Channel training in reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted communications is usually conducted in an on-off manner,resulting in unaffordable training time overhead when the number of RIS elements is large.In...Channel training in reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted communications is usually conducted in an on-off manner,resulting in unaffordable training time overhead when the number of RIS elements is large.In this paper,for correlated Rayleigh channels,we compare three typical training overhead reduction schemes,namely RIS element selection(Scheme 1),element grouping(Scheme 2),and statistical CSI-based phase shifts design(Scheme3).For Scheme 1 and Scheme 2,we propose two algorithms to select RIS elements(or form element groups) and determine the optimal number of activated elements(or formed groups),based on the channel correlation information only;for Scheme 3,we consider a semi-definite programming-based approach in the literature,and propose an alternative dominant eigenvector-based method for determining the RIS phase shifts vector.Via extensive simulations,we compare the achievable ergodic rates of these schemes versus the signal-to-noise ratio,the channel correlation level,and the element number-to-coherent time ratio,respectively,and discuss possible switching of the three schemes over these system parameters.At last,operation regions of the considered training overhead reduction schemes are shown in the plane characterized by the system parameters,which provides useful guidelines for practical scheme determination.展开更多
To facilitate investigation of the effect of imperfect elastic dissipation on thepropagation of Rayleigh-type channel waves and use of their quality factors in investigationsof the properties of coal seams, a simple m...To facilitate investigation of the effect of imperfect elastic dissipation on thepropagation of Rayleigh-type channel waves and use of their quality factors in investigationsof the properties of coal seams, a simple method for calculating the quality factor QR isproposed in this paper. Introduction of complex velocities into the dispersion function allowscalculation of the dispersion function of Rayleigh-type channel waves in coal seams. By thecontrol variable method, we analyzed changes in QR with changes in coal seam thickness andP- and S-wave Q-factors within the coal seam and adjacent rock layers. The numerical resultsshow that the trend of the QR curve is consistent with the group velocity curve. The minimumQR value occurs at the Airy phase frequency; the Airy phase frequency decreases as coal seamthickness increases. The value of QR increases with increasing Qs2 (quality factor for S wavein coal seam). We can compensate for the absorption of Rayleigh-type channel waves usingthe computed QR curve. Inversion of the QR curve can also be used to predict the thicknessesand litholoeies of coal seams.展开更多
This paper proposes a wavelet based receiver structure for frequency-flat time-varying Rayleigh channels, consisting of a receiver front-end followed by a Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) detector. Discretization of the rec...This paper proposes a wavelet based receiver structure for frequency-flat time-varying Rayleigh channels, consisting of a receiver front-end followed by a Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) detector. Discretization of the received continuous time signal using filter banks is an essential stage in the front-end part, where the Fast Haar Transform (FHT) is used to reduce complexity. Analysis of our receiver over slow-fading channels shows that it is optimal for certain modulation schemes. By comparison with literature, it is shown that over such channels our receiver can achieve optimal performance for Time-Orthogonal modulation. Computed and Monte-Carlo simulated performance results over fast time-varying Rayleigh fading channels show that with Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), our receiver using four basis functions (filters) lowers the error floor by more than one order of magnitude with respect to other techniques of comparable complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) can achieve the same performance as Time-Orthogonal modulation for the slow-fading case, but suffers some degradation over fast-fading channels where it exhibits an error floor. Compared to MSK, however, Orthogonal FSK provides better performance.展开更多
The transmission error code performance of square MQAM and star MQAM modulation schemes for the AGWN Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. The corresponding BER formulas and computer aided numeric results are given. Th...The transmission error code performance of square MQAM and star MQAM modulation schemes for the AGWN Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. The corresponding BER formulas and computer aided numeric results are given. Therefore it provides a theoretical basis for choosing MQAM modulation schemes in mobile communications.展开更多
