased Therefore, the strength toughness of the binder and the cemented carbide which consists of the carbides and the binder are apparently enhanced Besides, it is found that many Y 2WO 6 particles appear along the WC/WC or WC/Co rich phase interfaces in as sintered carbide alloy with yttrium addition until 4 5%(wt), showing that during liquid phase sintering process of the alloys the segregation of yttrium atoms and Y 2WO 6 forming reaction might take place on the carbide particles/liquid binder interfaces, reducing the oxide films on the surface of WC particles and strengthening the cohesion of WC particles with Co rich binder

Phase Analysis of Cemented Carbide WC-Co Boronised with Yttrium

Phase analysis for the coated surface with B 4C and Y 2O 3 of cemented carbide WC-20Co in vacuum-heating was carried out by high-temperature X-ray diffraction from ambient temperature to 1300 ℃. The results show that, the high-concentration active boron atoms are released from the boron-supply agent B 4C located on the alloy surface and diffused into the γ-phase, leading to forming the three-element boron-bearing compound W 2Co 21B 6 beside forming boron-bearing compounds on the blank surface. By contrast with boronising only, the element yttrium in boronization broadens the boronising temperature range during vacuum-sintering, catalyzes the decarbonisation decomposition of B 4C and promotes diffusion of active boron atoms into the bulk of WC-Co.

Rare Earth Doped New Cemented Carbide with Ni-Co Binder for Mining

A method, doping WC with La(NO 3) 3, of producing cemented carbide with rare earth was introduced. The effects of lanthanum on the mechanical properties and microstructure of WC 9(Co 75%Ni) cemented carbide were studied and a rock drilling experiment was carried out.The experimental results show that both transverse rupture strength (TRS) and hardness of WC 9(Co 75%Ni) rare earth cemented carbides can match that of WC 9Co cemented carbide, when La 2O 3 / (Co+Ni) ratio is 0.3%, the abnormal growth of WC grain in the cemented carbide can be restrained effectively, the homogeneity of grain size in microstructure and the wear resistance are improved, which can be matchable to that of WC 9Co cemented carbide for mining.

Action of New Rare Earth Additions in Cemented Carbide

The existence form and distribution of new rare earth additions in WC-Co,WC-TiC-Co.Cemented carbide and its actions of purification,modificaiton,solid solution strengthening and restraining phase transformation have been investigated.The results have been used to elucidate property im- provement of the alloys.

Rare earth Ce-modified (Ti,Ce)/a-C:H carbon-based film on WC cemented carbide substrate

WC cemented carbide suffers severe wear in water environments. A novel carbon-based film could be a feasible way to overcome this drawback. In this study, a rare earth Ce-modified（Ti,Ce）/a-C：H carbon-based film is successfully prepared on WC cemented carbide using a DC reactive magnetron sputtering process. The microstructure, mechanical properties,and tribological behavior of the as-prepared carbon-based film are systematically investigated. The results show that the doping Ti forms Ti C nanocrystallites that are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous carbon matrix, whereas the doping Ce forms CeO2 that exists with the amorphous phase in the co-doped（Ti,Ce）/a-C：H carbon-based film. The mechanical properties of this（Ti,Ce）/a-C：H film exhibit remarkable improvements, which could suggest higher hardness and elastic modulus as well as better adhesive strength compared to solitary Ti-doped Ti/a-C：H film. In particular, the as-prepared（Ti,Ce）/a-C：H film presents a relatively low friction coefficient and wear rate in both ambient air and deionized water,indicating that（Ti,Ce）/a-C：H film could feasibly improve the tribological performance of WC cemented carbide in a water environment.

Rare Earth Compounds in Cemented Carbides with Trace Rare Earth Additions

The morphology,structure and distribution of the rare earth compounds in the YG8R.YT5R and YT14R cemented carbides with additions of trace light rare earths were studied with an analytical electron microscope. The particles of the rare earth compounds in these alloys are all spherical and distribute at interfaces between the Co-cement phase and WC hard phase or(TiW)C solid solution,and in the(TiW)C solid solution.In the YG8R and YTI4R alloys,the rare earth compound is RE_2O_3 with a bcc structure,while in the YT5R alloy. the rare earth compound is RE_2O_2S with a hcp structure.

Directional migration behavior of cerium during sintering process of mischmetal doped cemented carbide

Three observation methods were used to investigate the existing form and the behavior of rare earth during the sintering process of high activity mischmetal （RE, with lanthanum and cerium） doped WC-8%Co-0.048%RE（mass fraction） alloy with low carbon-containing level by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDXS）, considering the fact that the addition amount of rare earth in the alloy is very minute. The directional migration process and mechanism of cerium were discussed. First, the sinter skin （surface） is observed. oxide on the sinter skin, and lanthanum in these cerium observed, and lanthanum containing phase/micro-zone in It is shown that there exists a dispersedly distributed cerium containing enrichment positions is very minute. Secondly, the polished section is the alloy is identified. Finally, based on the fact that the fracture of cemented carbide is resulted from the heterogeneous phase or other defects within the microstructure, the fracture surface is observed and cerium containing phase/micro-zone in the fracture source approximately 260 μm from the surface is identified. These combined observations reveal adequately the fact that lanthanum and cerium get separated and cerium predominantly migrates towards the surface during the sintering process.

