Validation of housekeeping genes as internal controls for studying the gene expression in Pyropia haitanensis(Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by quantitative real-time PCR

Pyropia haitanensis is an economically important mariculture crop in China and has a high research value for several life phenomena, for example environmental tolerance. To explore the mechanisms underlying these characteristics, gene expression has been investigated at the whole transcriptome level. Gene expression studies using quantitative real-time PCR should start by selecting an appropriate internal control gene; therefore, the absolute expression abundance of six housekeeping genes （18S rRNA （18S）, ubiquitin-conju-ating enzyme （UBC）, actin （ACT）, β-tubulin （TUB）, elongation factors 2 （EF2）, and glyceraldehyde-3-phos- phate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） examined by the quantitative real-time PCR in samples corresponding to different strains, life-cycle stages and abiotic stress treatments. Their expression stabilities were assessed by the comparative cycle threshold （Ct） method and by two different software packages： geNorm and NormFinder. The most stable housekeeping gene is UBC and the least stable housekeeping is GADPH. Thus, it is proposed that the most appropriate internal control gene for expression analyses in P. haitanensis is UBC. The results pave the way for further gene expression analyses of different aspects of P. haitanensis biology including different strains, life-history stages and abiotic stress responses.

Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression during early development processes of the tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Differential expression of genes is crucial to growth and development of fish. To select the appropriate genes for gene normalization during Cynoglossus semilaevis early developmental process, eight candidate reference genes （ACTB, B2M, EF1A, GADPH, RPL7, TUBA, UBCE and 18S） were tested for their adequacy by using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression of all the examined genes exhibited tissue dependent variations in the mature C. semilaevis. EFIA was listed as the most stable reference among the 14 tissues by RefFinder. Furthermore, the recommended comprehensive ranking of the stability determined by RefFinder showed that 18S was the most stable gene during the early developmental stages （from oosphere to 90 days old） in this study. However, when divided the Ct value data of the above mentioned early developmental stages into two separate periods （embryo and post-hatching periods）, TUBA and 18S represented the most stable references of these two developmental periods, respectively. Consequently, the reference gene should be carefully and accurately chosen even for studies of the same species at various developmental processes. The relevant data may help in selecting appropriate reference genes for mRNA expression analysis, and is of great value in the studies of fish growth and development.

Selection of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Nilaparvata lugens with Different Levels of Virulence on Rice by Quantitative Real-Time PCR

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal （Homoptera： Delphacidae） can cause hopperburn by feeding on rice and also can transmit the grassy stunt disease. Resistant rice varieties have been developed, but several N. lugens strains can recover their virulence to these resistant rice varieties. In the present study, reference genes with stable expression levels in N. lugens populations showed different levels of virulence to susceptible and resistant rice varieties. The expression of six candidate reference genes in N. lugens feeding on susceptible and resistant rice varieties was analyzed. These genes were evaluated for their potential use in the analysis of differential gene expression. Polymerase chain reaction data was generated from N. lugens, including two different treatments （resistant or susceptible rice） and three virulent N. lugens populations. Three software programs （BestKeeper, Normfinder and geNorm） were used to assess the candidate reference genes. Both geNorm and Normfinder identified the genes 18S, E-ACT, E-TUB and a-TUB as the most stable reference genes. BestKeeper identified ETIF1 as the optimal reference gene with the least overall variation, whereas 18S and a-TUB were the second and third most stably expressed genes, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the genes 18S and a-TUB were the most suitable reference genes in N. lugens. These results will facilitate future transcript profiling studies on N. lugens populations that show variation in virulence levels on different rice varieties.

Reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis and quantitative expression of P5CS in Agropyron mongolicum under drought stress

Reference genes, stably expressing in different tissues and cells, are commonly used as the references in expression analysis. Selecting the optimum reference gene is crucial to the success of experiments. In this study, the expression stabilities of nine common reference genes, including ACT2, 18 S r RNA, APRT, EF-1α, RNA POL II, TUBα, TUBβ, GAPDH and TLF of Agropyron mongolicum, were studied under drought condition. Among them, 18 S r RNA was found to be the most optimum reference gene under drought stress by the analyzing of ge Norm and Norm Finder software. Quantitative expression levels of P5 CS using 18 S r RNA as the reference gene, and proline contents under drought stress in A. mongolicum were further operated, and we found the expression level of P5 CS gene and proline content had a significantly positive relationship（R^2=0.7763, P〈0.05）. This study established and validated 18 S r RNA as the reference genes in A. mongolicum under drought stress, providing a powerful tool for the quantitative expression analysis of drought genes in A. mongolicum.