MIMO technology proposed in recent years can effectively combat the multipath fading of wireless channel and can considerably enlarge the channel capacity, which has been investigated widely by researchers. However, i...MIMO technology proposed in recent years can effectively combat the multipath fading of wireless channel and can considerably enlarge the channel capacity, which has been investigated widely by researchers. However, its performance analysis over correlated block-fading Rayleigh channel is still an open and challenging objective. In this article, an analytic expression of bit error rate (BER) is presented for multiple phase shift keying (MPSK) space-time code, with differential detection over correlated block-fading Rayleigh channel. Through theoretical analysis of BER, it can be found that the differential space-time scheme without the need for channel state information (CSI) at receiver achieves distinct performance gain compared with the traditional nonspace-time system. And then, the system simulation is complimented to verify the above result, showing that the diversity system based on the differential space-time block coding (DSTBC) outperforms the traditional nonspacetime system with diversity gain in terms of BER. Furthermore, the numerical results also demonstrate that the error floor of the differential space-time system is much lower than that of the differential nonspace-time system.展开更多
In this paper, a particle filter (PF) with simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to estimate and track Rayleigh channel state information (CSI) using decision directed scheme. By iteratively cooling in PF, the...In this paper, a particle filter (PF) with simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to estimate and track Rayleigh channel state information (CSI) using decision directed scheme. By iteratively cooling in PF, there are two superiorities in our proposed algorithm. First, there is no degeneration problem in this method. Second, the proposed algorithm converges globally. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a system on Rayleigh channel with BPSK modulation. Also, the consistency and sensitivity of the algorithm has been tested and the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is good enough to be applied to wireless communication practice. The relationships between channel estimation and measurement noise, SNR and Doppler frequency have been shown by simulations.展开更多
Sensing coverage is a fundamental design issue in wireless sensor networks(WSNs),while sensor scheduling ensures coverage degree to the monitored event and extends the network lifetime.In this paper,we address k-cover...Sensing coverage is a fundamental design issue in wireless sensor networks(WSNs),while sensor scheduling ensures coverage degree to the monitored event and extends the network lifetime.In this paper,we address k-coverage scheduling problem in dense WSNs,we maintain a connected k-coverage energy efficiently through a novel Hard-Core based Coordinated Scheduling(HCCS),in which hardcore is a thinning process in stochastic geometry that inhibits more than one active sensor covering any area redundantly in a minimum distance. As compared with existing coordinated scheduling,HCCS allows coordination between sensors with little communication overhead.Moreover,due to the traditional sensing models in k-coverage analysis is unsuitable to describe the characteristic of transmit channel in dense WSNs,we propose a novel sensing model integrating Rayleigh Fading and Distribution of Active sensors(RFDA),and derive the coverage measure and k-coverage probability for the monitored event under RFDA. In addition,we analyze the influence factors,i.e. the transmit condition and monitoring degree to the k-coverage probability. Finally,through Monte Carlo simulations,it is shown that the k-coverage probability of HCCS outperforms that of its random scheduling counterpart.展开更多
Audio communications and computer networking play essential roles in our daily lives,including many domains with different scopes.Developments in these technologies are quick.In consequence,there is a dire need to sec...Audio communications and computer networking play essential roles in our daily lives,including many domains with different scopes.Developments in these technologies are quick.In consequence,there is a dire need to secure these technologies up to date.This paper presents an efficient model for secure audio signal transmission over the wireless noisy uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.Also,the performance of the utilized multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem is analyzed in different transformation domains.The discrete cosine transform(DCT),the discrete sine transform(DST),and the discrete wavelet transform(DWT)are investigated in the utilizedmultiple secret key-based audio cryptosystem.Simulation results show consistent results with the wireless noisy channel.The performance of the proposed multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem can be ranked concerning the employed domain as DWT,DCT,and DST transform techniques.The simulation experiments proved that the presented multiple secret keysbased audio cryptosystemfor audio signals transmitted over the wireless noisy uncorrelatedRayleigh fading channel achieves reliable and secure wireless link utilizing combined multi security layers.展开更多
Network Coding (NC) is confirmed to be power and bandwidth efficient technique, because of the less number of transmitted packets over the network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is usually power limited network applic...Network Coding (NC) is confirmed to be power and bandwidth efficient technique, because of the less number of transmitted packets over the network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is usually power limited network application, and in many scenarios it is power and bandwidth limited application. The proposed scenario in this paper applies the advantages of NC over WSN to obtain such power and bandwidth efficient WSN. To take the advantages of NC over the one of the most needed applications i.e., WSN, we come up to what this paper is discussing. We consider a WSN (or its cluster) that consists of M nodes that transmit equal-length information packets to a common destination node D over wireless Rayleigh block-fading channel where the instantaneous SNR is assumed to be constant over a single packet transmission period. Finite-State packet level Markov chain (FSMC) model is applied to give the channel more practical aspect. The simulation results showed that applying NC over the WSN cluster improved the channel bandwidth significantly by decreasing the number of the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), resulting in improving the power consumption significantly. The results are collected for different transmission distances to evaluate the behavior to the proposed scenario with regard to the bath losses effect.展开更多
