Technological advancement and industrialization path of Sinopec in carbon capture,utilization and storage,China

Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology is an important means to effectively reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy combustion and industrial processes.With the crisis of climate change,CCUS has attracted increasing attention in the world.CCUS technology as developed rapidly in China is technically feasible for large-scale application in various industries.The R&D and demonstration of CCUS in China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(Sinopec)are summarized,including carbon capture,carbon transport,CO_(2)enhanced energy recovery(including oil,gas,and water,etc.),and comprehensive utilization of CO_(2).Based on the source-sink matching characteristics in China,two CCUS industrialization scenarios are proposed,namely,CO_(2)-EOR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced oil recovery using centralized carbon sinks in East China and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced water recovery(EWR)using centralized carbon sources from the coal chemical industry in West China.Finally,a CCUS industrialization path from Sinopec's perspective is suggested,using CO_(2)-EOR as the major means and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced gas recovery(CO_(2)-EGR)and other utilization methods as important supplementary means.

Integration of Low-level Waste Heat Recovery and Liquefied Nature Gas Cold Energy Utilization

Two novel thermal cycles based on Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle are proposed, respectively, which integrate the recovery of low-level waste heat and Liquefied Nature Gas （LNG） cold energy utilization for power generation. Cascade utilization of energy is realized in the two thermal cycles, where low-level waste heat,low-temperature exergy and pressure exergy of LNG are utilized efficiently through the system synthesis. The simulations are carried out using the commercial Aspen Plus 10.2, and the results are analyzed. Compared with the conventional Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, the two novel cycles bring 60.94% and 60% in exergy efficiency, respectively and 53.08% and 52.31% in thermal efficiency, respectively.

ANALYSES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED AREA FOR LUMINOUS ENERGY UTILIZATION RATIO AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALITIES IN NINGXIA

Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and

A novel process for the recovery of iron,titanium,and vanadium from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite:sodium modification–direct reduction coupled process

A sodium modification–direct reduction coupled process was proposed for the simultaneous extraction of V and Fe from vanadium- bearing titanomagnetite. The sodium oxidation of vanadium oxides to water-soluble sodium vanadate and the transformation of iron oxides to metallic iron were accomplished in a single-step high-temperature process. The increase in roasting temperature favors the reduction of iron oxides but disfavors the oxidation of vanadium oxides. The recoveries of vanadium, iron, and titanium reached 84.52%, 89.37%, and 95.59%, respectively. Moreover, the acid decomposition efficiency of titanium slag reached 96.45%. Compared with traditional processes, the novel process provides several advantages, including a shorter flow, a lower energy consumption, and a higher utilization efficiency of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite resources. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

A Novel Process for Natural Gas Liquids Recovery from Oil Field Associated Gas with Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic Energy Utilization

A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.

Analysis and Economic Evaluation of Hourly Operation Strategy Based on MSW Classification and LNG Multi-Generation System

In this study,a model of combined cooling,heating and power system with municipal solid waste(MSW)and liquefied natural gas(LNG)as energy sources was proposed and developed based on the energy demand of a large community,andMSW was classified and utilized.The systemoperated by determining power by heating load,and measures were taken to reduce operating costs by purchasing and selling LNG,natural gas(NG),cooling,heating,and power.Based on this system model,three operation strategies were proposed based on whether MSW was classified and the length of kitchen waste fermentation time,and each strategy was simulated hourly throughout the year.The results showed that the strategy of MSW classified and centralized fermentation of kitchen waste in summer(i.e.,strategy 3)required the least total amount of LNG for the whole year,which was 47701.77 t.In terms of total annual cost expenditure,strategy 3 had the best overall economy,with the lowest total annual expenditure of 2.7730×108 RMB at LNG and NG unit prices of 4 and 4.2 RMB/kg,respectively.The lower heating value of biogas produced by fermentation of kitchen waste from MSW being classified was higher than that of MSW before being classified,so the average annual thermal economy of the operating strategy of MSW being classified was better than that of MSW not being classified.Among the strategies in which MSW was classified and utilized,strategy 3 could better meet the load demand of users in the corresponding season,and thus this strategy had better thermal economy than the strategy of year-round fermentation of kitchen waste(i.e.,strategy 2).The hourly analysis data showed that the net electrical efficiency of the system varies in the same trend as the cooling,heating and power loads in all seasons,while the relationship between the energy utilization efficiency and load varied from season to season.This study can provide guidance for the practical application of MSW being classified in the system.

