The Vision of New China Suggested by the Politics of Language： Liu Shipei＇s Interpretation of the ＂Rectification of Names＂ and Its Utopian Moment

Abstract This paper focuses on the ＂rectification of names＂ （zhengming 正名）, an important and recurrent motif in the writings produced by Liu Shipei 刘师培 （1884-1919） before he betrayed the anti-Qing revolution. On the one hand, Liu has argued that the Chinese signifying system should be modified in response to the challenges posed by the West. On the other hand, he also understood that, within the prevailing imperialist world order, China＇s acceptance of this universal law entailed the acceptance of an inferior position vis-a-vis the dominant world powers. Liu＇s interpretation of the ＂rectification of names＂ was aimed at overcoming the boundaries between the West and China, and ultimately led him to support a radical anarchist revolution. Therefore, Liu Shipei＇s approach to the ＂rectification of names＂ is representative of the way in which late Qing intellectuals responded to the great clashes between the traditional and the modem, the West and the East. One might argue that the discourse surrounding the ＂rectification of names＂ brought about a moment of ＂origin,＂-that is to say, a moment of reconstructing the relationship between names and things-the scope of which was not limited to China. In this context, the political utopia conceptualized by Liu Shipei can be regarded as one explicit form of the ＂rectification of names.＂ Thus, the different ways in which Liu Shipei, Zhang Taiyan 章太炎 （1868-1936; also known as Zhang Binglin 章炳麟）, and Lu Xun approach the problem of language suggest their different visions of the future of China.

Enhancement of thermal rectification by asymmetry engineering of thermal conductivity and geometric structure for multi-segment thermal rectifier

Thermal rectification is an exotic thermal transport phenomenon,an analog to electrical rectification,in which heat flux along one direction is larger than that in the other direction and is of significant interest in electronic device applications.However,achieving high thermal rectification efficiency or rectification ratio is still a scientific challenge.In this work,we performed a systematic simulation of thermal rectification by considering both efforts of thermal conductivity asymmetry and geometrical asymmetry in a multi-segment thermal rectifier.It is found that the high asymmetry of thermal conductivity and the asymmetry of the geometric structure of multi-segment thermal rectifiers can significantly enhance the thermal rectification,and the combination of both thermal conductivity asymmetry and geometrical asymmetry can further improve thermal rectification efficiency.This work suggests a possible way for improving thermal rectification devices by asymmetry engineering.

Nonlinear optical rectification of GaAs/Ga_(1-x)Al_(x)As quantum dots with Hulthén plus Hellmann confining potential

We investigate the nonlinear optical rectification(NOR) of spherical quantum dots(QDs) under Hulthén plus Hellmann confining potential with the external tuning elements. Energy and wavefunction are determined by using the Nikiforov–Uvarov method. Expression for the NOR coefficient is derived by the density matrix theory. The results show that the applied external elements and internal parameters of this system have a strong influence on intraband nonlinear optical properties. It is hopeful that this tuning of the nonlinear optical properties of GaAs/Ga_(1-x)Al_(x)As QDs can make a greater contribution to preparation of new functional optical devices.

Controllable thermal rectification design for buildings based on phase change composites

Phase-change material(PCM)is widely used in thermal management due to their unique thermal behavior.However,related research in thermal rectifier is mainly focused on exploring the principles at the fundamental device level,which results in a gap to real applications.Here,we propose a controllable thermal rectification design towards building applications through the direct adhesion of composite thermal rectification material(TRM)based on PCM and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)aerogel to ordinary concrete walls(CWs).The design is evaluated in detail by combining experiments and finite element analysis.It is found that,TRM can regulate the temperature difference on both sides of the TRM/CWs system by thermal rectification.The difference in two directions reaches to 13.8 K at the heat flow of 80 W/m^(2).In addition,the larger the change of thermal conductivity before and after phase change of TRM is,the more effective it is for regulating temperature difference in two directions.The stated technology has a wide range of applications for the thermal energy control in buildings with specific temperature requirements.

