An improved method to distinguish between scanned and rasterized document images

Office automation （OA） has evolved with the development of computer science,improving staff efficiency.Unstructured information processing is an important aspect of OA; therefore,in this paper,we propose an efficient method for distinguishing scanned and rasterized document images which can be used in this process.To ensure the efficiency and precision of our method,two steps are included：rapid processing and classification using noise features.In the first step,color,skew,and isolated noise features are used to identify the source of the images.In the second step,noise features are extracted from the input image and a support vector machine （SVM） classifier is used for classification.Our experiments show that our method has high precision and speed for distinguishing scanned and rasterized document images.

基于Oracle 10g的栅格数据共享机制研究与实现

空间栅格数据共享机制为遥感数据共享提供信息支持,它的建立和实现可以极大地促进空间数据交换、拓展遥感数据的应用范围。该机制采用了Oracle 10g新增的栅格数据类型GeoRaster提供的功能和方法,并结合Commons-FileUpload处理文件上传,FileInputStream类和FileOutput-Stream类分别处理文件读写访问,实现了栅格数据以Web方式共享,并可根据客户的需求由栅格金字塔产生不同分辨率的栅格数据。应用结果证明该机制推广方便,解决了大文件栅格数据共享困难的问题。

Raster flite视景系统数据库建模分析

视景系统为飞行员提供虚拟的外部世界,它是模拟飞行仿真的关键技术之一。视景系统是否真实取决于机场视景数据库的建模逼真度。本文分析了Raster flite视景系统数据库的特点、开发过程和在全任务飞行模拟机上的安装、调试方法。其主要开发工具采用Multigen Creator、Photoshop和Raster flite视景数据库开发软件包。

SUN工作站图像处理的基本问题研究

通过对工作站上图像处理问题的研究．给出了ＳＵＮ工程工作站上ｒａｓｔｅｒ图像文件的文对头、映象表、图像数据等的结构形式．分析了涉及ｒａｓｔｅｒ图像文件显示的问题，讨论了ｐｉｘｒｅｃｔｓ中与ｒａｓｔｅｒ图像处理有关的过程．以及在工作站上Ｘ—Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ系统中显示图像信息的一般流程。

不同激光束直径对LA-ICP-MS检测泥土的准确性影响分析

目的:通过试验找出不同模式下,适合用于电感耦合等离子体质谱与激光联用技术检测泥土的激光束直径。方法:在raster取样方法和线取样方法下,分别取激光束直径为25um,50um,100um,150um,200um,对标准土样GSS-1到GSS-8进行检测,并对ICP计数、样品相应元素测试准确性和标准曲线的相关系数三个方面进行分析。结果:在raster取样方法和线取样方法下,激光束直径为150um时测量值准确,相关系数均在0.99以上。结论:150um的直径最为合适。

Optimized cellular automaton for stand delineation

Forest inventories based on remote sensing often interpret stand characteristics for small raster cells instead of traditional stand compartments. This is the case for instance in the Lidar-based and multi-source forest inventories of Finland where the interpretation units are 16 m 9 16 m grid cells. Using these cells as simulation units in forest planning would lead to very large planning problems. This difficulty could be alleviated by aggregating the grid cells into larger homogeneous segments before planning calculations. This study developed a cellular automaton(CA) for aggregating grid cells into larger calculation units, which in this study were called stands. The criteria used in stand delineation were the shape and size of the stands, and homogeneity of stand attributes within the stand. The stand attributes were: main site type(upland or peatland forest), site fertility, mean tree diameter, mean tree height and stand basal area. In the CA, each cell was joined to one of its adjacent stands for several iterations,until the cells formed a compact layout of homogeneous stands. The CA had several parameters. Due to high number possible parameter combinations, particle swarm optimization was used to find the optimal set of parameter values. Parameter optimization aimed at minimizing within-stand variation and maximizing between-stand variation in stand attributes. When the CA was optimized without any restrictions for its parameters, the resulting stand delineation consisted of small and irregular stands. A clean layout of larger and compact stands was obtained when the CA parameters were optimized with constrained parameter values and so that the layout was penalized as a function of the number of small stands(<0.1 ha). However, there was within-stand variation in fertility class due to small-scale variation in the data. The stands delineated by the CA explained 66–87% of variation in stand basal area, mean tree height and mean diameter, and 41–92% of variation in the fertility class of the site. It was concluded that the CA developed in this study is a flexible new tool,which could be immediately used in forest planning.