Detection and clinical significance of multidrug resistance-1 mRNA in bone marrow cells in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR

Objective： Multidrug resistance（MDR） is one of the most important reasons for treatment failure and recurrence of acute leukemia. Its manifestations are different in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia（ALL） which may be due to different detection methods. This study was to detect the expression of MDR1 mRNA in bone marrow cells of children with ALL by real-time fluorescence- quantitative reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction（FQ-RT-PCR）, and combine minimal residual desease（MRD） detection by flow cytometry（FCM） and to study their relationship with treatment response and prognosis of ALL. Methods：The MDR1 mRNA levels in bone marrow cells from 67 children with ALL[28 had newly diagnosed disease, 27 had achieved complete remission（CR）, 12 recurrent] and 22 children without leukemia were detected by FQ-RT-PCR. MRD was detected by FCM. The patients were observed for 9-101 months, with a median of 64 months. Results：Standard curves of human MDR1 and GAPDH genes were constructed successfully. MDR1 mRNA was detected in all children with a positive rate of 100%. The mRNA level of MDR1 was similar among the newly diagnosed ALL group, CR group, and control group（P 〉 0.05）, but significantly higher in the recurrence group than that in newly diagnosed disease group and control group（0.50 ± 0.55 vs. 0.09 ± 0.26 and 0.12 ± 0.23, P〈 0.05）. 54 ALL patients were followed up, and it was found that MDR1 mRNA level was significantly higher in ALL patients within 3 years duration than that of ALL patients with 3-6 years and over 6 years duration（0.63 ± 0.56 vs. 0.11 ± 0.12 and 0.04 ± 0.06, P〈 0.01）. For the 28 children with newly diagnosed disease, the MDR1 mRNA level was similar between WBC 〉 50 ~ 109 group and WBC〈50 × 10^9 group（P〉 0.05）. In the 33 CR patients, the MDR1 mRNA level was significantly higher in MRD〉10a group than that in MRD〈10a group（0.39 ± 0.47 vs. 0.03 ± 0.03, P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion：The sensitivity and specificity of FQ-RT-PCR in detecting MDR1 mRNA in bone marrowy cells of children with ALL patients are high. MDR1 mRNA is expressed in children with and without leukemia. MDR1 mRNA is highly expressed in the CR ALL patients with high MRD, recurrence and short duration（within 3 years）. Monitoring MRD and the MDR1 mRNA level might be helpful for individual treatment.

用基于TaqMan探针的Real-time PCR技术定量检测副溶血弧菌

副溶血弧菌是一种引起食源性疾病的重要病原菌,传统的鉴定方法费时费力且容易出现假阴性,建立一种定量检测副溶血弧菌基因的方法尤为重要。根据GenBank公布的副溶血弧菌的gyrB基因序列设计一对引物和TaqMan探针,建立了基于TaqMan探针的RealtimePCR方法。通过对9种细菌(12株菌株)的DNA进行扩增,结果所有4株副溶血弧菌均可产生扩增曲线,其他8株非副溶血弧菌均不产生扩增曲线,证明了引物和探针具有很高的特异性。细菌纯培养物品和人工布菌的检测敏感度分别为1CFUPCR反应体系和10CFUPCR反应体系,相关系数均为0.99(r2=0.99),整个试验可在1h内完成。建立的方法可用于海产品中副溶血弧菌的快速定量检测。

Real-time PCR检测黄牛、牦牛、犏牛睾丸组织中Boule、Dazl基因mRNA表达

旨在探讨DAZ基因家族Dazl和Boule基因与犏牛雄性不育的关系。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中DAZ基因家族Boule和Dazl基因mRNA表达并进行分析。结果表明,Boule和Dazl熔解曲线扩增产物呈现单特异峰,具有较高的灵敏度和特异性;标准曲线显示Ct值与重组质粒浓度间线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;mRNA表达分析显示,3种牛中Dazl基因在犏牛睾丸组织中表达量最低,其中黄牛与牦牛、黄牛与犏牛差异显著(P<0.05),犏牛与牦牛差异不显著(P>0.05);Boule基因在3种牛睾丸组织中的表达量显示,黄牛与牦牛差异不显著(P>0.05),黄牛、牦牛与犏牛差异显著(P<0.05)。结果提示,Dazl和Boule基因可作为研究犏牛雄性不育的候选基因。

Development of Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Vibrio vulnificus Based on Hemolysin (vvhA) Coding System