Effect of flame rectification on corrosion property of Al-Zn-Mg alloy

The corrosion resistance of Al？Zn？Mg alloy subjected to different times in flame rectification was investigated based on the exfoliation corrosion test. The results indicate that the flame rectification deteriorates the exfoliation corrosion resistance of Al？Zn？Mg alloy. The corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg alloy is ranked in the following order： base metal〉two times〉three times〉one time of flame rectification. The exfoliation corrosion behavior was discussed based on the transformation of precipitates at grain boundaries and matrix. With increasing the number of times in flame rectification, the precipitate-free zones disappeared and the precipitates experienced dissolution and re-precipitation. The sample was seriously corroded after one time of flame rectification, because the precipitates at grain boundaries are more continuous than those in other samples.

Optical Rectification Induced by Al-Si Schottky Barrier Potential and Mechanism of Two-Photon Response

By observing two-photon response and anisotropy of the light-induced voltage in Al-Si Schottky barrier potential,it is certified from the experimental and theoretical analysis that the built-in electric field generated by the Schottky barrier potential will induce the phenomena of optical rectification in Si photodiode.Thus,it is deduced that there must be double-frequency absorption caused by phase-mismatch in the mechanism of two-photon response of Si photodiode.If the intensity of the built-in electric field is strong enough,the double-frequency absorption will be the main factor of the two-photon response,which is different from the conventional opinion that the two-photon response is just the two-photon absorption.

Sliding mode robust controller for automatic rectification of shield machine

According to the actual engineering problem that the precise load model of shield machine is difficult to achieve,a design method of sliding mode robust controller oriented to the automatic rectification of shield machine was proposed. Firstly,the nominal load model of shield machine and the ranges of model parameters were obtained by the soil mechanics parameters of certain geological conditions and the messages of the self-learning of shield machine by tunneling for previous segments. Based on this rectification mechanism model with known ranges of parameters,a sliding mode robust controller was proposed. Finally,the simulation analysis was developed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The simulation results show that the sliding mode robust controller can be implemented in the attitude rectification process of the shield machine and it has stronger robustness to overcome the soil disturbance.

Relationship between rectification moment and angle of shield based on numerical simulation

The finite element method is used to simulate the rectification process of shield machine, to study the relationship between rectification moment and angle and to explore the influence laws of different soil parameters and buried depth on rectification moment. It is hoped that the reference value of rectification moment can be offered to operator, and theoretical foundation can be laid for future automatic rectification technology. The results show that the rectification moment and angle generally exhibit good linear behavior in clay layers with different soil parameters or buried depths, and then the concept of rectification coefficient, that is, the ratio of rectification angle to rectification moment, is proposed; different soil parameters and buried depths have different influences on rectification coefficient, in which elastic modulus has great influence but others have little influences; the simulations of rectification process are preformed in clay layers with different elastic modulus, and fitting results show that elastic modulus and rectification coefficient present the quadratic function relation.

Impact of GCP distribution on the rectification accuracy of Landsat TM imagery in a coastal zone

The purpose is to explore the effect of the spatial distribution of ground control points （GCPs） on the accuracy of imagery rectification. Both area-distributed and linearly distributed GCPs were used to rectify a Landsat TM image of a coastal zone. Rectification accuracy was checked against 99 independent points over the intertidal mudflats with no ground control. Results indicate that the root-mean-square error of residuals over these areas is several times larger than its GCPs-measured counterpart. If the GCPs are spatially dispersed over an area, residuals fluctuate but increase steadily with distance to the source of control in easting （R^2= 0. 827）. in northing they fluctuate around 150 m until 15 km, beyond which they rise steadily at a small range of fluctuation. These residuals are less predictable from distance to the source of control than in easting （R^2= 0.517 ）. If the GCPs are distributed along a control line, residuals rise with distance to it linearly and predictably （R^2 = 0. 877） in the direction perpendicular to it. In a direction parallel to it, the distance has little impact on rectification residuals.

Rectification of magnetic force tracker using neural network inaugmented reality system

Nonlinear errors always exist in data obtained from tracker in augmented reality （AR）, which badly influence the effect of AR. This paper proposes to rectify the errors using BP neural network. As BP neural network is prone to getting into local extrema and convergence is slow, genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the initial weights and threshold of neural network. This paper discusses how to set the crucial parameters in the algorithm. Experimental results show that the method ensures that the neural network achieves global convergence quickly and correctly. Tracking precision of AR system is improved after the tracker is rectified, and the third dimension of AR system is enhanced.

