Compressive Strength, Pore Size Distribution and Chloride-ion Penetration of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Incorporating Class-F Fly Ash

The effects of fly ash on the compressive strength, pore size distribution and chloride-ion penetration of recycled aggregate concrete were investigated. Two series of concrete mb：tures were prepared. The concrete mixtures in series I had a water-to-binder ratio and a cement content of 0.55 and 410 kg/ m^3 , respectively. The concrete rnixtures in series II had a water-to-binder ratio and a cement content of 0.45 and 400 kg/ ml respectively. Recycled aggregate was ased as 20% , 50% , and 100% replacements of natural coarse aggregate in the concrete mixtures in both series. In cutdition, fly ash was used as 0% , 25% and 35% by weight replacements of cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of the concrete decreased as the recycled aggregate and the fly ash contents increased. The total porosity and average porosity diameter of the concrete increased us the recycled aggregate content increased. Furtherrruore , an increase in the recycled aggregate content decreased the resistance to chloride ion penetration. Nevertheless, the replacement of cement by 25% fly ush improved the resistance to chloride ion penetration and pore diameters and reduced the total porosity of the recycled aggregate concrete.

Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete: Analysis of Influence of Water-Cement Ratio and Fly Ash under Single Action and Optimal Design of Mix Proportion

Pervious concrete is recommended,which is of great benefit to the ecological environment and human living environment.In this paper,the influences of five water-cement ratios and four fly ash contents to replace the cement by mass with a water-cement ratio of 0.30 on the properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete(RAPC)were studied.Following this,based on the Grey relational-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)optimization method,the strength,permeability,abrasion loss rate,and material costs of RAPC were adopted as evaluation indices to establish a mix proportion optimization model.The results show that the increase of water-cement ratio and fly ash replacement level of RAPC leads to decreased compres-sive strength while an increase in the permeability and abrasion loss rate.According to test results based on the optimal model 0.30 was identified as the best mix proportion.In addition,ecological-economic analysis of RAPC raw materials was carried out by comparing different natural aggregates.The results of EE(embodied energy)and ECO 2e(embodied CO_(2) emission)pointed out that the combination of recycled aggregate and fly ash leads to sig-nificant ecological and economic benefits.

Stabilization of Expansive Soil by Lime and Fly Ash

An experimental program was undertaken to study the individual and admixed effects of lime and fly ash on the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil.Lime and fly ash were added to the expansive soil at 4%-6% and 40%-50% by dry weight of soil,respectively.Testing specimens were determined and examined in chemical composition,grain size distribution,consistency limits,compaction,CBR,free swell and swell capacity.The effect of lime and fly ash addition on reducing the swelling potential of an expansive soil is presented.It is revealed that a change of expansive soil texture takes place when lime and fly ash are mixed with expansive soil.Plastic limit increases by mixing lime and liquid limit decreases by mixing fly ash,which decreases plasticity index.As the amount of lime and fly ash is increased,there are an apparent reduction in maximum dry density,free swell and swelling capacity under 50 kPa pressure,and a corresponding increase in the percentage of coarse particles,optimum moisture content and CBR value.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be successfully stabilized by lime and fly ash.

Cement-fly Ash Stabilization of Cold In-place Recycled (CIR) Asphalt Pavement Mixtures for Road Bases or Subbases

For lack of laboratory and field performance data on stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） aggregate and stabilized soil （S） for road bases and subbases construction, the influences of RAP/S ratio, cement and fly ash content, modifying agent （MA） on the compact, unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability of the CIR mixtures were investigated. The experimental results showed that the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the mixture changed significantly with the RAP/S ratio and cement-fly ash content. Unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and water stability were improved significantly by the addition of MA, and the water stability was improved by nearly 20% on average. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） images indicated that MA accelerated the hydration of cement-fly ash system. Needle-like AFt and fibrous C-S-H gel were observed in the mixtures, which resulted in the cementation effect among the CIR mixture particles and a more compact microstructure. All these could be the cause of high strength of the CIR mixtures with MA.

