Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling Index in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease and Coronary Artery Disease

Left ventricular remodeling index （LVRI） was assessed in patients with hypertensive heart disease （HHD） and coronary artery disease （CAD） by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. RT3DE data of 18 patients with HHD, 20 patients with CAD and 22 normal controis （NC） were acquired. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume （EDV） and left ventricular end-diastolic epicardial volume （EDVepi） were detected by RT3DE and two-dimensional echocardiography Simpson biplane method （2DE）. LVRI （left ventricular mass/EDV） was calculated and compared. The results showed that LVRI measurements detected by RT3DE and 2DE showed significant differences inter-groups （P〈0.01）. There was no significant difference in NC group （P〉0.05）, but significant difference in HHD and CAD intra-group （P〈0.05）. There was good positive correlations between LVRI detected by RT3DE and 2DE in NC and HHD groups （t=0.69, P〈0.01; r=0.68, P〈0.01）, but no significant correlation in CAD group （r=0.30, P〉0.05）. It was concluded that LVRI derived from RT3DE as a new index for evaluating left ventricular remodeling can provide more superiority to LVRI derived from 2DE.

Evaluation of Atrial Septal Defect Using Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography:Comparison with Surgical Findings

The present study evaluated the application of three dimensional echocardigraphy （3DE） in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect （ASD） and the measurement of its size by 3DE and compared the size with surgical findings. Two-dimensional and real-time three dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE） was performed in 26 patients with atrial septal defect, and the echocardiographic data were compared with the surgical findings. Significant correlation was found between defect diameter by RT3DE and that measured during surgery （r=0.77, P〈0.001）. The defect area changed significantly during cardiac cycle. Percentage change in defect size during cardiac cycle ranged from 6%-70%. Our study showed that the size and morphology of atrial septal defect obtained with RT3DE correlate well with surgical findings. Therefore, RT3DE is a feasible and accurate non-invasive imaging tool for assessment of atrial septal size and dynamic changes.

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Volume and Systolic Function by Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography

The optimal plane for measurement of the right ventricular (RV) volumes by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) was determined and the feasibility and accuracy of RT3DE in studying RV systolic function was assessed. RV “Full volume” images were acquired by RT3DE in 22 healthy subjects. RV end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (RVESV) were outlined using apical biplane, 4-plane, 8-plane, 16-plane offline separately. RVSV and RVEF were calculated. Meanwhile tricuspid annual systolic excursion (TASE) was measured by M-mode echo. LVSV was outlined by 2-D echo according to the biplane Simpson's rule. The results showed: (1) There was a good correlation between RVSV measured from series planes and LVSV from 2-D echo (r=0.73; r=0.69; r=0.63; r=0.66, P<0.25—0.0025); (2) There were significant differences between RVEDV in biplane and those in 4-, 8-, 16-plane (P<0.001). There was also difference between RV volume in 4-plane and that in 8-plane (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between RV volume in 8-plane and that in 16-plane (P>0.05); (3) Inter-observers and intro-observers variability analysis showed that there were close agreements and relations for RV volumes (r=0.986, P<0.001; r=0.93, P<0.001); (4) There was a significantly positive correlation of TASE to RVSV and RVEF from RT3DE (r=0.83; r=0.90). So RV volume measures with RT3DE are rapid, accurate and reproducible. In view of RV's complex shape, apical 8-plane method is better in clinical use. It may allow early detection of RV systolic function.

Geometric comparison of the mitral and tricuspid valve annulus:Insights from three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