Microstructures and properties of WC-20Co-1Y_2O_3 cemented carbide by hot-press and liquid phase sintering

Ultrafine tungsten carbide and fine cobalt as well as nano yttrium oxide powders were used as the raw materials. The effects of hot-press below the eutectic temperature and conventional liquid phase sintering on the structures and properties of WC-20Co-1Y2O3 cemented carbide were studied. It is shown that hot-pressed alloy has the character of isotropic properties and microstructure with homogeneous and ultrafine WC grains. However, the ultrafine and fully-densified structure is developed at the cost of the presence of large amount of cobalt-lake （unevenly distributed binder phase）, and thus lower strength. Yttrium oxide in the alloy cannot play the role of grain growth inhibitor fully when cemented carbide with high content of cobalt and ultrafine raw materials is sintered at high liquid phase sintering temperature. Peculiar platelet-enhanced bi-model structure is formed in WC-20Co-1Y2O3 cemented carbide by conventional liquid phase sintering, which points out that yttrium oxide in the alloy facilitates the formation of plate-like WC grain.

Interaction of yttrium barrier and calcium-rich phase on production and properties of WC precursor powders and alloys

In order to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of calcium impurity,the interaction of Ca and rare earth Y co-doping on the preparation of WC-Co cemented carbides was investigated.X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the phase compositions,particle sizes and morphologies of them,respectively.The results show that the second type of"yttrium barrier effect"is observed and the adverse influence of Ca-rich phase on tungsten powder can be eliminated by it.The flexural strength and fracture toughness of YG6-0.01%Ca+0.09%Y alloy are 2199.5 MPa and 11.49 MPa·m^(1/2),showing improvement of 6.5% and 2.7% compared to YG6 alloy,respectively.The evolutions of Ca-rich phase and Y-rich phase at the every alloy preparation stage of WO_(3),W,WC and cemented carbides are obtained.Furthermore,the strengthening mechanism of WC-Co cemented carbide with co-addition of Ca and Y is proposed.

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Properties and Structure of WC－14TiC－8Co Cemented Carbide

The effects of rare earth (RE) elements on properties and microstructure of WC-14TiC-8Co cemented carbide have been investigated. By adding RE, the characteristics such as bending strength and impact-resistance were greatly improved. The existence form and distribution of RE in cemented carbide have also been studied by means of SEM and TEM. The results. have been used to elucidate the strengthening mechanism of RE in WC-14TiC-8Co alloy.

Effect of Adding Rare Earth Element on Cemented Carbide YT14 by Digital Image

The properties of the cemented carbides with RE-addition were improved in our research.there is a 10% increase of the transverse rupture strength(T.R.S) of YT14RE as compared with that of YT14.The hardness and the density of YT14RE are higher than that of YT14.The cast steel was cut at a speed of 140 m/min by cutting tcols which made from YT14RE and YT14.The wear resistant of the former is 1.5 time of the latter.The samples of YT14RE and YT14 were ground and polished(the content of the RE elements is less than 0.10 wt%).This paper studied the effect of adding rare earth element on cemented carbide by digital image.

Effects of cubic carbides and La additions on WC grain morphology,hardness and toughness of WC-Co alloys

Effects of Cr3C2,VC and La2O3 additions on the WC grain morphology,hardness and toughness of WC-10Co alloys were investigated.To intensify the grain growth driving force,nano W and nano C,instead of the conventionally used WC,were used as the starting materials.To obtain a three-dimensional WC grain morphology,the natural sinter skins of the alloys were observed directly by scanning electron microscopy.It is shown that the additions have a strong ability in regulating the WC grain morphological and grain size distribution characteristics and the combinations of hardness and toughness.Due to the formation of regular and homogeneous triangular platelet WC grains,WC-10Co-0.6Cr3C2-0.06La2O3 alloy shows an excellent combination of hardness and toughness.The morphological regulation mechanism,the relationship between the WC grain morphology and the properties were discussed.