Maximum Thermodynamic Electrical Efficiency of Fuel Cell System and Results for Hydrogen,Methane,and Propane Fuels

The maximum electrical efficiency of fuel cell system,ηemax, is important for the understanding and development of the fuel cell technology. Attempt is made to build a theory for ηemaxby considering the energy requirement of heating the fuel and air streams to the fuel cell operating temperature T. A general thermodynamic analysis is performed and the energy balances for the overall operating processes of a fuel cell system are established. Explicit expressions for the determination of ηemax are deduced. Unlike the Carnot efficiency,ηemaxis found to be fuel specific. Except for hydrogen fuel, chemical equilibrium calculations are necessary to compute ηemax.Analytical solutions for the chemical equilibrium of alkane fuels are presented. The theoretical model is used to analyze the effects of T and the steam contents of CH4, C3 H8,and H2 on ηemax for systems with various degrees of waste heat recovery.Contrary to the common perception concerning methane and propane fuels, ηemax decreases substantially with the increase of T. Moreover, ηemax of hydrogen fuel can be higher than that of methane and propane fuels for a system with a medium level of waste heat recovery and operated at 700 ℃≤T≤900 ℃.

黑土地保护视角下黑龙江省畜禽养殖环境效应分析

为合理利用畜禽粪污资源,保护黑龙江省黑土地资源,优化农畜业生产布局,实现农牧业绿色发展,本研究基于2011—2020年统计数据及文献资料,测算了黑龙江省畜禽粪污排放情况,并据此分析黑龙江省畜禽粪污资源化利用潜力及畜禽养殖环境承载力。结果表明:从时间动态来看,2011—2020年,黑龙江省畜禽粪尿、粪尿养分、COD排放量均有小幅下降,降幅分别为3.68%、3.24%和5.82%;畜禽粪污的化肥替代潜力虽整体略有下降,但10年来均保持在35%以上,2020年化肥替代潜力已达到41.89%,具有较高的有机肥替代化肥潜力;黑龙江省畜禽粪污的能源潜力略有增长,但对煤炭的替代潜力呈下降趋势且替代作用并不显著,2020年畜禽粪污的沼气潜力为46.74亿m^(3),折合为标准煤仅占标准煤消费量的2.90%,能源潜力有待进一步开发利用;黑龙江省畜禽粪尿、粪尿氮、粪尿磷的耕地负荷均未超载,无养殖环境风险,畜禽养殖环境容量的空间剩余呈上升趋势,剩余约2/3,以氮为基准计算,余量为13006.13万头猪当量,以磷为基准计算,余量为8463.19万头猪当量,具有较大养殖潜力。从空间分布来看,黑龙江省各地区畜禽粪污排放及资源化利用潜力存在明显差异,哈尔滨市、齐齐哈尔市、绥化市、大庆市以及佳木斯市等畜禽养殖集聚区的畜禽粪尿资源丰富,畜禽粪污的替代化肥潜力、能源潜力及畜禽养殖发展潜力较大。

基于清洁供热与IDC排热的能源综合利用系统应用探讨

统筹协调各种能源互补特性,通过“源-网-荷-储”等各环节灵活配置,实现能源就地消纳,提升系统综合利用能效,并结合西安市某工程案例对系统应用情况进行了节能及经济性分析。结果表明:与传统方案相比,系统每年可节约标准煤171.92万t,减排二氧化碳428.6万t、二氧化硫2.84万t、氮氧化物2.68万t、烟尘1.65万t,且数据中心电能利用效率(PUE)为1.248,实际案例财务净现值64397.47万元,静态投资回收期4.43 a,动态投资回收期6.25 a。具有显著的节能性和经济性,可为相关区域能源综合利用系统规划项目提供参考。

海上平台烟气余热利用分析与工艺优化

依托南海某在建钻采平台,从工艺原理、工艺流程、有机工质的选择、安全性、能源节约及降低二氧化碳排放等方面进行分析,论证有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)技术在海上平台应用的可行性。根据能量梯级利用原则,设计一套优化的烟气-导热油-热用户系统,利用透平废热实现ORC发电、生产系统加热及溴化锂制冷的热电冷联产系统。

Energy neutrality potential of wastewater treatment plants:A novel evaluation framework integrating energy efficiency and recovery

Wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)consume large amounts of energy and emit greenhouse gases to remove pollutants.This study proposes a framework for evaluating the energy neutrality potential(ENP)of WWTPs from an integrated perspective.Operational data of 970 WWTPs in the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)were extracted from the China Urban Drainage Yearbook 2018.The potential chemical and thermal energies were estimated using combined heat and power(CHP)and water source heat pump,respectively.Two key performance indicators(KPIs)were then established:the energy self-sufficiency(ESS)indicator,which reflects the offset degree of energy recovery,and the comprehensive water–energy efficiency(CWEE)indicator,which characterizes the efficiency of water–energy conversion.For the qualitative results,98 WWTPs became the benchmark(i.e.,CWEE=1.000),while 112 WWTPs were fully self-sufficient(i.e.,ESS≥100%).Subsequently,four types of ENP were classified by setting the median values of the two KPIs as the critical value.The WWTPs with high ENP had high net thermal energy values and relatively loose discharge limits.The explanatory factor analysis of water quantity and quality verified the existence of scale economies.Sufficient carbon source and biodegradability condition were also significant factors.As the CWEE indicator was mostly sensitive to the input of CHP,future optimization shall focus on the moisture and organic content of sludge.This study proposes a novel framework for evaluating the ENP of WWTPs.The results can provide guidance for optimizing the energy efficiency and recovery of WWTPs.

Energy recovery and abatement potential of CO_2 emissions for an integrated iron and steel making enterprise

The typical features for an integrated iron & steelmaking industry are high energy consumption and CO2 emission.The traditional BF-BOF process in an integrated Iron and steelmaking enterprise produces a large amount of residual heat and energy,which has great potential for recovery and abatement potential of CO2 emissions.In this paper,for an integrated Iron & steelmaking enterprise of 10 million tons per year in capacity,the residual heat and energy recovery analysis was conducted.It is indicateded that the residual heat and energy can be recovered as electric power by using present advanced process technology.By means of the distributed power generation,the residual heat and energy can be recovered,with a power generation capacity of 419.5 kWh per ton steel product.Accordingly,the abatement potential of CO2 emissions for an integrated iron & steel making enterprise was also evaluated,which indicated that about 398.5 kg CO2 could be reduced per ton steel product.

汽车电机馈能减震悬架设计及潜力指标分析

为电机悬架结构构建了1/4悬架动模型,设计电机馈能减震悬架结构及动力学模型。以Matlab/Simulink软件对其开展回收性能计算,验证了能量回收电路可靠性与升降压效果。研究结果表明:随着车速和路面等级提高的过程中,悬架馈能潜力发生了同样的提升效果,路面等级产生的影响程度更显著。对于A级与B级路面无法满足潜力回收的要求;而对于C级与D级路表现出了优异的能量回收能力。

生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用研究进展

好氧发酵是目前有机固体废弃物处理的一种有效手段。人们对于好氧发酵的研究主要集中在高效有机肥的获取上,但发酵过程产生的热能不容忽视。发酵热作为一种“零碳”能源,可代替传统化石能源应用于加温供暖、生物干化等领域,助力实现“碳达峰、碳中和”。为将生物质能高效转化为热能利用,人们对发酵热回收利用进行了研究,但是没有将热生产、热回收和热利用三个阶段进行系统联系,导致热回收工艺效率不高。该文主要阐述了好氧发酵产热原理,并从菌剂、原料理化性质和发酵工艺三个方面对发酵热生产的影响进行了探讨,总结了现有热回收利用系统,最后对生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用系统的发展方向进行展望,以期为生物质发酵热能利用提供支持。

基于双蓄能器切换的非对称泵势能回收系统

针对挖掘机动臂在下落过程中单个蓄能器回收势能效率有限的问题,提出一种高低压双蓄能器切换的能量回收策略。基于能量回收原理,利用计算机仿真软件SimulitionX,根据工作装置的三维结构模型建立3D仿真模型和液压系统仿真模型。在此基础上研究挖掘机工作装置姿态对动臂势能回收效率的影响,对不同作业模式下蓄能器不同压力时的动臂伸缩过程进行模拟分析。最后调查统计了某工地挖掘机某段时间内的作业情况,并进行了计算分析。结果表明:挖掘机在该作业情况下,使用3 MPa和5 MPa的高低压双蓄能器回收能量比使用3 MPa的低压蓄能器效率提升29.23%,比使用5 MPa的高压蓄能器效率提升9.06%。

基于AMESim的林业采伐头俯仰液压缸的能量回收系统设计

林业采伐头在液压缸下沉过程中,重力势能通过控制阀的节流作用转化为热能而耗散,并且系统非工作状态下液压泵的无负载空转也造成能源浪费,导致显著的能量损失。针对以上问题,提出基于AMESim(advanced modleing engineering simulation)的林业采伐头俯仰液压缸的能量回收系统,该系统通过高、低压蓄能器与负载敏感泵的配合对采伐头俯仰液压缸的重力势能及空载时动能进行回收再利用,以减少系统能耗。试验结果显示,在一个工作周期内,负载敏感泵与常规定量泵在相同工作周期内的能量输出比原系统减少了32.04%,在高、低压蓄能器的作用下,液压缸活塞杆的移动速度振荡得到了有效减缓,降低了采伐作业中的油缸冲击,且一个工作周期内实现了51.402 kJ的能量回收,显著优化了系统的节能性能。

