A Summary of Research on the Realization Process of "Separation of Three Rights" of Rural Land

In order to comply with the needs of rural social and economic development,promote new industrialization,informatization,urbanization and agricultural modernization,and realize industrial transformation,the central government clearly puts forward that the traditional ' separation of two rights' mode of rural land( collectives have ownership and farmers have contracting management right) should be transformed into the ' separation of three rights' mode( collectives have ownership,farmers have contracting right,and operators have management right) to solve the problems of farmers’ financing difficulties and agricultural land abandonment,promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture,and improve land use efficiency. It is found that the following points should be noted in the later stage of realizing the ' separation of three rights' of rural land. Firstly,the transfer of farmland management right in the process of realizing the ' separation of three rights' faces market risk,system design flaws,policy coordination failures and other problems. Secondly,the impact of implementation of ' separation of three rights' on rural and social development should also be noted.

Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Impacts of Changes in Structure of Rural Land Property Rights on Agricultural Performance

In the reform process of the rural land property rights system,the incentive mechanism of the rural land property rights system has a crucial impact on the production activities of rural economic entities.Due to the different rights structures of the property rights system in different social and economic development stages,the land rights and interests enjoyed by rural economic subjects are different,and the degree of incentives for farmers is also different.This difference in incentives affects farmers investment in agricultural production factors,which in turn affects agricultural performance.This paper analyzes the incentive impacts of the structure of rural land property rights on the changes of farmers land rights and agricultural performance since the founding of the People s Republic of China,in order to further deepen the reform of the land system,protect the rights and interests of farmers,promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas,and explore the realization form and operation mechanism of the rural collective land system in the new era.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

On the Restricting Factors & System Arrangements of Chinese Land Tenure Marketization

As a general rule of Economics of Development,economic growth and development require rational institution guarantee.Land Tenure.As a main institution factor in agricultural development,closely relates to the reform of Chinese agriculture.Based on the relevant theories of Economics of Institution and Economics of Development,and combined with the marketization process of Chinese Land Tenure of Property Rights,the article studied the effects of institutional factors and put forward some choices in the development of agriculture,which is of both significant and practical importance.

论农村土地制度改革的整体性

农村土地制度改革的整体性体现为两方面,即实现地权平等和地权体系具有适应实践发展需要的有效性、开放性与包容性。家庭承包地“三权分置”政策的法律化和承包期延长,土地征收规则的更新、集体经营性建设用地入市和建设用地指标化交易,以及农村宅基地“三权分置”政策的实施,是农村土地制度改革整体性推进的主要体现。土地利用规划及其实施,以及政府在地权交易中的法律地位,是分析地权交易规则科学性的两个基本因素。为进一步整体性地推进农村土地制度改革,实现其既定政策目标,需要建立科学的农村集体产权制度,深化土地收益分配机制,以市场需求为导向完善土地利用规划机制和土地指标交易机制。

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

契约化赋权:我国土地使用权建构的制度逻辑

土地权利研究应当关注“赋权”问题。现代产权制度的本质,并不在于国家是否保留土地所有权,而在于国家是否采取了契约化赋权的方式,并在此基础上形成了土地产权的契约观,从而建构一种“开放包容”的土地利用秩序。中国在改革开放后,以签订土地使用权出让合同的形式重建土地财产权,恰是采取了契约化赋权方式,并根据社保纳入情况,不断扩展契约化赋权的范围。这一做法有利于维护产权稳定,有利于树立契约型税理观,有利于强化民法对国家治理的作用,对于社会主义法治建设具有重要的积极意义。

再流转中土地经营权的登记效力规则研究

再流转中的两种土地经营权在登记能力、登记效力上采区分原则。再流转阶段,基于土地承包经营权的土地经营权承继土地承包经营权的流转规则而采登记对抗效力,“未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人”应解释为未登记可以对抗恶意第三人以及能对抗善意第三人的必要条件为已登记,登记对抗效力表现为登记公示相较于其他公示方式的优先性与相对公信力,占有使用及向发包人备案作为认定第三人善意的实质调查内容在司法实践中发挥作用。以其他方式承包取得的土地经营权再流转须“经依法登记取得权属证书”为管理性规定,同时暗含登记连续性的目的,采登记生效效力的形式正当性在于此类土地经营权再流转的物权变动在实证法上的相对独立性,进而适用不动产物权公示的原则性规定,实质正当性在于通过市场机制高效利用农村“四荒地”土地资源的价值取向。另外,可结合此类土地经营权再流转的特殊规制目的适用善意取得制度。

建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现逻辑、经验与启示

通过探秘并遵循农地占有的内在逻辑思路,围绕农地公有制及其产权市场化政策演变主线,结合不同时期社会主要矛盾变化和党的经济社会发展战略,系统梳理了建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现历程,归纳了百余年我国农地产权制度变革模式、历史经验和重要启示。研究结论表明,新时代我国农地产权制度创新必须坚持社会主义农地国有化方向、优化农地公有产权结构、扩充财产性农民土地权利和提高民事化市场化农地占有权能等。