Economic cost-benefit analysis for the agricultural use of sewage sludge treated with lime and fly ash

A tool for calculating the economic and environmental impacts of the use of byproducts of industrial processes that can substitute for perishable resources was presented.This was exemplified by fly ash(the fine fraction of ash originating from coal burned to generate electricity and collected by filtering exhaust gases leaving the furnace),added to soil as a component of sewage sludge stabilized with fly ash and lime(NVS).Application to soil of NVS has potential agricultural and environmental advantages and disadvantages.The costs and benefits of such application were calculated using both a database and expert opinions.The calculations assumed a representative assemblage of soils and crops,with weights assigned to each crop type and soil characteristic.The annual weighted benefits(additional income for the farmer)and costs per hectare reached 324$/ha and 131$/ha respectively.Major potential benefits include:Chemical fertilizer replacement,159$/ha;Improvement to the soil’s physical properties,75$/ha;Supply of vital trace elements,33$/ha.Major potential costs were:Regulatory limitations on marketing of crops pending proof of absence of risk of heavy metals or radionuclides accumulation in these crops,(17$/ha and 36$/ha respectively);Application and incorporation cost,50$/ha.The presented estimates of the costs and benefits refer to the array of soils and conditions typical to Israel.It is possible to maximize potential benefits by applying fly ash only to the most suitable agricultural soils while improper use of fly ash will increase the costs incurred from its use.

Freeze-thaw performance of chemically stabilized natural and recycled highway materials

This article provides an overview of several previous studies that investigated the stiffness and strength performance of chemically stabilized roadway materials under winter conditions （freeze-thaw cycling）. The objective of this research was to understand the behavior of different materials stabilized with different type of binders when they were subjected to freeze-thaw cycling. Nine different materials including natural soils （organic soil, clay, silt, sand, and road surface gravel）, reclaimed pavement material, and recycled asphalt pavement stabilized with nine different binders （five different fly ashes, lime, cement, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust） were discussed. This article investigated how the volume, resilient modulus and unconfined compressive strength of soils/materials stabilized with different binders change in response to freeze-thaw cycling. Overall, the review results indicate that the stiffness and strength of all stabilized materials decrease somewhat with freeze-thaw cycling. However, the reduced strength and stiffness of stabilized materials after freeze-thaw cycling was still higher than that of unstabilized-unfrozen original soils and materials. In addition, materials stabilized with cement kiln dust provided the best performance against freeze-thaw cycling.

SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM MIXES CONTAINING RECYCLED AGGREGATES AND INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS

A vast amount of construction and demolition(C&D)wastes are generated in Western Australia(WA)of which a major portion goes to landfills.The diversion of C&D waste from landfills would be the single most significant opportunity for WA to improve its recovery performance.C&D waste materials have already been investigated for their appropriateness and use in pavement and concrete.This work is the continuation of the authors’previous work involving further experimental tests to prove the structural suitability of a building’s structural member(i.e.,beam)made of recycled aggregates and industrial by-products.The concrete mixes considered in this study are 100NA+100 OPC(Control),100RA+100OPC,50RA+50NA+90OPC+10SF and 50RA+50NA+60OPC+30FA+10SF.The Reinforced Concrete(RC)beam made of 50RA+50NA+60OPC+30FA+10SF concrete mix was found to be the only eco-efficient option.This option has reduced the level of environmental impacts in a cost-competitive manner.The use of this eco-efficient option could also provide new employment opportunities and significant improvements in terms of land and energy resources conservation and bio-diversity enhancement.

The Impact of Marine Water on Different Types of Coarse Aggregate of Geopolymer Concrete

This research studies the impact of different types of coarse aggregate on the behavior of geopolymer concrete based on both fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in different marine environments. Aiming to solve the problems caused by the construction and demolition waste and the depletion of natural aggregates, in the present study coarse recycled aggregates is used to produce new green concrete with a fly ash-slag based geopolymer. By this examination, the research seeks to improve the quality and productivity of concrete used in construction and hydraulic projects. For this research, four mixtures containing different types of coarse aggregate in two different water environments were used. The utilized mixtures contained natural aggregate concrete (NAC) such as basalt and crushed marble. Also, recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RAC), which totally replaced natural aggregate, was presented in this paper such as crushed concrete and crushed ceramic. For this study, in the sieve analysis;specific and unit weights, was recorded. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were determined, using a compressive test that was conducted on the 7th, 28th, 56th and 90th days at different water environments;potable water (PW) and sea water (SW). Durability test was also performed for total absorption measurement. Results indicated that geopolymer concrete exhibits better strength in marine environments than in those of potable water. Results also showed that crushed marble (CMA) exhibits higher compressive strength and durability.