混动叉车势能与制动能量联合回收系统设计及AMESim-Simulink仿真分析

针对混动叉车频繁升降及起停制动造成能量损耗严重等问题,聚焦混动叉车势能回收与行车时双动力能源分配控制策略能效提升的关键技术,进行了混动叉车势能与制动能量联合回收系统设计。在传统混动叉车并联式混动系统基础上改进优化,运用前向建模思想搭建仿真模型。为实现精准控制液压缸位移,提出了一种模糊PID自适应控制系统;为优化混动叉车在行车时发动机和驱动电机的工作效率并进行制动能量回收,基于发动机最优工作曲线提出一种制动能量回收控制策略。最后基于JB/T 11988—2014制定多种工况,运用AMESim和Simulink进行多种工况下仿真对比试验,验证该方法有效性,实现能量回收效率提升,势能与制动能量联合回收效率最高可达56.86%。

大型液压挖掘机双通道势能回收及负载平衡方法研究

为了解决气液平衡势能回收系统中蓄能器体积过大及“过平衡”和“欠平衡”等主机操控性问题,本文以大型液压挖掘机为研究对象,提出了一种由三腔室平衡缸、双蓄能器及风扇马达为主要构成的直/间接双通道动臂势能回收系统。该系统将原先的单蓄能器回收通道(单通道系统)变为双蓄能器回收通道(双通道系统),即,三腔平衡缸和蓄能器1构成直接回收通道,风扇马达和蓄能器2构成间接回收通道。一方面,通过间接调节变量风扇马达的压力可以避免蓄能器液压力和负载力之间的不平衡问题从而改善操控性;另一方面,利用双通道系统特性可以使蓄能器的工作压力设计具有灵活性并可大幅减小蓄能器体积。本文通过数学建模明确了风扇马达的控制规律,从而使双蓄能器提供的驱动力和负载力基本平衡。此外,通过参数分析获得了蓄能器参数配置规律从而使双蓄能器体积小于单通道回收系统中单个蓄能器的体积。为了验证以上理论分析结果,以70 t大型液压挖掘机为对象搭建了包含主泵、能量回收模块及机械结构在内的仿真模型,并将仿真结果和单通道系统的试验结果进行对比。结果表明,所提出的双通道系统可实现液压力和负载力的匹配并将蓄能器总体积减小50%以上。因此,所提出的系统可以在保留单通道系统优点的同时改善其对操控性的影响并节省装机空间,具有良好的推广应用前景。

面向能效设计指数的LNG燃料船CO_(2)捕集系统设计及性能分析

为满足国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)第三阶段船舶能效设计指数(energy efficiency design index,EEDI)的要求,提出一种液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)燃料船船载碳捕集系统(onboard carbon capture system,OCCS)。OCCS通过醇胺溶液对主机烟气中的CO_(2)进行富集,并回收主机烟气余热用于醇胺溶液再生,再利用LNG汽化过程中释放的冷能对解吸出的CO_(2)进行液化。以一艘Kamsarmax型船为例,构建基于冷热能综合利用的OCCS模型,分析烟气质量流量、溶剂质量流量和吸收塔进口处的贫液温度对CO_(2)捕集量及比热耗的影响。结果表明:提高贫液温度能够有效减少热量消耗,烟气和溶剂质量流量对CO_(2)捕集量影响显著,当溶剂质量流量大于18000 kg/h时,OCCS能满足IMO第三阶段的CO_(2)减排要求。该船通过所设计的OCCS可以满足IMO第三阶段EEDI的要求,其比热耗在10.9~12.2 GJ/t范围内。

多功能融合智能化高压变量活塞电机泵马达的能量回收特性分析

为研究海水淡化的能量回收效率问题,采用AMESim软件对电机泵马达的液压系统进行整体仿真,研究在输入不同转速下的电机泵马达的流量特性及能量回收率。为验证仿真结果的准确性,建立电机泵马达测试试验台,将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:在生产等量淡水的情况下,带有马达能量回收的装置相较于不带马达功率回收的装置节能效果更明显,且适当提高转速能够增加节能效果;由于试验过程产生泄漏,使得泵与马达侧的试验流量低于仿真流量,但随着电机转速的提升,泵侧流量的差值逐渐增大,而马达侧的流量差值逐渐降低;在额定转速1 500 r/min的工况下,马达能量回收装置的能效利用率达到了95%以上。