The First Principle Study on the Rectification of Molecular Junctions Based on the Alkyl-chain-modified Phenyl Benzothiophene Derivative

Using density functional theory（DFT） combined with nonequilibrium Green＇s function investigates the electron-transport properties of several molecular junctions based on the PBTDT-CH=NH molecule, which is modified by one to four alkyl groups forming PBTDT-（CH2）nCH=NH. The electronic structures of the isolated molecules（thiol-ended PBTDT-（CH2）nCH=N） have been investigated before the electron-transport calculations are performed. The asymmetric current-voltage characteristics have been obtained for the molecular junctions. Rectifying performance of Au/S-PBTDT-CH=N-S/Au molecular junction can be regulated by introducing alkyl chain. The N3 molecular junction exhibits the best rectifying effect. Its maximum rectifying ratio is 878, which is 80 times more than that of the molecular junction based on the original N molecular junction. The current-voltage（I-V） curves of all the sandwich systems in this work are illustrated by transmission spectra and molecular projection density analysis.

Effect of proportion on rectification in organic co-oligomer spin rectifiers

The rectification behaviours in organic magnetic/nonmagnetic co-oligomer spin rectifiers are investigated theoretically. It is found that both the charge current and the spin current through the device are rectified at the same time. By adjusting the proportion between the magnetic and nonmagnetic components, the threshold voltage and the rectification ratio of the rectifier are modulated. A large rectification ratio is obtained when the two components are equal in length. The intrinsic mechanism is analysed in terms of the asymmetric localization of molecular orbitals under biases. The effect of molecular length on the rectification is also discussed. These results will be helpful in the future design of organic spin diodes.

Rectification and electroluminescence of nanostructured GaN/Si heterojunction based on silicon nanoporous pillar array

A GaN/Si nanoheterojunction is prepared through growing Ga N nanocrystallites（nc-GaN） on a silicon nanoporous pillar array（Si-NPA） by a chemical vapor deposition（CVD） technique at a relatively low temperature. The average size of nc-Ga N is determined to be ~10 nm. The spectral measurements disclose that the photoluminescence（PL） from GaN/SiNPA is composed of an ultraviolet（UV） band and a broad band spanned from UV to red region, with the feature that the latter band is similar to that of electroluminescence（EL）. The electron transition from the energy levels of conduction band and, or, shallow donors to that of deep acceptors of Ga N is indicated to be responsible for both the broad-band PL and the EL luminescence. A study of the I-V characteristic shows that at a low forward bias, the current across the heterojunction is contact-limited while at a high forward bias it is bulk-limited, which follows the thermionic emission model and space-charge-limited current（SCLC） model, respectively. The bandgap offset analysis indicates that the carrier transport is dominated by electron injection from n-GaN into the p-Si-NPA, and the EL starts to appear only when holes begin to be injected from Si-NPA into GaN with biases higher than a threshold voltage.

First Principle Study on the Rectification of Molecular Junctions Based on the Thiol-ended Oligosilane

The electron transport properties of various molecular junctions based on the thiol-ended oligosilane are investigated through density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green＇s function formalism. Our calculations show that oligosilanes doped by the phenyl and -C10H6 groups demonstrate better rectifying effect and their rectification ratios are up to 15.41 and 65.13 for their molecular junctions. The current-voltage （I-V） curves of all the Au/ modified oligosilane/Au systems in this work are illustrated by frontier molecular orbitals, transmission spectra and density of states under zero bias. And their rectifying behaviors are analyzed through transmission spectra.

Influence of Magnetic Field on the Rectification Process of Binary Heterogeneous Azeotrope

To improve separate effect of binary heterogeneous azeotrope in the magnetic field with different magnetic induction intensity, the influence of magnetic field on the rectification process of binary heterogeneous azeotrope was investigated with l-butanol-water system. The results show that the composition of liquid-liquid phase equilibrium of l-butanol-water system has definitely changed, the composition of l-butanol in light phase （l-butanol layer） increases by 1. 17%-1.63% and the composition of water in heavy phase （water layer） increases by 1.21%-1.58% under the influence of magnetic field. By separation of magnetization, the composition of l-butanol increases by 0.8%-1.2% and the recovery ratio of 1 -butanol increases by 1.6%-2.5%. Magnetic field has positive effect, however, the magnetized effect is not in proportion to magnetic induction intensity and has an optimum condition, in the range of 0.25 T-0. 3 T.