AIM To apply real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography(RT3D TEE) for quantitative and qualitative assessment of the mitral valve annulus(MVA) and tricuspid valve annulus(TVA) in the same patient.METHODS Our retrospective cohort study examined the MVA and TVA in 49 patients by RT3 D TEE. MVA and TVA shape were examined by TEE. The MVA and TVA volume data set images were acquired in the mid esophageal 4-chamber view. The MVA and TVA were acquired separately, with optimization of each for the highest frame rate and image quality. The 3D shape of the annuli was reconstructed using the Philips~? Q lab, MVQ ver. 6.0 MVA model software. The end-systolic frame was used. The parameters measured and compared were annular area, circumference, high-low distances(height), anterolateralposterolateral(ALPM), and anteroposterior(AP) axes. RESULTS A total of 49 patients(mean age 61 ± 14 years, 45% males) were studied. The ALPM and the AP axes of the MVA and TVA are not significantly different. The ALPM axis of the MVA was 37.9 ± 6.4 mm and 38.0 ± 5.6 mm for the TVA(P = 0.70). The AP axis of the MVA was 34.8 ± 5.7 mm and 34.9 ± 6.2 mm for the TVA(P = 0.90). The MVA and the TVA had similar circumference and area. The circumference of the MVA was 127.9 ± 16.8 mm and 125.92 ± 16.12 mm for the TVA(P = 0.23). The area of the MVA was 1103.7 ± 307.8 mm^2 and 1131.7 ± 302.0 mm^2 for the TVA(P = 0.41). The MVA and TVA are similar oval structures, but with significantly different heights. The ALPM/AP ratio for the MVA was 1.08 ± 0.33 and 1.09 ± 0.28 for the TVA(P < 0.001). The height for the MVA and TVA was 9.23 ± 2.11 mm and 4.37 ± 1.48 mm, respectively(P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION RT3 D TEE plays an unprecedented role in the management of valvular heart disease. The specific and exclusive shape of the MVA and TVA was revealed in our study of patients studied. Moreover, the intricate codependence of the MVA and the TVA depends on their distinctive shapes. This realization seen from our study will allow us to better understand the role valvular disease plays in disease states such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension.

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Congenital Double Orifice Mitral Valve

The application of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT 3DE） in the diagnosis of double orifice mitral valve （DOMV） was explored. Five cases of DOMV were examined by using 2-dimensional echocardiography （2DE） and RT 3DE. The spatial morphology of malformed mitral valve and its change in hemodynamics were observed. DOMV associated with partial atrioventricular septal defect was found in 3 cases （in which 2 cases had cleft mitral valve） and isolated DOMV in 2 cases; and moderate to severe mitral regurgitation was detected in 3 cases, and mild mitral regurgitation in 1, and no regurgitation in 1 case; 1 case had complicated rhumatic heart disease. Three cases were preoperatively discovered by 2DE, while 2 missed （1 case was discovered postoperatively）. Four cases were diagnosed by RT 3DE preoperatively, and 1 case was diagnosed postoperatively （not examined by RT 3DE preoperatively）. It was suggested that RT 3DE is a reliable technique in the diagnosis of DOMV; it permitted comprehensive and noninvasive assessment of mitral valve and may supplement 2D TTE in the assessment of DOMV.

Real-time Three-Dimensional Color Doppler Flow Imaging： An Improved Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Aortic Regurgitation

The recently introduced real-time three-dimensional color Doppler flow imaging （RT-3D CDFI） technique provides a quick and accurate calculation of regurgitant jet volume （RJV） and fraction. In order to evaluate RT-3D CDFI in the noninvasive assessment of aortic RJV and regurgitant jet fraction （RJF） in patients with isolated aortic regurgitation, real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed on 23 patients with isolated aortic regurgitation to obtain LV end-diastolic volumes （LVEDV）, end-systolic volumes （LVESV） and RJV, and then RJF could be calculated. The regurgitant volume （RV） and regurgitant fraction （RF） calculated by two-dimensional pulsed Doppler （2D-PD） method served as reference values. The results showed that aortic RJV measured by the RT-3D CDFI method showed a good correlation with the 2D-PD measurements （r= 0.93, Y=0.89X＋ 3.9, SEE= 8.6 mL, P〈0.001 ）; the mean （SD） difference between the two methods was - 1.5 （9.8） mL. % RJF estimated by the RT-3D CDFI method was also correlated well with the values obtained by the 2D-PD method （r=0.88, Y=0.71X＋ 14.8, SEE= 6.4 %, P〈0. 001）; the mean （SD） difference between the two methods was -1.2 （7.9） %. It was suggested that the newly developed RT-3D CDFI technique was feasible in the majority of patients. In patients with eccentric aortic regurgitation, this new modality provides additional information to that obtained from the two-dimensional examination, which overcomes the inherent limitations of two-dimensional echocardiography by depicting the full extent of the jet trajectory. In addition, the RT-3D CDFI method is quick and accurate in calculating RJV and RJF.

