In many hospitals,prescription checks are conducted by 2 or 3 individual pharmacists at each step of prescription checking,dispensing,and final checking to maintain the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical therapies ...In many hospitals,prescription checks are conducted by 2 or 3 individual pharmacists at each step of prescription checking,dispensing,and final checking to maintain the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical therapies in Japan[1,2].In Gunma University Hospital,we also check all prescriptions by 3 pharmacists at each step of dispensing(3 step prescription check system)with the exception of night time.In this study,to assess the significance of our 3 step prescription check system for managing safety of pharmaceutical therapies,we investigated prescriptions that needed the confirmation of questionable points and prescription corrections.展开更多
Background: “Online Receipt Computer Advantage” (ORCA) surveillance, an online medical claim service produced and provided freely to medical facilities by the Japan Medical Association, has been available for public...Background: “Online Receipt Computer Advantage” (ORCA) surveillance, an online medical claim service produced and provided freely to medical facilities by the Japan Medical Association, has been available for public use since 2010. However, its preciseness has not been evaluated. The object of the present study is comparison with ORCA surveillance and prescription surveillance (PS), which is the most reliable daily surveillance for influenza nationwide in Japan, and evaluating preciseness of ORCA surveillance. Method: We specifically examined influenza as a targeted disease. We regarded PS as the gold standard daily real-time monitoring system for influenza nationwide and for each prefecture. This study assesses correlation and discrepancies between ORCA and PS results for influenza nationwide and by prefecture. Results: Nationwide, the correlation coefficient of PS and ORCA was 0.9653;the discrepancy rate was 27%. Among prefectures, results show that Mie and Fukui prefectures had two quite similar epidemic curves. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that ORCA surveillance is comparable to PS nationwide. However, some prefectures exhibited comparable results whereas others did not. ORCA surveillance cannot break down to the municipal level.展开更多
Rigorous modeling could ensure correctness and could verify a reduced cost in embedded real-time system development for models. Software methods are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time systems. PVS is a...Rigorous modeling could ensure correctness and could verify a reduced cost in embedded real-time system development for models. Software methods are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time systems. PVS is a formal method with precise syntax and semantics defined. System modeled by PVS specification could be verified by tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time systems. In this approach, we provide 1) a time-extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from a timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexibility and user friendliness in modeling, extendability in formalization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and is a highlight of this paper.展开更多
Rigorous modeling could improve the correctness and reduce cost in embedded real-time system development for models could be verified. Tools are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time system. UML is an ind...Rigorous modeling could improve the correctness and reduce cost in embedded real-time system development for models could be verified. Tools are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time system. UML is an industrial standard modeling language which provides a powerful expressi-veness, intuitive and easy to use interface to model. UML is widely accepted by software developer. However, for lack of precisely defined semantics, especially on the dynamic diagrams, UML model is hard to be verified. PVS is a general formal method which provides a high-order logic specification language and integrated with model checking and theorem proving tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time system. In this approach, we provide 1) a timed extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexible and friendly in modeling, extendable in forma-lization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and it’s a highlight of this paper.展开更多
In this paper, verification of real-time pricing systems of electricity is considered using a probabilistic Boolean network (PBN). In real-time pricing systems, electricity conservation is achieved by manipulating the...In this paper, verification of real-time pricing systems of electricity is considered using a probabilistic Boolean network (PBN). In real-time pricing systems, electricity conservation is achieved by manipulating the electricity price at each time. A PBN is widely used as a model of complex systems, and is appropriate as a model of real-time pricing systems. Using the PBN-based model, real-time pricing systems can be quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, we propose a verification method of real-time pricing systems using the PBN-based model and the probabilistic model checker PRISM. First, the PBN-based model is derived. Next, the reachability problem, which is one of the typical verification problems, is formulated, and a solution method is derived. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is presented by a numerical example.展开更多
In this paper, to model check real-time value-passing systems, a formallanguage Timed Symbolic Transition Graph and a logic system named Timed Predicate μ-Calculus areproposed. An algorithm is presented which is loca...In this paper, to model check real-time value-passing systems, a formallanguage Timed Symbolic Transition Graph and a logic system named Timed Predicate μ-Calculus areproposed. An algorithm is presented which is local in that it generates and investigates thereachable state space in top-down fashion and maintains the partition for time evaluations as coarseas possible while on-the-fly instantiating data variables. It can deal with not only data variableswith finite value domain, but also the so called data independent variables with infinite valuedomain. To authors knowledge, this is the first algorithm for model checking timed systemscontaining value-passing features.展开更多
文摘In many hospitals,prescription checks are conducted by 2 or 3 individual pharmacists at each step of prescription checking,dispensing,and final checking to maintain the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical therapies in Japan[1,2].In Gunma University Hospital,we also check all prescriptions by 3 pharmacists at each step of dispensing(3 step prescription check system)with the exception of night time.In this study,to assess the significance of our 3 step prescription check system for managing safety of pharmaceutical therapies,we investigated prescriptions that needed the confirmation of questionable points and prescription corrections.