HUBEX强化观测期雷达测雨在水文过程模拟中的应用(英)

On the basis of Digital Elevation Model data, the raster flow vectors, watershed delineation, and spatial topological relationship are generated by the Martz and Garbrecht method for the upper area of Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment with 805 km2 of area, an intensified observation field for the HUBEX/GAME Project. Then, the Xin’anjiang Model is applied for runoff production in each grid element where rain data measured by radar at Fuyang station is utilized as the input of the hydrological model. The elements are connected by flow vectors to the outlet of the drainage catchment where runoff is routed by the Muskingum method from each grid element to the outlet according to the length between each grid and the outlet. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient is 92.41% from 31 May to 3 August 1998, and 85.64%, 86.62%, 92.57%, and 83.91%, respectively for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th flood events during the whole computational period. As compared with the case where rain-gauge data are used in simulating the hourly hydrograph at Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment, the index of model efficiency improvement is positive, ranging from 27.56% to 69.39%. This justifies the claim that radar-measured data are superior to rain-gauge data as inputs to hydrological modeling. As a result, the grid-based hydrological model provides a good platform for runoff computation when radar-measured rain data with highly spatiotemporal resolution are taken as the input of the hydrological model.

Spatial variation of the relationship between transport accessibility and the level of economic development in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

As an important component of China’ transportation systems, for a long time, the insufficient performance of transport in QinghaiTibet Plateau(QTP) was a bottleneck restricting the economic growth and social development in this area. Nevertheless, the implementation of the western development strategy has accelerated the preliminary construction of comprehensive transport network since 2000. Due to the large area and significant geographical heterogeneity, there is a growing need to understand the relationship between transportation and economic development based on the perspective of spatial difference. By using GIS-based raster analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) model, we investigated the spatial-temporal distribution of highway, railway and airport accessibility, respectively, and estimated the correlation and heterogeneity between transport accessibility and the level of economic development. Results revealed that:(1) Transport accessibility in the QTP improved by 53.38% in the past 15 years, which is specifically embodied in the improvement of both highway and railway.(2) Accessibility presented prominent differentiation in the space, increasing from west to east and reducing with the rise of elevation, specifically, the best accessibility area of the highway is below 4000 m above sea level, while the area with an altitude of over 4000 m has the lowest aviation time cost.(3) In general, the long weighted average time cost to critical transport facilities posed significantly negative effect on county economic growth in QTP, more positively, the adverse effect gradually weakened over time.(4) Obvious heterogeneity exists at the influence of different transport accessibility factors on the level of economic development, reflecting both in the horizontal space and altitudinal belt. Therefore, region-specific policies should be addressed for the sustainable development of transport facilities as well as economy in the west mountain areas.

4D DATA FUSION TECHNIQUE IN URBAN WATERLOG-DRAINING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

This paper studies urban waterlog_draining decision support system based on the 4D data fusion technique.4D data includes DEM,DOQ,DLG and DRG.It supplies entire databases for waterlog forecast and analysis together with non_spatial fundamental database.Data composition and reasoning are two key steps of 4D data fusion.Finally,this paper gives a real case: Ezhou Waterlog_Draining Decision Support System (EWDSS) with two application models,i.e.,DEM application model,water generating and draining model.

Using ALS raster data in forest planning

Raster type of forest inventory data with site and growing stock variables interpreted for small squareshaped grid cells are increasingly available for forest planning.In Finland,there are two sources of this type of lattice data:the multisource national forest inventory and the inventory that is based on airborne laser scanning(ALS).In both cases,stand variables are interpreted for 16 m×16 m cells.Both data sources cover all private forests of Finland and are freely available for forest planning.This study analyzed different ways to use the ALS raster data in forest planning.The analyses were conducted for a grid of 375×375 cells(140,625 cells,of which 97,893 were productive forest).The basic alternatives were to use the cells as calculation units throughout the planning process,or aggregate the cells into segments before planning calculations.The use of cells made it necessary to use spatial optimization to aggregate cuttings and other treatments into blocks that were large enough for the practical implementation of the plan.In addition,allowing premature cuttings in a part of the cells was a prerequisite for compact treatment areas.The use of segments led to 5–9%higher growth predictions than calculations based on cells.In addition,the areas of the most common fertility classes were overestimated and the areas of rare site classes were underestimated when segments were used.The shape of the treatment blocks was more irregular in cell-based planning.Using cells as calculation units instead of segments led to 20 times longer computing time of the whole planning process than the use of segments when the number of grid cells was approximately 100,000.