Preliminary Clinical Study of Real-time Three-dimensional Echo-cardiographic Volume-time Curve in Evaluating Left Ventricular Diastolic Function

The volume-time curve change in patients with normal left ventricular （LV） diastolic function and diastolic dysfunction was evaluated by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. LV diastolic dysfunction was defined by E＇〈A＇ in pulse-wave tissue Doppler for inter-ventricular septal （IVS） of mitral annulus. In 24 patients with LV diastolic dysfunction, including 12 patients with delayed relaxation （delayed relaxation group） and 12 patients with pseudo-normal function （pseudo-normal group） and 24 normal volunteers （control group）, data of full-volume image were acquired by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and subjected to volume-time curve analysis. EDV （end-diastolic volume）, ESV （end-systolic volume）, LVEF （left ventricular ejection fraction）, PER （peak ejection rate）, PFR （peak filling rate） from RT3DE were examined in the three groups. Compared to the control group, PFR （diastolic filling index of RT3DE） was significantly reduced in the delayed relaxation group and pseudo-normal group （P〈0.05）. There were no significant differences in EDV, ESV, LVEE PER （P〉0.05）. It is concluded that PFR, as a diastolic filling index of RT3DE, can reflect the early diastolic function and serve as a new non-invasive, quick and accurate tool for clinical assessment of LV diastolic function.

Assessment of the morphology and mechanical function of the left atrial appendage by real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

Background The left atrial appendage （LAA） is an important source of thrombus formation. We investigated the feasibility of the recently developed real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography （RT3D-TEE） method in assessment of the morphology and function of the LAA. Methods Ninety-six consecutive patients （58 males with a mean age of （43.4±12.5） years） who were referred for 2-dimensional （2D） transesophageal echocardiography （TEE） underwent additional RT3D-TEE. LAA morphology was visualized in multiple views. Orifice size, depth, volumes and ejection fraction （EF） of the LAA, were measured. Results All the patients underwent RT3D-TEE examination without complications. Ninety-two patients （95.8%） had adequate images for visualization and quantitative analysis of the LAA. The LAA exhibited great variability with respect to relative dimensions and morphology. LAA orifice area was （3.8±1.2） cm^2 with a diameter of （2.4±0.9） cm x （1.4±0.6） cm. The mean depth of the LAA was （2.9±0.7） cm. End-diastolic volume （EDV-LAA）, end-systolic volume （ESV-LAA） and EF of the LAA were （6.2±3.7） ml, （4.1±2.8） ml, and 0.35±0.16, respectively. EDV-LAA, ESV-LAA and the orifice area of the LAA in patients with atrial fibrillation （AF） were larger than those without AF, whereas the EF was smaller in the AF patients. Conclusions Defining LAA morphology and quantitative analysis of the size and function of the LAA with superior quality and resolution of images using RT3D-TEE is feasible. This technique may be an ideal tool for guidance of the LAA occlusion procedure. Determination of LAA volumes and volume-derived EF by RT3D-TEE provides new insights into the analysis of LAA function.

Validation of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for quantifying left and right ventricular volumes:an experimental study