This work explores the performances of Space-Time and Space Frequency Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with simple two branches transmit diversity scheme. The combination of multiple-antenna and...This work explores the performances of Space-Time and Space Frequency Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with simple two branches transmit diversity scheme. The combination of multiple-antenna and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides reliable communications over frequency selective fading channels. We focus on the application of space-time block codes (STBC) and space-frequency block codes (SFBC) in OFDM systems over time-varying and frequency-selective channels. SFBC transmitter shows superior performance in fast varying channels while STBC shows better performance in frequency selective channels. A switching technique is presented that selects an appropriate transmission scheme between the STBC and SFBC assuming Rayleigh fading model.展开更多
Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP exp...Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP expression takes a closed form, while the other is derived by treating the squared-sum of Rayleigh random variables as an Erlang variable. Due to the fact that the extant bounds are loose and could not properly characterize the error performance of MRC diversity systems, this paper presents a very tight bound. The numerical analysis shows that the new derived BEP expressions coincide with the extant expressions, and that the new approximation tightly bounds the accurate BEP.展开更多
The transient Rayleigh wave exploration has high detection accuracy in shallow exploration.The effect of detection array is comprehensive reflection of the velocity of rock and soil mass.Therefore,the rolling multi-ch...The transient Rayleigh wave exploration has high detection accuracy in shallow exploration.The effect of detection array is comprehensive reflection of the velocity of rock and soil mass.Therefore,the rolling multi-channel transient acquisition system has been adopted in this study,which turns one dimensional transient Rayleigh wave exploration into two dimensions,consequently,the two-dimensional velocity distribution of rock and soil mass under the survey line has been achieved.Through comparing with the shallow seismic reflected wave exploration,the result indicates that the rolling multi-channel transient acquisition system has accurate resolution.Thus,in the process of the shallow reflected wave exploration,if the surface wave has developed,the coalition between the reflected wave exploration and the two-dimensional transient Rayleigh wave exploration should actualize the accuracy of exploration.展开更多
在n-Rayleigh信道下,研究了使用选择合并(SC)接收的移动无线传感器网络系统的平均符号误码率(ASEP)和信道容量。基于矩生成函数(MGF)方法,推导了系统采用相干检测的相移键控调制(PSK),正交幅度调制(QAM),脉冲幅度调制(PAM)等数字调制方...在n-Rayleigh信道下,研究了使用选择合并(SC)接收的移动无线传感器网络系统的平均符号误码率(ASEP)和信道容量。基于矩生成函数(MGF)方法,推导了系统采用相干检测的相移键控调制(PSK),正交幅度调制(QAM),脉冲幅度调制(PAM)等数字调制方式的ASEP的精确表达式。同时,也得到了系统信道容量的精确表达式。然后对不同条件下的ASEP和信道容量性能做了数值仿真,理论分析结果与仿真结果相吻合,验证了理论分析结果的正确性。仿真结果表明:随着分集支路数的增加,系统的ASEP和信道容量性能得到了很好的改善,当使用QPSK调制,信噪比为16 d B时,分集支路数L=1,系统的误码率是6×10-2,信道容量是4(bit/s)/Hz;分集支路数L=2,系统的误码率是1×10-2,信道容量是5.1(bit/s)/Hz;分集支路数L=3,系统的误码率是2×10-3,信道容量是5.8(bit/s)/Hz。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62171240,61771264,62001254,61971467,the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant BE2021013-1the Science and Technology Program of Nantong under Grants JC2021121,JC2021017.
文摘Channel training in reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted communications is usually conducted in an on-off manner,resulting in unaffordable training time overhead when the number of RIS elements is large.In this paper,for correlated Rayleigh channels,we compare three typical training overhead reduction schemes,namely RIS element selection(Scheme 1),element grouping(Scheme 2),and statistical CSI-based phase shifts design(Scheme3).For Scheme 1 and Scheme 2,we propose two algorithms to select RIS elements(or form element groups) and determine the optimal number of activated elements(or formed groups),based on the channel correlation information only;for Scheme 3,we consider a semi-definite programming-based approach in the literature,and propose an alternative dominant eigenvector-based method for determining the RIS phase shifts vector.Via extensive simulations,we compare the achievable ergodic rates of these schemes versus the signal-to-noise ratio,the channel correlation level,and the element number-to-coherent time ratio,respectively,and discuss possible switching of the three schemes over these system parameters.At last,operation regions of the considered training overhead reduction schemes are shown in the plane characterized by the system parameters,which provides useful guidelines for practical scheme determination.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41140033).