文摘Background: “Online Receipt Computer Advantage” (ORCA) surveillance, an online medical claim service produced and provided freely to medical facilities by the Japan Medical Association, has been available for public use since 2010. However, its preciseness has not been evaluated. The object of the present study is comparison with ORCA surveillance and prescription surveillance (PS), which is the most reliable daily surveillance for influenza nationwide in Japan, and evaluating preciseness of ORCA surveillance. Method: We specifically examined influenza as a targeted disease. We regarded PS as the gold standard daily real-time monitoring system for influenza nationwide and for each prefecture. This study assesses correlation and discrepancies between ORCA and PS results for influenza nationwide and by prefecture. Results: Nationwide, the correlation coefficient of PS and ORCA was 0.9653;the discrepancy rate was 27%. Among prefectures, results show that Mie and Fukui prefectures had two quite similar epidemic curves. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that ORCA surveillance is comparable to PS nationwide. However, some prefectures exhibited comparable results whereas others did not. ORCA surveillance cannot break down to the municipal level.
文摘Rigorous modeling could ensure correctness and could verify a reduced cost in embedded real-time system development for models. Software methods are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time systems. PVS is a formal method with precise syntax and semantics defined. System modeled by PVS specification could be verified by tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time systems. In this approach, we provide 1) a time-extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from a timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexibility and user friendliness in modeling, extendability in formalization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and is a highlight of this paper.
文摘Rigorous modeling could improve the correctness and reduce cost in embedded real-time system development for models could be verified. Tools are needed for rigorous modeling of embedded real-time system. UML is an industrial standard modeling language which provides a powerful expressi-veness, intuitive and easy to use interface to model. UML is widely accepted by software developer. However, for lack of precisely defined semantics, especially on the dynamic diagrams, UML model is hard to be verified. PVS is a general formal method which provides a high-order logic specification language and integrated with model checking and theorem proving tools. Combining the widely used UML with PVS, this paper provides a novel modeling and verification approach for embedded real-time system. In this approach, we provide 1) a timed extended UML statechart for modeling dynamic behavior of an embedded real-time system; 2) an approach to capture timed automata based semantics from timed statechart; and 3) an algorithm to generate a finite state model expressed in PVS specification for model checking. The benefits of our approach include flexible and friendly in modeling, extendable in forma-lization and verification content, and better performance. Time constraints are modeled and verified and it’s a highlight of this paper.
文摘In this paper, verification of real-time pricing systems of electricity is considered using a probabilistic Boolean network (PBN). In real-time pricing systems, electricity conservation is achieved by manipulating the electricity price at each time. A PBN is widely used as a model of complex systems, and is appropriate as a model of real-time pricing systems. Using the PBN-based model, real-time pricing systems can be quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, we propose a verification method of real-time pricing systems using the PBN-based model and the probabilistic model checker PRISM. First, the PBN-based model is derived. Next, the reachability problem, which is one of the typical verification problems, is formulated, and a solution method is derived. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is presented by a numerical example.
文摘In this paper, to model check real-time value-passing systems, a formallanguage Timed Symbolic Transition Graph and a logic system named Timed Predicate μ-Calculus areproposed. An algorithm is presented which is local in that it generates and investigates thereachable state space in top-down fashion and maintains the partition for time evaluations as coarseas possible while on-the-fly instantiating data variables. It can deal with not only data variableswith finite value domain, but also the so called data independent variables with infinite valuedomain. To authors knowledge, this is the first algorithm for model checking timed systemscontaining value-passing features.