二灰稳定集料抗裂性能评价与应用

针对现行技术标准缺乏半刚性材料的抗裂级配以及收缩评价指标的现状,根据限制最小粒径k法确定二灰碎石集料级配,通过振动试验、均匀设计法逐级振动试验及灰色系统理论,分析并确定了二灰砂砾集料级配;应用室内研究成果,在河南、陕西、河北三省铺筑了6条相关的试验路,并进行了长期跟踪调查。工程实践表明,研究推荐的二灰碎石、二灰砂砾方案具有后期强度增长快、抗裂性能优良的特点,并经受住了超重载、大交通量试验路段验证。结果表明:对二灰砂砾、二灰碎石采用不同抗裂级配设计方法是可行的;推荐的二灰稳定材料抗裂性能评价指标——开裂系数能反映此类材料的抗裂性能。

二灰碎石基层材料的合理结合料质量分数

在二灰碎石最优级配的基础上,根据集料不同密实状态下的空隙率变化结合料的体积分数,通过力学性能、干缩、温缩性能试验,研究结合料质量分数的变化对路用性能的影响,并运用灰色关联决策对不同结合料质量分数下二灰碎石路用性能进行了综合评定。结果表明:当石灰与粉煤灰的质量分数达到21.5%时,二灰碎石28 d抗压强度、劈裂强度和抗压模量达到最大值;二灰碎石7 d龄期的干缩应变随着结合料质量分数的减少而减小;二灰碎石7 d龄期的总平均温缩系数(60℃^-30℃)和低温平均温缩系数(10℃^-30℃)随着结合料质量分数的减少而减小,而高温平均温缩系数(60℃~10℃)呈增大趋势;二灰结合料存在一个最佳体积分数,即当二灰结合料的体积分数等于集料的松散状态下空隙率时,其路用综合性能才能达到最优。

二灰碎石垂直振动试验方法及评价

结合二灰碎石现场振碾特性,研究了振动压实仪(VVTE)及选型标准,提出了垂直振动试验方法(VVTM),并通过对比研究室内静压法(SPCM)、振动法及现场振碾方式对二灰碎石物理力学特性的影响,评价了不同试件成型方法优越性.结果表明:振动压实仪的工作频率为30Hz,名义振幅为1.2mm,工作质量为300kg时模拟效果最佳,振动120s时的最大干密度与现场所能达到最大干密度相等;垂直振动成型试件的力学强度与芯样强度之比可达90%,而静压法成型试件的力学强度与芯样强度之比不足52%;垂直振动成型试件的力学强度是静压成型试件的1.7倍以上.垂直振动法比静压法成型试件更能准确反映二灰碎石基层物理力学性能.

二灰稳定再生集料的最佳配合比研究

采用石灰、粉煤灰及再生集料为原料,配制成二灰稳定再生集料的结合料.通过重型击实、无侧限抗压强度、劈裂以及室内抗压回弹试验,对不同配合比的二灰稳定再生集料的最大干密度、最佳含水量以及不同龄期的抗压强度、劈裂强度和抗压回弹模量进行了研究,分析了二灰比和再生集料的含量对结合料性能的影响,并通过对比分析得出了二灰稳定再生集料的优化配合比范围.

骨架密实型二灰稳定碎石配合比设计方法研究

在大量室内试验及理论分析的基础上,通过正交试验方法确定了二灰砂浆的最佳材料组成比例,推荐了二灰稳定碎石混合料中粗集料的最佳级配,提出了适用于骨架密实结构二灰稳定碎石材料的粗、细集料比例确定的计算方法.采用该法设计了石灰、粉煤灰、石料比例为5:12:83的骨架密实结构二灰稳定碎石,并在室内对材料配比相同的悬浮密实结构二灰稳定碎石进行了力学性质的对比试验,试验结果表明骨架结构二灰稳定碎石的抗压强度、抗压模量大于相应的悬浮密实结构二灰稳定碎石,劈裂、抗折强度和抗折回弹模量相近.