Background Assessment of the left ventricular (LV) and the right ventricular (RV) volumes and their functions is important for prognostic prediction and clinical decision making. We compared the accuracy for quantifying the LV and the RV volumes in vitro between conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) Methods The volumes of 37 rubber-models (10 regularly shaped to simulate normal LV, 7 shaped to simulate LV with symmetric aneurysm, 8 shaped to simulate LV with asymmetric aneurysm, and 12 irregularly shaped to simulate normal RV) and 10 excised canine hearts were measured by RT3DE and 2DE On RT3DE 'full volume' imaging, the inner-surfaces of the rubber-models and canine LV and RV were outlined and the volumes were measured using 2-, 4-, 8- and 16-plane methods with the RT3DE analysis software On 2DE imaging, the volumes were measured by the Simpson method The LV and RV volumes measured by drained water were served as reference values, with which we compared RT3DE and 2DE data Results In rubber models mimicking normal LV and LV with symmetric aneurysms, RT3DE results were strongly correlated with reference values ( r =0 795-0 998) and there was a good correlation between 2DE estimates and reference values ( r =0 715-0 729) There were no significant differences between RT3DE estimates, 2DE results and reference values ( P >0 05) In rubber models mimicking the RV and LV with asymmetric aneurysm, RT3DE strongly correlated with reference values ( r =0 765-0 988), but 2DE weakly correlated with reference values ( r =0 518-0 592) There were no differences between RT3DE and reference values ( P >0 05), but a significant difference between 2DE and reference values occurred ( P <0 05) For excised canine hearts, there was a strong correlation between RT3DE and reference values ( r =0 728-0 914), while 2DE showed a less obvious correlation ( r =0 502-0 615) Again, there were no significant differences between RT3DE and reference values ( P >0 05), but there was a significant difference between 2DE and reference values ( P <0 05) Conclusions RT3DE can accurately quantify LV and RV volumes and provides a new tool to evaluate LV and RV function For LV and RV measurements by RT3DE, 8-plane strategy is the optimum choice for accuracy and convenience

Assessment of left ventricular systolic synchronicity by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Background Recent advances in real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE） offer the potential to assess the left ventricular （LV） dyssynchrony simultaneously by analyzing the 17 segments time-volume curves. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and accuracy of RT3DE for quantitative evaluation of left ventricular systolic synchronicity. Methods Twenty-four patients with dilated cardiomyopathy （DCM） and twenty-ftve healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Full volume RT3DE was performed by using Philips IE33 with X3-1 probe. The global and 17-segmental time-volume curves were obtained by the on-line Qlab software （version 4.2）. The time to minimal systolic volume in each segment （Tmsv） was taken to derive the following indexes of systolic asynchrony： Tmsv 16-SD, Tmsv 16-Dif, Tmsv 12-SD, Tmsv 12-Dif, Tmsv 6-SD and Tmsv 6-Dif, which meant the standard deviation or the maximal difference of Tmsv among the 16, 12 and 6 segments of the left ventricle respectively. The software also provided with each of the above parameters as a percentage of the cardiac cycle. Results Tmsv 16-SD, Tmsv 12-SD and Tmsv 6-SD were all significantly larger in the DCM group than those of the control group [Tmsv 16-SD： （52.9±40.6） ms vs （8.8±6.2） ms; Tmsv 12-SD： （29.5＋30.8） ms vs （6.9±4.0） ms; Tmsv 6-SD： （28.9±34.6） ms vs （7.0±4.7）ms, all P≤0.001]. Tmsv 16-Dif, Tmsv 12-Dif and Tmsv 6-Dif were also significantly larger in the DCM group. There were close negative relations between the LVEF determined by RT3DE and each of the indexes of systolic asynchrony, among which the indexes of Tmsv-16-SD% and Tmsv-16-Dif% correlated most closely （r=-0.703 and r=-0.701, respectively）. The DCM patients had significantly larger EDV and ESV, with significantly reduced LVEF compared with the healthy subjects. Conclusion RT3DE provides a simple, useful and unique approach to assess the systolic synchronicity of all the left ventricular segments simultaneously.

Real-time three-dimensional myocardial contrast echocardiography in assessment of myocardial perfusion defects