Rectification of Ion Current Determined by the Nanopore Geometry:Experiments and Modelling

We provide a way to precisely control the geometry of a SiNx nanopore by adjusting the applied electric pulse. The pore is generated by applying the current pulse across a SiNx membrane, which is immersed in potassium chloride solution. We can generate single conical and cylindrical pores with different electric pulses. A theoretical model based on the Poisson and Nernst-Planck equations is employed to simulate the ion transport properties in the channel. In turn, we can analyze pore geometries by fitting the experimental current-voltage （I-V） curves. for the conical pores with a pore size of 0.5-2nm in diameter, the slope angles are around -2.5% to -10%. Moreover, the pore orifice can be enlarged slightly by additional repeating pulses. The conic pore lumen becomes close to a cylindrical channel, resulting in a symmetry I-V transport under positive and negative biases. A qualitative understanding of these effects will help us to prepare useful solid-nanopores as demanded.

Suppression and Enhancement of Vitrinite Reflectance:Cause and Rectification

The suppression of vitrinite reflectance (R0) was reported by many investigators , whereas the enhancement of vitrinite reflectance , the phenomenon that the measured R values are higher than the values that should be at the given regional rank , is in most cases unrecognized .Both R0 suppression and enhancement were observed in many basins in China , in coal seams as well as in oil source rocks , and representative examples are presented in this paper . A lot of experimental work on two series of samples was carried out for investigating the cause and mechanism of vitrinite reflectance suppression and enhancement , and effective methods for rectifying suppressed or enhanced R0 were sought on the basis of our organic geochemistry study in several basins . Our studies confirm : (1) the variations in initial hydrogen content and thermostability of vitrinite macerals are the main cause of both R0 suppression and enhancement ;(2) great care must be taken in using R0 to reflect the thermal histories of sedimentary basins because it can be not only suppressed, but also enhanced , although it has many advantages over other paleogeothermometers ; (3 ) the combined measurement of R0 and fluorescence spectrum on sporinite is an effective method for both recognizing and rectifying supressed or enhanced R0 values .

Reversal of thermal rectification in one-dimensional nonlinear composite system

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, a comprehensive study of the asymmetric heat conduction in the composite system consisting of the Frenkel-Kontorova （FK） model and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam （FPU） model is conducted. The calculated results show that in a larger system, the rectifying direction can be reversed only by adjusting the thermal bias. Moreover, the rectification reversal depends critically on the system size and the properties of the interface. The mechanisms of the two types of asymmetric heat conduction induced by nonlinearity are discussed. Considering the novel asymmetric heat conduction in the system, it may possess possible applications to manage the thermal rectification in situ directionally without re-building the structure.

Modeling and Rectification of Rolling Shutter Effect in CMOS Aerial Cameras

Due to the electronic rolling shutter, high-speed Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor( CMOS) aerial cameras are generally subject to geometric distortions,which cannot be perfectly corrected by conventional vision-based algorithms. In this paper we propose a novel approach to address the problem of rolling shutter distortion in aerial imaging. A mathematical model is established by the coordinate transformation method. It can directly calculate the pixel distortion when an aerial camera is imaging at arbitrary gesture angles.Then all pixel distortions form a distortion map over the whole CMOS array and the map is exploited in the image rectification process incorporating reverse projection. The error analysis indicates that within the margin of measuring errors,the final calculation error of our model is less than 1/2 pixel. The experimental results show that our approach yields good rectification performance in a series of images with different distortions. We demonstrate that our method outperforms other vision-based algorithms in terms of the computational complexity,which makes it more suitable for aerial real-time imaging.

Effect of interfacial coupling on rectification in organic spin rectifiers

The effect of interfacial coupling on rectification in an organic co-oligomer spin diode is investigated theoretically by considering spin-independent and spin-resolved couplings respectively. In the case of spin-independent coupling, an optimal interfacial coupling strength with a significant enhanced rectification ratio is found, whose value depends on the structural asymmetry of the molecule. In the case of spin-resolved coupling, we found that only the variation of the interfacial coupling with specific spin is effective to modulate the rectification, which is due to the spin-filtering property of the central asymmetric magnetic molecule. A transition of the spin-current rectification between parallel spin-current rectification and antiparallel spin-current rectification may be observed with the variation of the spin-resolved interfacial coupling. The interfacial effect on rectification is further analyzed from the spin-dependent transmission spectrum at different biases.