Objective To establish a TaqMan real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to detect Vibrio vulnificus based on the hemolysin gene （vvhA） coding cytolysin. Methods Primers and probes in the conserved region of the vvhA gene sequence were designed for the TaqMan real-time PCR to detect 100 bp amplicon from V. vulnificus DNA. Recombinant plasmid pMD19-vvhA100 was constructed and used as a positive control during the detection. Minimal amplification cycles （Ct value） and fluorescence intensity enhancement （ARn value） were used as observing indexes to optimize the reaction conditions of TaqMan real-time PCR. The TaqMan assay for the detection of Vbirio vulnificus was evaluated in pure culture, mice tissue which artificially contaminated Vibrio vulnificus and clinical samples. Results The established TaqMan real-time PCR showed positive results only for Vibrio vulnificus DNA and pMD19-vvhA100. The standard curve was plotted and the minimum level of the vvhA target from the recombinant plasmid DNA was 103 copies with a Ct value of 37.94±0.19, as the equivalent of 0.01 ng purified genomic DNA of Vibrio vulnificus. The results detected by TaqMan PCR were positive for the 16 clinical samples and all the specimens of peripheral blood and subcutaneous tissue of mice which were infected with Vibrio vulnificus. Conclusion TaqMan real-time PCR is a rapid, effective, and quantitative tool to detect Vibro vulnificus, and can be used in clinical laboratory diagnosis of septicemia and wound infection caused by Vibrio vulnificus.

猪链球菌2型的Real-time PCR定量检测研究

目的 建立了基于TaqMan探针的Real-time PCR方法，实时、定量检测猪链球菌2型。针对GenBank公布的猪链球菌2型的csp2J基因序列设计一对引物和TaqMan探针，建立了Real-time PCR检测方法，制作标准曲线，定量检测猪链球菌2型。通过对6种细菌（9株菌株）的DNA进行扩增。结果所有4株猪链球菌2型均可产生扩增曲线，其他5株非猪链球菌2型均不产生扩增曲线。细菌纯培养物的检测敏感度为6～8CFU／PCR反应体系，相关系数均为0．99（r^2=0．99），整个试验可在1．5h内完成。建立的方法可用于猪链球菌2型的快速、定量检测。

基因重组构建AFP mRNA的real time RT-PCR标准定量模板

目的 :构建AFPmRNA的realtimeRT PCR标准定量模板。方法 :提取肝瘤细胞株BEL740 2细胞总RNA ,进行RT PCR扩增并纯化AFP基因片段 ,与PMD 1 8T载体连接构建重组质粒。结果 :重组质粒的阳性克隆效率为81 .8% ,经酶切鉴定 ,目的基因片段已插入PMD 1 8T载体内。结论 :成功构建了AFPmRNA的标准定量模板 ,可应用于该基因的realtimeRT

三疣梭子蟹附肢再生过程中qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选与Wnt7b表达研究应用

为筛选三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)附肢再生过程中的最适内参基因,以附肢再生不同阶段的三疣梭子蟹为研究对象,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对细胞骨架蛋白基因(β-actin)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因(GAPDH)、18S rRNA(18S)、转录延伸因子基因(EF1α)、核糖体蛋白L18基因(RPL18)、细胞色素C氧化酶基因(COX)和组蛋白基因(HIS)共7个候选内参基因在肌肉、眼柄、血淋巴、肝胰腺、鳃、心脏和再生附肢共7种组织中的表达水平进行检测,并利用△Ct、geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper程序对候选内参基因的稳定性进行评价,筛选出合适的内参,最后以最适内参基因作为参考,分析再生相关基因Wnt7b的表达水平。结果显示,在不同组织中综合稳定性最好的是RPL18,而在不同再生阶段的再生附肢中β-actin和RPL18基因做双内参基因更适合。以RPL18和β-actin作双内参基因研究Wnt7b的表达水平时发现,Wnt7b基因在三疣梭子蟹附肢再生过程中的表达呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势;Wnt7b基因在三疣梭子蟹各组织中均有表达,除再生附肢和血淋巴外其他组织中的表达量都较低。本研究结果为甲壳类再生发育相关研究内参基因的选择及分子调控机制研究提供了参考。

相对定量Real-time PCR分析不同品种鸡胚H-FABP基因表达的差异

选用孵化5d的9只莱芜黑鸡,9只汶上芦花鸡和8只济宁百日鸡胚以及孵化11d的12只莱芜黑鸡,11只汶上芦花鸡和9只济宁百日鸡胚作为研究对象,采用相对定量Real-timePCR的方法,研究心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)基因在不同品种鸡胚中表达的差异。结果显示检测的3个品种孵化11d的鸡胚中H-FABP基因的表达高于孵化5d的鸡胚。其中莱芜黑鸡的H-FABP基因的表达量变化最小,孵化11d的表达量约为孵化5d的2.64倍;变化最大的是济宁百日鸡,孵化11d的表达量约为孵化5d的4.17倍;汶上芦花鸡H-FABP基因在孵化11d的表达量约为孵化5d表达量的2.96倍。