Background Both real-time three-dimensional echocardi ography (RT3DE) and myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) are novel imaging techniques. The purpose of this study was to confirm the feasibility and accuracy of RT3DE combined with MCE for quantitative evaluation of myocardial perfusion defects. Methods Thirteen dogs underwent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD, n=6) or distal branch of the left circumflex artery (LCX, n=7) under general anaesthesia. Three to four ml of a perfluoropropane (C 3F 8) microbubble contrast agent was injected intravenously to assess the resulting myocardial perfusion defects with a commercially available Philips SONOS-7500 ultrasound system. After removal of the dog hearts, Evans blue dye was injected via the left and righ t coronary arteries to stain the myocardium at risk. In vitro anatomic measurements of myocardial mass after removal of the animals’ hearts were used as control s. Results Left ventricular (LV) mass determined by RT3DE ranged 36.7-68.9 g [mean, (54.6±9.6) g] before coronary artery ligation, and correlated highly (r=0.99) with in vitro measurement of LV mass [range, 38.9-71.1 g; mean, (55.6±9.3) g]. There was no significant difference between RT3DE and in vitro measurements of LV mass [range, 36.7-68.9 g; mean, (51.3±12.5) g. Or range, 38.9-71. 1 g; mean, (53.7±12.3) g, respectively] and under-perfused mass [range, 0-21.4 g; mean, (12.0±6.9) g. Or range, 0-19.8 g; mean, (10.8±6.3) g, respectively] after th e LAD ligation (P>0.05). Likewise, no significant difference was present between RT3DE and in vitro measurements of LV mass [range, 50.1-65.4 g; mean, (57.5±5.9 ) g. Or range, 51.5-65.8 g; mean, (57.3±6.4) g, respectively] and under-perfused m ass [range, 0-25.6 g; mean, (13.3±9.6) g. Or range, 0-22.7 g; mean, (12.8±8.1 ) g, respectively] after the LCX ligation (P>0.05). For all the animals with coronary ligation, LV mass measured by RT3DE ranged 35.9-68.6 g [mean, (54.8±10.0) g] a nd there was no significant difference between RT3DE and in vitro measurements of LV mass and under-perfused mass (P>0.05, r=0.99). Further, the under-perfused mass derived from RT3DE [range, 0-25.6 g; mean, (12.7±8.2) g] correlate d strongly with the in vitro measurements [range, 0-22.7 g; mean, (11.9±7.2) g] ( r=0.96). Conclusion RT3DE with MCE is a rapid and accurate method for estimating LV myocardial mass and quantifying perfusion defects.

Left atrial minimum volume by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as an indicator of diastolic dysfunction

Background Left atrial （LA） maximum volume is becoming a prognostic biomarker for left ventricular （LV） diastolic dysfunction. However, we assessed LV diastolic function by measuring LA phasic volumes using real-time threedimensional echocardiography （RT3DE） in patients with stable coronary artery disease （CAD）. Methods Sixty-five stable CAD patients with normal LV ejection fraction （LVEF） were divided into three groups according to degree of coronary stenosis： control （n=15） with 〈50% stenosis as control group, mildS （n=25） with mild stenosis （50%- 70%） and severeS （n=25） with 〉70% stenosis. LA phasic volumes and function were evaluated and compared using RT3DE and two dimensional echocardiography （2DE）. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） levels were examined. The correlations of RT3DE-derived parameters with other conventional indices were analyzed. Results Significant correlations between RT3DE and 2DE for LA volume measurements were： control, r=0.93; mildS, 1=0.94; severeS, r=0.90 （all P 〈0.05）. Patients with severe coronary stenosis presented higher NT-proBNP level, indices of LA minimum volume and volume before atrial contraction, but lower LA total emptying fraction （LAEF） and LAEFpass^ve. Significant correlations of RT3DE derived LA volume indices with E/E＇ （r=0.695） and NF-proBNP （r=0.630） level were found. Conclusions RT3DE derived, LA indices correlate well with NT-proBNP level and may be superior to 2DE measurements for the evaluation of LV diastolic dysfunction. Enlargement of LA minimum volume in stable CAD patients without systolic dysfunction appears earlier and may be better correlated with LV diastolic function than that of LA maximum volume.