文摘To facilitate investigation of the effect of imperfect elastic dissipation on thepropagation of Rayleigh-type channel waves and use of their quality factors in investigationsof the properties of coal seams, a simple method for calculating the quality factor QR isproposed in this paper. Introduction of complex velocities into the dispersion function allowscalculation of the dispersion function of Rayleigh-type channel waves in coal seams. By thecontrol variable method, we analyzed changes in QR with changes in coal seam thickness andP- and S-wave Q-factors within the coal seam and adjacent rock layers. The numerical resultsshow that the trend of the QR curve is consistent with the group velocity curve. The minimumQR value occurs at the Airy phase frequency; the Airy phase frequency decreases as coal seamthickness increases. The value of QR increases with increasing Qs2 (quality factor for S wavein coal seam). We can compensate for the absorption of Rayleigh-type channel waves usingthe computed QR curve. Inversion of the QR curve can also be used to predict the thicknessesand litholoeies of coal seams.
文摘This paper proposes a wavelet based receiver structure for frequency-flat time-varying Rayleigh channels, consisting of a receiver front-end followed by a Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) detector. Discretization of the received continuous time signal using filter banks is an essential stage in the front-end part, where the Fast Haar Transform (FHT) is used to reduce complexity. Analysis of our receiver over slow-fading channels shows that it is optimal for certain modulation schemes. By comparison with literature, it is shown that over such channels our receiver can achieve optimal performance for Time-Orthogonal modulation. Computed and Monte-Carlo simulated performance results over fast time-varying Rayleigh fading channels show that with Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), our receiver using four basis functions (filters) lowers the error floor by more than one order of magnitude with respect to other techniques of comparable complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) can achieve the same performance as Time-Orthogonal modulation for the slow-fading case, but suffers some degradation over fast-fading channels where it exhibits an error floor. Compared to MSK, however, Orthogonal FSK provides better performance.
文摘The transmission error code performance of square MQAM and star MQAM modulation schemes for the AGWN Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. The corresponding BER formulas and computer aided numeric results are given. Therefore it provides a theoretical basis for choosing MQAM modulation schemes in mobile communications.
文摘MIMO technology proposed in recent years can effectively combat the multipath fading of wireless channel and can considerably enlarge the channel capacity, which has been investigated widely by researchers. However, its performance analysis over correlated block-fading Rayleigh channel is still an open and challenging objective. In this article, an analytic expression of bit error rate (BER) is presented for multiple phase shift keying (MPSK) space-time code, with differential detection over correlated block-fading Rayleigh channel. Through theoretical analysis of BER, it can be found that the differential space-time scheme without the need for channel state information (CSI) at receiver achieves distinct performance gain compared with the traditional nonspace-time system. And then, the system simulation is complimented to verify the above result, showing that the diversity system based on the differential space-time block coding (DSTBC) outperforms the traditional nonspacetime system with diversity gain in terms of BER. Furthermore, the numerical results also demonstrate that the error floor of the differential space-time system is much lower than that of the differential nonspace-time system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90307017)
文摘In this paper, a particle filter (PF) with simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to estimate and track Rayleigh channel state information (CSI) using decision directed scheme. By iteratively cooling in PF, there are two superiorities in our proposed algorithm. First, there is no degeneration problem in this method. Second, the proposed algorithm converges globally. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in a system on Rayleigh channel with BPSK modulation. Also, the consistency and sensitivity of the algorithm has been tested and the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is good enough to be applied to wireless communication practice. The relationships between channel estimation and measurement noise, SNR and Doppler frequency have been shown by simulations.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant 61271186
文摘Sensing coverage is a fundamental design issue in wireless sensor networks(WSNs),while sensor scheduling ensures coverage degree to the monitored event and extends the network lifetime.In this paper,we address k-coverage scheduling problem in dense WSNs,we maintain a connected k-coverage energy efficiently through a novel Hard-Core based Coordinated Scheduling(HCCS),in which hardcore is a thinning process in stochastic geometry that inhibits more than one active sensor covering any area redundantly in a minimum distance. As compared with existing coordinated scheduling,HCCS allows coordination between sensors with little communication overhead.Moreover,due to the traditional sensing models in k-coverage analysis is unsuitable to describe the characteristic of transmit channel in dense WSNs,we propose a novel sensing model integrating Rayleigh Fading and Distribution of Active sensors(RFDA),and derive the coverage measure and k-coverage probability for the monitored event under RFDA. In addition,we analyze the influence factors,i.e. the transmit condition and monitoring degree to the k-coverage probability. Finally,through Monte Carlo simulations,it is shown that the k-coverage probability of HCCS outperforms that of its random scheduling counterpart.