Real-time PCR检测大豆CONSTANS基因在不同光照条件下的表达

采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了不同感光大豆品种的CO(CONSTANS)基因在不同光照条件下的mRNA水平变化。结果表明:早熟品种东农49和晚熟品种东农42各自在短日照(8h/16h光/暗)下会比长日照(16 h/8 h光/暗)下表达有所增强,同时东农49中CO基因的表达要高于东农42,它们的表达峰值均出现在光暗交界处。东农42由长日照或短日照移入完全光或完全暗条件时,暗下CO基因的表达量剧增,并且大致维持之前长日照和短日照的表达规律。CO基因的表达有很强的昼夜节律性,暗下利于其表达,并且在不同感光品种中表达有所不同。

猪伪狂犬病病毒野毒LNA探针real-time PCR检测方法的建立

本研究根据猪伪狂犬病病毒gE基因保守区域设计特异性引物和LNA-TaqMan探针,建立了基于LNA-TaqMan探针的猪伪狂犬病病毒野毒株荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示:所建立的方法能够特异性的检测出猪伪狂犬病病毒野毒株;灵敏度更高,最低检测下限为10个拷贝/μL;批内变异系数和批间变异系数分别为0.43%~0.64%、0.44%~2.34%,重复性良好。对67份临床样品进行检测,病毒分离培养法检测出23份阳性样品,LNA-TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR方法检测出26份阳性样品,常规TaqMan探针法检测出21份阳性样品,与病毒分离法比较,LNA-TaqMan探针法的符合率为96%。本研究建立的基于LNA-TaqMan探针检测猪伪狂犬病病毒野毒株的荧光定量PCR方法,为猪伪狂犬病的诊断和流行病学调查提供了可靠的技术支持。

Development of A Real-Time PCR Assay for Plasmodiophora brassicae and Its Detection in Soil Samples

A SYBR Green I real-time PCR assay was developed to detect and quantify Plasmodiophora brassicae ribosomal DNA（rDNA） and internal transcribed spacer（ITS）.A pair of primers PBF1/PBR1 was designed based on the conservative region of rDNA-ITS of P.brassicae.The positive plasmid pB12 was obtained and used as the template to create standard curve.The specificity,sensitivity,and reproducibility of real-time PCR were evaluated respectively.Naturally and artificially infested soil samples containing different concentrations of P.brassicae were detected.The results demonstrated that standard curve established by recombinant plasmid was shown a fine linear relationship between threshold cycle and template concentration.The melting curve was specific with the correlation coefficient of 0.995 and that the amplification efficiency was 93.8%.The detection limit of P.brassicae genomic DNA was approximately 40 copies per 25 μL.The sensitivity of the assay was at least 100-fold higher than conventional PCR.Only DNA from P.brassicae could be amplified and detected using this assay,suggesting the highly specific of this assay.The coefficient of variation was less than 3%,indicating the PCR method revealed high reproducibility.The detection limit in soil samples corresponded to 1 000 resting spores g-1soil.Bait plants were used to validate the real-time PCR assay.This developed real-time PCR assay allows for fast and sensitive detection of P.brassicae in soil and should be useful in disease management and pest interception so as to prevent further spread of P.brassicae.

鸽微RNA病毒实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

旨在建立鸽微RNA病毒(pigeon megrivirus,PiMeV)实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。本研究根据GenBank中PiMeVs序列特征设计特异性检测引物,从信鸽粪便中检测到PiMeV阳性(命名为PiMeV-CHN001株),并对其3 C基因进行核苷酸同源性比较和遗传进化分析,明确其基因特征后,设计特异性实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测(RT-qPCR)引物组,建立检测PiMeV的RT-qPCR方法。结果显示:PiMeV-CHN001株3 C基因全长为591 bp,编码197个氨基酸,和其他2株野鸽源PiMeV(MeV-B1株和MeV-B2株)核苷酸相似性分别为89.5%和92.0%。建立的检测PiMeV的RT-qPCR方法的标准曲线Y轴截距为37.93,斜率为-3.335,相关系数为1.00,扩增效率为99.4%。特异性强,仅PiMeV出现特异性扩增信号和特异性峰值[Tm值为(81.69±0.22)℃],对鸽源禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)、鸽源禽I型副黏病毒(pigeon paramyxovirus type I,PPMV-1)、鸽输血传播病毒(pigeon torque teno virus,PTTV)、鸽腺病毒(pigeon adenovirus,PiAd)及鸽圆环病毒(pigeon circovirus,PiCV)检测均未见特异性扩增信号;敏感性优,最低检测限为54.0拷贝·μL^(-1);重复性好,批内和批间变异系数均低于1.5%。用建立的检测方法对42份信鸽粪便样品进行检测,发现2份阳性样品(阳性率为4.76%)。本研究首次证实我国大陆地区信鸽中存在PiMeV,丰富了PiMeV宿主谱信息;建立的RT-qPCR方法为后续开展PiMeV流行病学研究提供支撑。