AN INTEGRATED DATA MODEL IN THREE DIMENSIONAL GIS

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system.

新一代天气雷达产品的读取与研究

本文介绍了多普勒雷达产品的一般数据格式,及常用两种产品的扫描方式、读取方式、坐标转换与插值等算法,最后采用实际产品读取验证,结果表明该读取、插值算法适用于产品的读取开发。

A New Method of Embedded Fourth Order with Four Stages to Study Raster CNN Simulation

A new Runge-Kutta （PK） fourth order with four stages embedded method with error control is presentea m this paper for raster simulation in cellular neural network （CNN） environment. Through versatile algorithm, single layer/raster CNN array is implemented by incorporating the proposed technique. Simulation results have been obtained, and comparison has also been carried out to show the efficiency of the proposed numerical integration algorithm. The analytic expressions for local truncation error and global truncation error are derived. It is seen that the RK-embedded root mean square outperforms the RK-embedded Heronian mean and RK-embedded harmonic mean.

PENETRATION RATE MEASUREMENT AND ITS INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The practical method for precise penetration rate measurement in a short time and the instrument design have been specially discussed in this paper.Considering the defects of the penetration rate meters available,via the balanced design in consideration of service life,costs,accuracy and reliability,a kind of penetration rate meter has been put forward.The meter consists of a magnetic clutch,a gear box and a raster disk system to pick up the signal.The meter has the following advantages-it might measure a low speed with higher accura-cy,it could disengage automatically without being divorced from the driving device during tripping rods at high speed,it has a circuit of rotary direction discrimination and of repeated counting prevention so as to eU-minate error caused by rod vibration.

Shortening the delivery time of proton therapy by real-time compensation method with raster scanning

Among the various scanning techniques, spot and raster scanning are the most frequently adopted. Raster scanning turns off the beam only when each isoenergy slice irradiation is completed. This feature intrinsically solves the leakage dose and frequent beam-switching problems encountered during spot scanning. However, to shorten the delivery time of raster scanning, a sophisticated dose control strategy is required to guarantee dose distribution.In this study, a real-time compensation method with raster scanning for synchrotron systems was designed. It is characterized by a small spot-spacing planning strategy and real-time subtraction of the transient number of particles delivered between two planning-spot positions from the planned number of particles of the subsequent raster point.The efficacy of the compensation method was demonstrated by performing accurate raster scanning simulations with an in-house simulation code and accurate final dose evaluations with a commercial treatment planning system.Given the similar dose evaluation criteria under a practical high scanning speed, compared with the spot scanning method, the total delivery time of the compensated raster scanning method was significantly shortened by 53.3% in the case of irradiating a cubical target and by 28.8% in a pelvic case. Therefore, it can be concluded that real-time compensated raster scanning with a fast scanning configuration can significantly shorten the delivery time compared to that of spot scanning. It is important to reduce the pressure on patients caused by prolonged immobilization and to improve patient throughput capacity at particle therapy centers.

An enhanced method for estimating snow water equivalent in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau using raster segmentation and eigenvector spatial filtering regression model

Snow water equivalent(SWE)is an important factor reflecting the variability of snow.It is important to estimate SWE based on remote sensing data while taking spatial autocorrelation into account.Based on the segmentation method,the relationship between SWE and environmental factors in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau was explored using the eigenvector spatial filtering(ESF)regression model,and the influence of different factors on the SWE was explored.Three sizes of 16×16,24×24 and 32×32 were selected to segment raster datasets into blocks.The eigenvectors of the spatial adjacency matrix of the segmented size were selected to be added into the model as spatial factors,and the ESF regression model was constructed for each block in parallel.Results show that precipitation has a great influence on SWE,while surface temperature and NDVI have little influence.Air temperature,elevation and surface temperature have completely different effects in different areas.Compared with the ordinary least square(OLS)linear regression model,geographically weighted regression(GWR)model,spatial lag model(SLM)and spatial error model(SEM),ESF model can eliminate spatial autocorrelation with the highest accuracy.As the segmentation size increases,the complexity of ESF model increases,but the accuracy is improved.