Evaluation of left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography

Background Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging （2D-STI） and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE） have more advantages in evaluating left ventricular （LV） systolic dyssynchrony than traditional echocardiographic techniques. The study aimed to evaluate LV dyssynchrony parameters by both 2D-STI and RT-3DE, and the correlation between these two techniques. Methods A total of 43 chronic heart failure （CHF） patients and 27 healthy volunteers were enrolled. There were 23 dyssynchrony parameters selected to evaluate left ventricular systolic synchronization, involving 15 from 2D-STI and 8 from RT-3DE. Results Few of the dyssynchrony parametersshowednegative correlations with LV ejection fraction （LVEF） in the CHF group. The difference between time to peak-systolic radial strain of the anteroseptal and posterior segments at the level of papillary muscles [AS-P（RS）] from 2D-STI showed positive correlations with parts of the parameters from RT-3DE （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions LV systolic dysfunction does not correlate with dyssynchrony. Moreover, there is a weak association between 2D-STI and RT-3DE in assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony.

Methodological study on real-time three-dimensional echo-cardiography and its application in the diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease

Background Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE） has made revolutionized improvements of cardiac imaging during the past few years. However, there is no standard examination method for RT-3DE so far. This study aimed to establish the diagnostic method of RT-3DE and evaluate its application in the diagnosis of complex congenital heart diseases （CHD）. Methods Fifty patients with complex CHD were examined by RT-3DE with modes of Live 3DE and Full Volume. A series of novel volumetric views combined with Van Praagh sequential segmental approach were introduced to reveal the pathological morphology of the hearts, which were compared with the findings of two-dimensional echocardiography （2DE）, angiography and cardiac surgery. Results In 50 patients, 190 image acquisitions of Full Volume were performed at several acoustic windows including subcostal, apical and parasternal regions. Among them, 94.2% （179/190） of image acquisitions were successful. Most sectional volumetric views could be clearly displayed in 92.6% of the successful image acquisitions. However, sectional volumetric views could not be clearly displayed in 7.4%, which was mainly due to poor perspective conditions of examination location, improper instrument multi-parameter setting and insufficient information of whole heart captured in Full Volume acquisitions. As compared with surgical findings and angiography, RT-3DE made correction to the diagnoses in 2 cases including 1 with corrected transposition of the great arteries and the other with single atrium and mitral cleft. The diagnoses initially made by 2DE for these 2 patients were double outlet right ventricle with transposition of the great arteries and complete atrio-ventricular septal defect. Conclusions RT-3DE can clearly display the pathological morphology of complex CHD by a series of novel volumetric views combined with sequential segmental approach through providing more spatial informative cardiovascular structures, which provides a practical method for RT-3DE diagnosis.

实时三维超声心动图评估2型糖尿病患者左心室收缩同步性

目的探讨应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评估2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者左心室收缩运动同步性。方法选取60例T2DM患者作为观察组,分为未合并微血管病变(DM 1组)30例、合并微血管病变(DM 2组)30例,同时纳入30例健康志愿者为对照组。比较三组常规二维超声心动图参数和RT-3DE参数:左心室16节段达最小收缩容积时间的标准差和最大差值(Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif),用R-R间期标化校正,记录Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R,并分析DM 1组、DM 2组Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R与3D-LVEF的相关性。结果DM 1组Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R均高于对照组,DM 2组3D-LVESV、3D-LVEF均低于对照组,3D-LVSV、Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DM 2组3D-LVEF低于DM 1组,3D-LVSV、Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R均高于DM 1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DM 1组、DM 2组Tmsv 16-SD/R-R、Tmsv 16-Dif/R-R与3D-LVEF呈负相关(DM 1组r=-0.682、-0.631,DM 2组r=-0.717、-0.634,P<0.05)。结论T2DM造成左心室舒张、收缩功能受损,RT-3DE可早期检测左心室心肌收缩运动同步性,评估左心室功能受损程度。