农地产权制度改革与农地流转响应:预期偏离与逻辑阐释

农地所有权归属集体以来,产权拆分及农民产权份额的扩大和强化是产权制度改革的主要思路。然而,理论上有效的农地产权制度改革,却在农地流转的推动成效方面呈现时段上的异质性。随着时间的演进,改革对农地流转的正面作用渐衰,甚至表现出对农地流转的抑制。为解释理论与现实的偏差,聚焦改革路径的形成逻辑,重点阐述了改革历程及改革对农地配置的影响成效,提炼出改革成效不足的系统性成因。研究认为,产权理论的引入为确定改革方向提供了理论依据,过去的改革经验为决策层延续产权赋予式改革提升了信心,规模经营路线的确立加强了坚持并推进改革的必要性和紧迫性。改革开放以后,农地产权制度朝着扩大集体成员权能的方向不断推进,却在现阶段表现出抑制农地流转并冲击农地承包权稳定性的负面影响。对此,构建了涵盖政策有效性、农地多功能性以及中央决策层认知调整在内的解释框架。认为在追求现代农业发展的目标导向下,扩大集体成员的土地权能并不可取,增强农村基本经营制度中“统”的作用并以社会保障弥补农户对农地的非生产性寄托是关键。

农地流转如何影响农业机械化——基于1878个水稻种植户的实证分析

在农业农村现代化不断推进的背景下,利用1878份南方水稻种植户调查数据,运用规模经济、农业分工和交易成本理论,探讨农地流转对水稻种植户机械化水平及其模式的影响。研究发现,农地流转显著提升了农业机械化水平,并促使机械化模式发生转变。利用农户产权安全感知度作为农地流转的工具变量,克服模型内生性,结果仍然稳健。具体而言,农户转入土地面积每增加一个百分点,其水稻种植机械化作业面积将增加0.386个百分点。同时,农户转入土地后自置农机的概率上升,而雇佣机耕和机收服务的概率下降,致使农机社会化服务市场转型。异质性分析表明,土地细碎化程度越高则更可能降低农地流转对农业机械化的正向影响;同时,中青年农户相比老年农户的农业生产机械化程度更高。为进一步推动小农户向现代农业转型,加快我国农业农村现代化进程,还需要加强土地产权保护、促进农地流转。

政府失灵、产权流动壁垒与存量建设用地形成

研究目的:以产权流动角度切入城市建设用地由增量到存量的行政配置链条,观察批而未供、闲置土地等“绝对低效”用地形成机制并提出解决方案。研究方法:理论分析、政策文本分析、经验分析法、逻辑归纳法。研究结果:(1)增存联动视角下,城市建设用地从供地指标分配到进入土地要素市场,其产权充分流动是实现行政高效配置土地资源的重要前提;而产权流动壁垒的存在,是导致土地批供用环节供需结构失衡、部分土地要素暂处于国有土地产权公共域之中的直接原因。(2)地方政府决策失灵是存量低效用地产生的源头所在;成本收益考量使地方政府以自身供地需要部分替代了市场需求,在中央政府供给约束下呈现出土地要素市场总量失衡和结构性失衡现象,即土地要素进入市场前存在着政府失灵导致的土地配置效率损失。研究结论:提升行政配置土地资源的效率,核心在于从增量到存量的时间脉络下构建更加完善的国有土地要素市场化配置机制,打破制约政府供给与市场需求良性互动的产权流动壁垒。

农村集体地权界定的治理逻辑及其路径分化——基于珠三角地区村级工业园改造的比较案例研究

农村集体地权的界定和治理是当前乡村振兴与城乡融合发展的核心议题之一。本文尝试在“产权的社会视角”基础上做进一步拓展,以阐明当代中国农村集体地权界定实践的理论逻辑。通过对珠三角地区两个相邻制造业重镇推行村级工业园改造政策过程中形成的“基层村庄主导的多元化产权形式”和“地方政府主导的单一化产权形式”两种地权界定结果差异的比较案例分析,本文认为,首先,地方政府与基层村庄围绕集体土地产权界定的博弈结果受到国家治理结构和村庄社会结构的影响。在地方分权的国家治理结构下,集体地权的界定结果取决于村庄社会结构的差异并通过呼吁机制发挥作用。其次,地方政府能够通过正式制度的调整形塑村庄治理结构,由此强化或削弱基层村庄的集体行动能力,最终对集体地权界定结果产生持续性的影响。最后,在城乡融合发展的政策背景下,东部发达地区应该更加尊重村集体和村民的土地权益,积极探索地方政府与村集体合作开展土地开发的新机制。

乡村地域工业用地空间重构研究——以苏南地区为例

国土空间重构能够有效提升自然资源节约集约利用水平,推动经济社会高质量发展。文章在分析苏南地区乡村工业用地的演变特征和乡村工业用地空间重构的必要性与紧迫性基础上,明晰苏南乡村工业用地空间重构存在的困境,理顺其空间重构基本框架与产权融合机制,诠释了产权融合视阈下乡村工业用地空间重构的实施路径。总体看,苏南地区乡村工业发展已进入转型优化期,但产业规模小而散、土地权属杂而混乱、土地产出低而有限。政府投入收益倒挂、土地权属协调困难和破碎土地整合路径不畅等问题仍然存在,严重阻碍了乡村存量工业用地空间重构与价值提升。未来应当引入产权融合治理机制,理顺不同产权结构和主体之间利益博弈,通过归宗整合、用地置换和连片自改等路径实现空间重构,以提升乡村工业空间价值。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。