基金This study was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/08),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Audio communications and computer networking play essential roles in our daily lives,including many domains with different scopes.Developments in these technologies are quick.In consequence,there is a dire need to secure these technologies up to date.This paper presents an efficient model for secure audio signal transmission over the wireless noisy uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.Also,the performance of the utilized multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem is analyzed in different transformation domains.The discrete cosine transform(DCT),the discrete sine transform(DST),and the discrete wavelet transform(DWT)are investigated in the utilizedmultiple secret key-based audio cryptosystem.Simulation results show consistent results with the wireless noisy channel.The performance of the proposed multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem can be ranked concerning the employed domain as DWT,DCT,and DST transform techniques.The simulation experiments proved that the presented multiple secret keysbased audio cryptosystemfor audio signals transmitted over the wireless noisy uncorrelatedRayleigh fading channel achieves reliable and secure wireless link utilizing combined multi security layers.
文摘Network Coding (NC) is confirmed to be power and bandwidth efficient technique, because of the less number of transmitted packets over the network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is usually power limited network application, and in many scenarios it is power and bandwidth limited application. The proposed scenario in this paper applies the advantages of NC over WSN to obtain such power and bandwidth efficient WSN. To take the advantages of NC over the one of the most needed applications i.e., WSN, we come up to what this paper is discussing. We consider a WSN (or its cluster) that consists of M nodes that transmit equal-length information packets to a common destination node D over wireless Rayleigh block-fading channel where the instantaneous SNR is assumed to be constant over a single packet transmission period. Finite-State packet level Markov chain (FSMC) model is applied to give the channel more practical aspect. The simulation results showed that applying NC over the WSN cluster improved the channel bandwidth significantly by decreasing the number of the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), resulting in improving the power consumption significantly. The results are collected for different transmission distances to evaluate the behavior to the proposed scenario with regard to the bath losses effect.
文摘This work explores the performances of Space-Time and Space Frequency Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with simple two branches transmit diversity scheme. The combination of multiple-antenna and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides reliable communications over frequency selective fading channels. We focus on the application of space-time block codes (STBC) and space-frequency block codes (SFBC) in OFDM systems over time-varying and frequency-selective channels. SFBC transmitter shows superior performance in fast varying channels while STBC shows better performance in frequency selective channels. A switching technique is presented that selects an appropriate transmission scheme between the STBC and SFBC assuming Rayleigh fading model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60572059)Foundation of Guangdong Province for Ph.D. (No. 5300707).
文摘Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP expression takes a closed form, while the other is derived by treating the squared-sum of Rayleigh random variables as an Erlang variable. Due to the fact that the extant bounds are loose and could not properly characterize the error performance of MRC diversity systems, this paper presents a very tight bound. The numerical analysis shows that the new derived BEP expressions coincide with the extant expressions, and that the new approximation tightly bounds the accurate BEP.
文摘The transient Rayleigh wave exploration has high detection accuracy in shallow exploration.The effect of detection array is comprehensive reflection of the velocity of rock and soil mass.Therefore,the rolling multi-channel transient acquisition system has been adopted in this study,which turns one dimensional transient Rayleigh wave exploration into two dimensions,consequently,the two-dimensional velocity distribution of rock and soil mass under the survey line has been achieved.Through comparing with the shallow seismic reflected wave exploration,the result indicates that the rolling multi-channel transient acquisition system has accurate resolution.Thus,in the process of the shallow reflected wave exploration,if the surface wave has developed,the coalition between the reflected wave exploration and the two-dimensional transient Rayleigh wave exploration should actualize the accuracy of exploration.
文摘在n-Rayleigh信道下,研究了使用选择合并(SC)接收的移动无线传感器网络系统的平均符号误码率(ASEP)和信道容量。基于矩生成函数(MGF)方法,推导了系统采用相干检测的相移键控调制(PSK),正交幅度调制(QAM),脉冲幅度调制(PAM)等数字调制方式的ASEP的精确表达式。同时,也得到了系统信道容量的精确表达式。然后对不同条件下的ASEP和信道容量性能做了数值仿真,理论分析结果与仿真结果相吻合,验证了理论分析结果的正确性。仿真结果表明:随着分集支路数的增加,系统的ASEP和信道容量性能得到了很好的改善,当使用QPSK调制,信噪比为16 d B时,分集支路数L=1,系统的误码率是6×10-2,信道容量是4(bit/s)/Hz;分集支路数L=2,系统的误码率是1×10-2,信道容量是5.1(bit/s)/Hz;分集支路数L=3,系统的误码率是2×10-3,信道容量是5.8(bit/s)/Hz。