实时三维超声心动图及二维斑点追踪成像技术评估预激综合征患者左心室收缩同步性

目的:应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)及二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)技术评估预激综合征患者左心室收缩同步性临床应用价值。方法:选取芜湖市第二人民医院预激综合征患者35例为病例组,选取同期健康体检者35例为正常对照组。应用2D-STI计算左心室17节段圆周应变达峰时间标准差(Tcs-SD)、纵向应变达峰时间标准差(Tls-SD)、圆周应变率达峰时间标准差(Tcsr-SD)、纵向应变率达峰时间标准差(Tlsr-SD)参数水平值。应用RT-3DE记录左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF);分析17节段左心室容积-时间曲线(VTC),选取16节段最小收缩末容积时间差的标准差(Tmsv16-SD)、16节段最小收缩末容积时间差的最大时间差(Tmsv16-Dif)、校正后的16节段最小收缩末容积时间标准差(Tmsv16-SD%)、校正后的16节段最小收缩末容积时间最大时间差(Tmsv16-Dif%)进行同步记录分析。结果:①病例组Tcs-SD、Tls-SD、Tcsr-SD、Tlsr-SD均高于对照组(P<0.001)。②病例组LVEDV、LVESV均高于对照组(P<0.001),而两组间LVEF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③病例组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif%水平均高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论:预激综合征患者左心室心肌存在收缩不同步运动,RT-3DE及2D-STI能够对预激综合征患者的左心室收缩功能进行量化,并且能够对其左心室收缩同步性进行有效评估。

多模态超声心动图对肺动脉高压患者右心功能的诊断价值分析

目的探讨多模态超声心动图对肺动脉高压患者右心功能的诊断效能。方法选取2022年1月至2023年8月于金华市中心医院就诊的80例肺动脉高压患者纳入观察组,根据患者的肺动脉收缩压将其分为轻度组[40~50mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),36例]、中度组(51~70mmHg,20例)和重度组(>70mmHg,24例);选取同期健康体检者80名纳入对照组,所有受试者均进行多模态超声心动图检测,对比其超声检查相关数据,评估多模态超声心动图对肺动脉高压患者右室收缩功能的诊断效能。结果观察组患者的右室舒张末期容积(right ventricular end diastolic volume,RVEDV)、右室收缩末期容积(right ventricular end systolic volume,RVESV)、右室整体无效做功(right ventricular global waste work,RVGWW)均显著高于对照组,右室每搏输出量(right ventricular stroke volume,RVSV)、右室射血分数(right ventrical ejection fraction,RVEF)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(tricuspid annular plane systolic excusion,TAPSE)、整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain,GLS)、右室整体做功效率(right ventricular global work efficiency,RVGWE)、右室整体做功指数(right ventricular global work index,RVGWI)、右室整体有效做功(right ventricular global constructive work,RVGCW)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。重度组患者的RVEDV、RVESV及RVGWW均显著高于中度组、轻度组,RVSV、RVEF、RVGWE、RVGWI、RVGCW均显著低于中度组、轻度组(P<0.05)。TAPSE、GLS、RVSV、RVEF、RVGWI五项联合诊断肺动脉高压患者右心功能的曲线下面积为0.911,敏感度为92.23%,特异性为96.45%。结论多模态超声心动图能有效评价肺动脉高压患者的右室收缩功能,值得临床推广应用。

实时三维经食管超声心动图在房间隔缺损封堵术中应用

目的探讨实时三维经食管超声心动图(RT-3D-TEE)在经皮房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术中的应用价值。方法对38例ASD患者,分别行经二维经胸超声心动图(2D-TTE)及RT-3D-TEE检查,评估ASD形态,测量ASD最大径、各残端长度,RT-3D-TEE同时测量房间隔缺损面积,分析缺损最大径、面积与封堵器大小的相关性。根据测量结果选择封堵器大小,术中应用RT-3D-TEE监测引导封堵器的输送和释放。术后即刻评估封堵疗效并于术后3个月、6个月复查。结果下腔静脉侧残缘、主动脉侧残缘参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RT-3D-TEE检测的上腔静脉残缘长度大于2D-TTE(P<0.05);2D-TTE、RT-3D-TEE测量的ASD最大径、RT-3D-TEE的面积测值与封堵器大小存在相关性(r=0.891,0.926,0.976,P<0.05),其中RT-3D-TEE测量面积与封堵器大小相关性最高。其中36例患者在RT-3D-TEE准确引导监测下,成功实施经皮房间隔缺损封堵术,术后3个月、6个月随访疗效佳,未见并发症。结论RT-3D-TEE在ASD封堵术前直观清晰显示ASD大小、形态及各残缘情况,为封堵器的选择提供可靠的参考,同时能安全有效引导封堵术,术后随访疗效佳,具有重要的临床应用价值。