稀有金属元素在硬质合金中的应用研究进展

综述了国内外对稀有金属元素在硬质合金中的应用研究进展,分析了四类元素稀有难熔金属、稀土、稀贵金属和稀散金属对硬质合金微观组织与性能的影响,并展望了稀有金属元素在硬质合金中的应用前景。

WC-Co硬质合金强化的研究进展

WC-Co硬质合金具有高强度、高韧性、高耐磨性等优点,在工业领域具有广阔的发展前景。对WC-Co硬质合金进行强化,可以进一步提高硬度、耐磨性和断裂韧性等性能,从而拓展其在航空航天、资源开采、装备制造等领域的应用。列举了部分稀土单质和稀土氧化物强化WC-Co硬质合金的研究成果,总结了稀土强化机理,包括细化晶粒、改善黏结相结构、强化晶界,综述了WC-Co硬质合金碳含量控制、烧结、热处理等制备工艺的优化措施,最后对WC-Co硬质合金强化研究中存在的问题进行了总结,并展望了未来的研究方向。

Cutting Performance and Mechanism of RE Carbide Tools

The research of rare earth elements (RE), added into cemented carbide tools, is one of the recent developments of new types of tool materials in China. Systematic experiments about RE carbides YG8R. (K30), YT14R (P20) and, YW1R (M10) were made to study on the cutting performance in comparison with non-RE carbides YG8, YT14 and YW1. The cutting experiments were as follows: tool life, cutting force, tool-chip friction coefficient and interrupted machining. The action of RE on the carbide materials and the cutting mechanism of the RE carbide tools in the cutting process were verified with the aid of SEM and energy spectrum analysis. Experimental results show that the RE carbide tools have a good overall performance.

合金添加剂对WC基硬质合金氧化行为及其关联特性的影响

为了同步改善合金的高温抗氧化性能及物理与力学性能,设计WC-6Co-6Ni、WC-6Co-6Ni-1Cr_(3)C_(2)、WC-6Co-6Ni-1CeO_(2)和WC-12Co-1CeO_(2)等4组WC基硬质合金,分别对应1^(#)~4^(#)合金,对比研究合金的微观结构、物理与力学性能和700℃连续16 h的氧化行为。结果表明,CeO_(2)弥散相的存在不会导致WC基硬质合金强度降低,合金硬度遵循复合材料硬度及晶粒度和各相体积分数的耦合作用规律。4组合金中,4^(#)合金的硬度最高,其次为2^(#)合金,Co、Ni黏结金属对硬质合金硬度的影响显著。Cr_(3)C_(2)和CeO_(2)添加剂均可显著改善700℃下合金的抗氧化性能,但Cr_(3)C_(2)的改善效果明显优于CeO_(2)。在WC基硬质合金中添加适量的Cr_(3)C_(2)和CeO_(2),并用Ni部分替代Co,可实现对合金高温抗氧化性能及物理与力学性能同步改善。

WC-8Co硬质合金中稀土添加剂的作用

以混合稀土氧化物为添加剂，在真空炉中于０２Ｐａ、１３７０℃下经液相烧结３０ｍｉｎ制备加稀土的ＷＣ８ＣｏＲ硬质合金试样。Ｘ射线衍射、扫描电镜和磁性测定的结果表明，稀土提高ＷＣ８Ｃｏ硬质合金的表面宏观压应力是强化合金的重要因素，其阻止粘结相（γ相）的ｆｃｃ→ｈｃｐ转变对合金强韧性的作用甚微。稀土对ＷＣＣｏ硬质合金显微结构参数无明显影响。

硬质合金刀片切削过程中自润滑功能稀土氧硫化物的原位形成

考察了高活性混合稀土(RE)掺杂的WC-8%Co-0.07%RE(质量分数)硬质合金刀片对铸铁的切削试验。采用扫描电镜、能谱分析以及X射线衍射等分析方法对硬质合金烧结体表面、切削试验后刀片的前刀面、后刀面以及切削刃进行观察与分析。结果表明,在稀土硬质合金刀片切削过程中发生了La、Ce从合金内部至刀片工作表面的非同步迁移现象,在刀具工作表面原位形成了具有自润滑功能的稀土氧硫化物。在实验观察与分析基础上,对La、Ce的定向迁移机制与稀土氧硫化物的形成机制进行了探讨。

稀土对硬质合金刀具材料微观结构和力学性能的影响

本文综述了稀土元素的添加方式、种类和形态及其对硬质合金刀具材料微观结构和力学性能的影响，指出了目前研究中存在的问题，并探讨了该领域今后的发展方向。

镧、铈在WC-Co合金中赋存状态的研究

采用扫描电镜对高活性混合稀土掺杂的WC-8%Co-0.8%RE(RE:以La,Ce为主体的混合稀土)硬质合金的微观组织结构与合金烧结体表面进行了观察,采用元素面分布分析方法研究了合金中与合金烧结体表面La,Ce的结合状态。结果表明,合金中La,Ce处于原始结合状态,以细小第三相形式弥散分布于合金中;合金烧结体表面仅检测到呈不规则形状的含Ce氧化物的存在,La,Ce脱离了其原始结合状态,从而揭示了La,Ce结合状态的不稳定行为。通过考察掺杂前后合金Palmqvist断裂韧性的变化,对稀土相与WC硬质相、Co基固溶体粘结相之间的界面结合强度进行了间接评估。结果表明,合金中稀土相与合金中的其他两相之间具有较好的界面结合强度。