An easy approach to assess the susceptibility of a landslide by utilizing simple raster overlay methods: A case study on Huangtupo landslide(P.R. China)

Semi qualitative index based methods using rankings and ratings are commonly used in susceptibility estimations over a wide area. However, generalized ranking and ratings are not applicable for one single landslide. This paper gives an easy and transferable approach to a susceptibility assessment of Huangtupo landslide(P.R. China), using raster addition without taking account for ranking and ratings. Slope, aspect, curvature, location and drainage buffer distance raster data sets have been obtained out of open source digital elevation models using ESRI's Arc GIS. These conditioning factor raster data sets have been translated into raster data sets including simple yes or no criteria, referring to triggering or not. Subsequently they have been added by raster math to acquire a simple raster overlay map.After that this map is compared to initial displacement measurements, obtained by using a ground based synthetic aperture radar device. Acquired data is recalculated to a raster data set using the same spatial extent, to provide the possibility of comparison of the two raster data sets. The results reveal, that 76.35% of all measured movements occur in areas where raster cells include three or more conditioning factors, indicating that easy raster math operations can lead to satisfying results in local scale.

Quantitative Study on the Relationship between Arable Land and Its Influencing Factors in Southern Loess Plateau

With the Southern Loess Plateau as the object of study,we select the nonbiological factors( physical factors),biological factors and human factors that affect the landscape of arable land to build indicator system. Using GIS,we perform the visualization expression and hierarchical storage of influencing factors to build 1 km × 1 km integrated vector and raster database of arable land landscape pattern and its influencing factors. Using spatial regression analysis,we determine the quantitative relationship between arable land landscape and its influencing factors. The results show that the arable land in the Southern Loess Plateau is mainly distributed in the regions with high temperature,great average annual precipitation,high altitude,high soil N content,small slope,GDP per unit area of land,low ≥10℃ accumulated temperature,and short distance away from the rivers and roads. The study provides a scientific basis for clarifying the relationship between arable land landscape and its influencing factors.

Method for Automated Georeferencing and Integrating Printed Maps in GIS for Collecting Addresses

Addresses are important data for urban applications. About 80% of the information local authorities use have a geographic component that is generally related to addresses. Addressing systems efficiency depend on the quality of addresses locators. There are several methods to collect data. Surveys from the field are essential: GPS and pre-printed maps can be used to achieve this goal. GPS surveys from the field may be a solution, but it remains practical only for limited areas. To insure an accepted accuracy, GPS methods need special considerations that are time and money consuming. For Casablanca’s addressing locators, an alternative approach was adopted to collect 400 000 points. It took two months, 200 operators and 3500 printed maps to cover a study area of1,226 km2. This paper is to develop an optimized approach based on automated procedure for reintegrating printed maps in a geographic information system (GIS). It saves georeferencing time from 5min to just seconds per document. It insures, more importantly, an accuracy that is between20 cmto1 mfor scales that are between 1/500 and 1/2500. It ensures maps’ integration, independently of base map and coordinates system by introducing the notion of Georeferencing Code (GC).

Measurement of Protein 53 Diffusion Coefficient in Live HeLa Cells Using Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS)

We have applied Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS) technique to characterize the dynamics of protein 53 (p53) in living cells before and after the treatment with DNA damaging agents. HeLa cells expressing Green Fluores-cent Protein (GFP) tagged p53 were incubated with and without DNA damaging agents, cisplatin or eptoposide, which are widely used as chemotherapeutic drugs. Then, the diffusion coefficient of GFP-p53 was determined by RICS and it was significantly reduced after the drug treatment while that of the one without drug treatment was not. It is suggested that the drugs induced the interaction of p53 with either other proteins or DNA. Together, our results demonstrated that RICS is able to detect the protein dynamics which may be associated with protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions in living cells and it may be useful for the drug screening.