RT-3DE参数与射血分数保留心衰患者可溶性致癌抑制因子2水平及心功能分级的交互关系

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)参数与射血分数保留心衰(HFpEF)患者血清可溶性致癌抑制因子2(sST2)水平及心功能相关性。方法选取80例HFpEF患者作为HFpEF组,依据美国纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级分为:Ⅱ级(14例)、Ⅲ级(48例)、Ⅳ级(18例),另选择100例同期于我院体检的健康志愿者作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测所有患者的血清sST2水平,所有患者均行常规超声心动图和RT-3DE检查,记录左心室6、12、16节段到达收缩期最小容积时间最大差异值标准化值(TmsvDif%)、标准差标准化值(TmsvSD%)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室收缩末容积(LVESV)、左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV);分析各RT-3DE参数与血清sST2水平及心功能之间的相关性。结果不同心功能分级HFpEF患者LVEF均明显低于对照组,且心功能等级越高LVEF越低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同心功能分级HFpEF患者LVEDV、LVESV明显高于对照组,且心功能等级越高LVEDV、LVESV越高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同心功能分级HFpEF患者Tmsv 6-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv16-SD%及Tmsv 6-Dif%、Tmsv 12-Dif%、Tmsv 16-Dif%较对照组均明显延长,且心功能等级越高,患者左心室6、12、16节段TmsvSD%和TmsvDif%时间越长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同NYHA分级HFpEF血清sST2表达水平高于对照组,且心功能分级较高的HFpEF患者sST2水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,RT-3DE相关参数LVEDV、LVESV、Tmsv6-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv 6-Dif%、Tmsv 12-Dif%、Tmsv 16-Dif%均与NYHA心功能分级存在显著正相关性(r=0.687,0.752,0.501,0.565,0.581,0.522,0.596,0.603;P<0.05),LVEF与NYHA心功能分级存在负相关性(r=-0.731,P<0.05)。LVEDV、LVESV与血清sST2表达存在显著正相关性(r=0.335,0.356;P均<0.05),LVEF与血清sST2、心功能分级存在负相关性(r=-0.313,P<0.05)。结论RT-3DE能够有效监测HFpEF患者左心房容积功能和左心室舒张功能变化情况,RT-3DE相关参数与心功能分级密切相关,对于心衰患者程度评估具有重要价值。

实时三维超声心动图与二维斑点追踪技术对PD-1免疫抑制剂诱发早期心肌损伤的评估

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)与二维斑点追踪技术(2D-STI)评估PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)治疗期间患者左室收缩功能变化,探讨其在评估ICIs诱发早期心肌损伤中的应用价值。方法 选择2021年3月—2022年9月在本院接受ICIs治疗的32例肿瘤患者作为研究对象。患者在治疗前(T0)、治疗后1个周期(T1)、2个周期(T2)、3个周期(T3)、4个周期(T4)内进行实验室及经胸超声心动图检查。记录患者治疗前后心脏标记物、左心室常规超声心动图参数、RT-3DE参数变化、2D-STI参数变化。结果 在整个随访期间未观察到心脏标记物、血压、心率、心室腔大小的显著变化。从表中可以看到与T0相比,CK、CK-MB、LDH、BNP在T1~T2时有升高趋势,在T3、T4趋于稳定,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有研究对象的LVEF均>50%。与T0相比,接受PD-1抑制剂治疗后LVGLS降低,并且在T1~T3期上述变化已明显,T4时显著;T0~T4期间LVGCS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T16-SD/R-R(%)、T16-Dif/R-R(%);T12-SD/R-R(%)、T12-Dif/R-R(%);T6-SD/R-R(%)、T6-Dif/R-R(%)在T1~T3期升高,T4期显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。STI联合RT-3DE是预测免疫抑制剂相关早期亚临床心脏毒性的最佳方法,其诊断敏感性为91.67%,特异性为85%。结论 应用二维斑点追踪与实时三维超声心动图对无明显LVEF降低的ICIs诱发早期心肌损伤具有较高的诊断价值。