基于ARMS-PCR技术检测SLC39A13基因核苷酸多态性方法的建立

为了实现核苷酸多态性(SNP)的精准分型,针对SLC39A13基因rs755555位点,建立基于荧光定量PCR的分子诊断技术。首先,分别设计rs755555位点及内参基因peptidylprolyl isomerase A(PPIA)的Taqman荧光ARMS-PCR检测引物和探针;其次,构建阳性对照质粒;最后,以基因分型精确度为指标,优化引物探针组合,以及检测试剂的PCR反应体系和反应条件。结果表明:野生型最优引物探针组合为WF1、R1、FP1、PIRF5、PIRR5、PIRP5,突变型最优引物探针组合为FMF3、R1、FP1、PIRF5、PIRR5、PIRP5;每个检测样品的最优反应体系为SLC39A13基因上下游引物探针各0.1μL,内标上下游引物探针各0.1μL,10μL PerfectStart^(■)ⅡProbe qPCR SuperMix UDG,5.4μL纯水,4μL样品基因组。重复性实验和70个样品的检测验证,确认了检测体系的可行性,为研发SLC39A13基因rs755555位点多态性检测试剂盒提供了技术基础。

应用Q-PCR定性检测KIR基因有无方法的建立

目的建立定性检测KIR基因有无的Q-PCR方法。方法根据高分辨水平中国人群KIR等位基因的多态性,并参考国际IPD-KIR数据库,针对16种KIR基因及2DS4-Normal、2DS4-Deleted两种亚型,设计KIR基因特异性引物用于Q-PCR扩增反应;同时设置一孔阴性对照、一孔阳性对照(特异性扩增人体生长激素HGH基因片段),以监控假阳性、假阴性的结果。为验证Q-PCR方法的可靠性,随机选择302份已采用KIR PCR-SSP商品化试剂盒检测的标本,采用Q-PCR方法盲检和对比。结果300人份的Q-PCR检测结果与已知的PCR-SSP检测结果相符,有2份标本结果不一致,其中1例标本的2DS5基因Q-PCR检测结果为阴性,而PCR-SSP检测结果为阳性;另一例标本2DS1基因Q-PCR检测结果为阳性,而PCR-SSP检测结果为阴性。对2份标本分别进行2DS5、2DS1基因测序分型,证实Q-PCR定性检测结果正确。结论本文建立的KIR Q-PCR方法结果准确、可靠,可用于KIR基因有无的定性检测。

球茎甘蓝qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选及稳定性验证

【目的】通过对已知内参基因进行筛选,确定球茎甘蓝最合适的内参基因,确保实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的准确表达。【方法】本试验选择了11种参考基因,利用GeNorm、Normalfinder和Bestkeep软件对紫色球茎甘蓝和绿色球茎甘蓝不同部位的内部参考基因进行了分析。【结果】3个分析结果显示,内参基因Tip41在球茎甘蓝不同组织部位表达最稳定。【结论】Tip41是作为内参基因的最佳选择,为球茎甘蓝后续的分子生物学相关研究提供基础。

青鲫qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选及评价

为筛选出青鲫不同组织中的最适内参基因,本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)技术检测β肌动蛋白(β-actin)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、18S核糖体RNA(18S r RNA)和核糖体蛋白L13(RPL13)4个候选内参基因在青鲫脑、鳃、性腺、肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和脾脏7个组织中的表达情况,并利用ge Norm、NormFinder和BestKeeper等程序分析候选基因的表达稳定性。结果显示,4个内参基因在各组织的Ct值高低顺序依次为:β-actin>GAPDH>18S r RNA>RPL13;4个内参基因在不同组织的稳定性有所不同,综合评价分析显示其稳定性排序为RPL13>18S r RNA>β-actin>GAPDH,RPL13适合作为青鲫不同组织qRT-PCR分析的内参基因。本研究结果可为后续青鲫功能基因表达特征的研究提供技术支撑。