路面基层中粉煤灰SO_3含量超标的危害及防治对策

石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石基层松散从而导致沥青路面结构开裂、起拱,经分析是由于基层中粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高,遇水后产生化学反应造成结构体积膨胀,最终导致基层和面层整体破坏。本文进一步分析粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高的原因,进而提出石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石结构原材料及施工过程的质量控制措施。

骨架密实结构组成配比计算方法及其应用

为有效地使用骨架密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石,推荐了适用于骨架密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石材料的粗、细集料级配范围,并给出了混合料中各材料比例的计算方法。采用该法设计了石灰、粉煤灰和石料质量比例为4∶12∶84的骨架密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石,并在室内对材料配比相同的悬浮密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石进行了力学性质和收缩系数的对比试验。试验结果表明:悬浮密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石的7、28、90 d抗压强度分别为0.92、2.73、5.45 MPa;平均温缩、干缩系数分别为9.20×10-6/℃和66.1×10-6;设计的骨架密实结构石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石各龄期的抗压强度分别增加至1.08、3.70、7.85 MPa,平均温缩、干缩系数降低至8.76×10-6/℃和54.7×10-6。

多级嵌挤骨架密实二灰碎石组成设计方法研究

为了提高二灰碎石的抗裂性能和抗冲刷性能等路用性能,应用逐级填充理论和室内试验确定了粗集料的多级嵌挤骨架结构;根据二灰结合料黏聚力最大为原则通过试验确定二灰比例,根据粗集料骨架空隙体积计算二灰结合料剂量,使混合后二灰混合料能密实填充于粗集料形成多级嵌挤骨架空隙结构中。在此基础上,提出多级嵌挤骨架密实型二灰碎石组成设计方法,并对性能进行验证。结果表明,提出的多级嵌挤骨架密实型二灰碎石组成设计方法,使得设计的二灰碎石具有良好的路用性能,尤其是力学性能、抗裂性能和抗冲刷性能。

二灰碎石基层强度的正交试验研究

通过正交试验研究二灰碎石各种材料用量(二灰内比、碎石比例和级配、水泥掺量等)与二灰碎石基层强度的关系,旨在从力学角度得到抗裂性能较佳的半刚性材料.结果表明,水泥掺量是影响二灰碎石早期强度的主要因素,其次是二灰内比.另外,适当增加碎石比例和粗集料含量,可以提高强度和减少收缩裂缝.

基于废弃混凝土再生二灰碎石的应用研究

回弹法检测废弃混凝土构件并快速分级生产不同质量等级再生骨料及再生粉状颗粒,添加石灰及粉煤灰配制二灰碎石。设计正交实验,通过重型击实、无侧限抗压强度等试验分析再生骨料质量、二灰掺量、再生粉状颗粒等因素对其性能影响规律并得出最佳配比范围。试验表明,再生骨料及再生粉状颗粒可以不同程度替代天然骨料及粉煤灰,配置力学性能满足承载基层要求的半刚性基层材料。

一种新试验方法下二灰稳定粒料抗冲刷性能的研究

鉴于几种传统试验方法对养护龄期较长的半刚性基层混合料试件冲刷效果不理想的现状,在比较国内外冲刷试验设备的基础上,提出了一种简便有效的半刚性基层材料冲刷试验方法。基于新的试验方法,并采用冲刷率作为抗冲刷性能的指标,研究了不同养护龄期、不同水压和冲刷时间下二灰稳定粒料的抗冲刷性,最后简要分析了冲刷率与试件强度之间的关系。试验表明:二灰稳定粒料试件的冲刷率,随试件养护龄期的增加而迅速减小,到90 d龄期时受冲刷水的影响很小;随二灰稳定粒料试件的抗压强度逐渐增加,其抵抗水冲刷的能力逐渐增强。

高性能二灰稳定碎石混合料设计和路用性能研究

为制备高性能二灰稳定碎石混合料,采用体积法对不同类型的二灰稳定碎石混合料进行了配合比设计,并通过无侧限抗压强度试验和劈裂强度试验对其进行了路用性能研究。结果表明:激活剂的加入使得二灰稳定碎石混合料的抗压强度、劈裂强度和抗压回弹模量均有大幅度的增长,并且能提高其抗冲刷性能,但抗温缩性能略有降低。