Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Study on soil erosion dynamics in typical regionof southern China based on remote sensing, GISand gray forecast model

This paper StUdies soil erosion dynamics in the typical region of southem China based onremote sensing, GIS tecndques and gray forecast model. The resultS of survey on Xingguo countyshown the soil eroded area and annual soil erosion amount decreased by 19.09% and 43.05%reSPectively from 1958 to 1988. The results of gray forecast model presented that soil eroded areaincreased from 818.04 km2 in 1988 to 1276.69 km2 in 1995. in the meanthne the total soil erosiollamount decreased from 607.21×104 ba in 1988 to 472. 12 ×104 t/a in 1995. By comparing differentlanduse types, the soil loss modulus of the forest was the lowest with 177. 16~187.75t/km2. a, on thecontraly the bare land was the highest with 10626.76~11265.48 t/km2. a. so the high vegetationcoverage can decrease soil and water loss effectively.

Effects of collapsing gully erosion on soil qualities of farm fields in the hilly granitic region of South China

Collapsing gully erosion is a specific form of soil erosion types in the hilly granitic region of tropical and subtropical South China, and can result in extremely rapid water and soil loss. Knowledge of the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland influenced by collapsing gully erosion is important in understanding the development of soil quality. This study was conducted at the Wuli Watershed of the Tongcheng County, south of Hubei Province, China. The aim is to investigate soil physical and chemical properties of three soil layers （0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm） for two farmland types （paddy field and upland field） in three regions influenced by collapsing gully erosion. The three regions are described as follows： strongly influenced region （SIR）, weakly influenced region （WIR） and non-influenced region （NIR）. The results show that collapsing gully erosion significantly increased the soil gravel and sand content in paddy and upland fields, especially the surface soil in the SIR and WIR. In the 0-20 cm layer of the paddy field, the highest gravel content （250.94 g kg-1） was in the SIR and the lowest （78.67 g kg-1） was in the NIR, but in the upland filed, the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the SIR and the 40-60 cm soil layer for the NIR had the highest （177.13 g kg-1） and the lowest （59.96 g kg-1） values of gravel content, respectively. The distribution of gravel and sand decreased with depth in the three influenced regions, but silt and clay showed the inverse change. In the paddy field, the average of sand content decreased from 58.6 （in the SIR） to 49.0% （in the NIR）, but the silt content was in a reverse order, increasing from 27.9 to 36.9%, and the average of the clay content of three regions showed no significant variation （P〈0.05）. But in the upland filed, the sand, silt and clay fluctuated in the NIR and the WIR. Soils in the paddy and upland field were highly acidic （pH〈5.2） in the SIR and WIR; moreover lower nutrient contents （soil organic matter （SOM）, total N and available N, P, K） existed in the SIR. In the 0-20 cm soil layer of the paddy field, compared with the NIR and the WIR, collapsing gully erosion caused a very sharp decrease in the SOM and total N of the SIR （5.23 and 0.56 g kg-1, respectively）. But in the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the upland field, the highest SOM, total N, available N, available P and available K occurred in the NIR, and the lowest ones were in the SIR. Compared with the NIR, the cation exchange capacity （CEC） in the SIR and WIR was found to be relatively lower. These results suggest that collapsing gully erosion seriously affect the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland, lead to coarse particles accumulation in the field and decrease pH and nutrient levels.

Gully Erosion Regionalization of Black Soil Area in Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the frequent and main form of soil erosion in the black soil area of the northeastern China, which is one of the most important commodity grain production bases in China. It is encroaching upon the fertile farmland there. Regionalization of gully erosion can reveal the spatial distribution and regularity of the development of gully erosion. Based on the eco-geographical regional background features of the black soil area, this study combined the regionalization with influencing factors of the development of gully erosion. GIS spatial analysis, geostatistical analysis, spatial statistics, reclassification, debris polygon processing and map algebra methods were employed. As a result, the black soil area was divided into 12 subregions. The field survey data on type, length, volume and other characteristics indicators of gully erosion were used to calibrate the results. Then the features of every subregion, such as where the gully erosion is, how serious it is, and why it happens and develops, were expounded. The result is not only an essential prerequisite for gully erosion surveys and monitoring, but also an important basis for gully erosion prevention.

Sustainable Agriculture Evaluation for Red Soil Hill Region of Southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.

Fertility Restoration of Red Soils in Low-Hilly Region of Middle Subtropical China

Inrecentdecades,concernhasgrownaboutthesoilquality/healthwiththeenlargingcontradictoryamonggrowingpopulation,naturalresourcesandenvironment.SoutheastChinaischaracterizedbyamarkedlymonsoonclimate,withameanannualtemperatureof14-22oCandameanannualprecip...

Weathering of Pisha-Sandstones in the Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region on the Loess Plateau

Two types of pisha-sandstones of purple sandstones and gray sandstones,widely distributing in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of China,were selected and used in laboratory experiments for a better understanding of the drying-wetting-freezing weathering process resulting from the apportionment of water or salt solution to rock samples.Weathering experiments were carried out under the conditions of environment control(including temperature,moisture and salt solution).All rock samples were frequently subjected to 140 drying-wetting-freezing cycles.The influences of weathering process were evaluated.It was found that the different treatments of moisture and salt solution applications could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from drying-wetting-freezing.It was also observed that salt solution could effectively alleviate the weathering of pisha-sandstones.Although not all the observations could be explained,it was apparent that simulated environmental factors had both direct and indirect effects on the weathering of rocks.

Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China

To evaluate the long-term effects of reforestation types on soil erosion on degraded land, vegetation and soil properties under conventional sloping farmland （CSF） and three different reforestation types including a Pinus massoniana secondary forest （PSF）, an Eucommia ulmoides artificial economic forest （EEF） and a natural succession type forest （NST）, were investigated at runoff plot scale over a six-year period in a red soil region of southern China. One hundred and thirty erosive rainfall events generating runoff in plots were grouped into four rainfall types by means of K-mean clustering method. Erosive rainfall type I is the dominant rainfall type. The amount of runoff and the soil loss under erosive rainfall type III were the most, followed by rain-fall type II, IV and I. Compared with CSF treatment, reforestation treatments decreased the average annual runoff depth and the soil loss by 25.5%–61.8% and 93.9%– 96.2% during the study period respectively. Meanwhile, runoff depth at PSF and EEF treatments was significantly lower than that in NST treatment, but no significant difference existed in soil erosion modulus among the three reforestation treatments. This is mainly due to the improved vegetation properties （i.e., vegetation coverage, biomass of above- and below-ground and litter-fall mass） and soil properties （i.e., bulk density, total porosity, infiltration rate and organic carbon content） in the three reforestation treatments compared to CSF treatment. The PSF and EEF are recommended as the preferred reforestation types to control runoff and soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China, with the NST potentially being used as an important supplement.

The quality attribute of watershed ecosystem is more important than the landscape attribute in controlling erosion of red soil in southern China

Landscape and quality attributes are major ecosystem characteristics closely associated with soil conservation service(SCS).However,the intrinsic mechanisms by which these two attributes influence SCS are still unclear.Therefore,this study quantitatively analyzed the landscape pattern,ecological quality,and SCS in the Lianshui River watershed(a typical soil and water loss area of red soil in southern China)and its sub-watersheds in 2019.The boosted regression tree model was used to explore the influence of 15 factors(i.e.,landscape and quality attributes)on SCS at the sub-watershed scale.According to the results,compared with the landscape attribute,the quality attribute of the watershed ecosystem could better explain the spatial heterogeneity of SCS across 66 sub-watersheds.The overall degree of influence of five quality factors on SCS reached 57.81%,with the highest being the normalized differential build-up and bare soil index(NDBSI),at 25.11%.Among 10 landscape factors,aggregation had the greatest influence on SCS,at 28.64%.The relationships between key influencing factors and SCS were nonmonotonic and non-linear,with threshold effects.For example,NDBSI values of 0.18e0.41 had a positive influence on SCS,while NDBSI values of 0.41e0.65 had a negative influence on SCS.The findings broaden our understanding of the response of SCS to changes in landscape and quality attributes at the sub-watershed scale,and could offer comprehensive support for soil erosion management in the watershed ecosystem.

Effects of soil and water conservation and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity

The effects of soil and water conservation (SWC) on soil properties are well documented. However, definitive and quantitative information of SWC and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity is lacking for hilly red soil region of southern China. Experiments were conducted in the hilly red soil region of southern China for seven years in three runoff plots, each of which represented different SWC forest-grass measures. Principal component analysis and multiple regression techniques were used to relate the aboveground biomass (representing soil productivity) to soil properties. Based on the final regression equations, soil organic carbon content (Soc) is significantly correlated with soil productivity under the condition of forest-grass measures, whereas pH value and cation exchange capacity (Cec) are the main factors for soil productivity without SWC. Therefore, SWC plays an important role in sequestering Soc and improving soil productivity.

南方崩岗调查内容与方法探讨

崩岗是我国南方水土流失的一种特殊类型,广泛分布于南方红壤区,是该区域严重的生态问题之一。第一次崩岗调查距今已近20年,相关情况已发生巨大变化。崩岗现状不清直接影响了行政管理部门对崩岗防治相关工作的规划和决策,因此急需开展新一轮崩岗调查。新时代水土保持高质量发展为崩岗调查提供了机遇,差别化分类防治和分步实施对崩岗调查提出了更高要求,现代信息技术为崩岗调查提供了新方法,以服务崩岗风险评估和防治规划为导向,在充分利用第一次崩岗调查成果基础上,补充崩岗发育的小山体调查,将典型调查改为全面普查,系统探讨崩岗调查对象与范围、调查内容、调查程序与方法,以期为行政管理部门和技术单位启动新一轮崩岗调查工作提供参考。

南方典型红壤区不同枯死率芒萁的水土流失阻控效应

[目的]探究芒萁植丛不同枯死率(100%,50%和0%)下坡面的产流产沙规律,揭示不同生长状态下芒萁的水土流失阻控效果。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨试验,对不同芒萁枯死率下坡面产流产沙过程随雨强的变化特性进行了定量分析。[结果](1)不同降雨强度和芒萁枯死率下径流速率随降雨历时呈前期缓慢或快速增长,后期趋于稳定。较小雨强下,侵蚀速率除裸坡外随降雨历时呈前期缓慢增加、后期趋于稳定状态;较大雨强下,侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化呈前期快速增加,中后期逐渐下降趋于稳定。(2)除2 mm/min雨强下的累积产流量外,其余处理条件下累积产流产沙量差异明显,且产沙量随芒萁枯死率的增加而增加。(3)两种雨强不同处理下坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量关系符合幂函数模型(R2>0.99)。[结论]两种雨强芒萁植丛不同枯死率下径流速率和侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化前期迅速增加、后期逐渐波动稳定,各处理下累积径流量与累积产沙量的函数关系拟合回归效果良好,证实了枯死芒萁亦可在中国南方红壤侵蚀区起到良好的水土流失阻控效果。

东北黑土区沟蚀研究进展与热点——基于CiteSpace计量分析

[目的]直观把握东北黑土区沟蚀研究进展与热点,推进东北黑土区沟蚀研究领域的发展。[方法]以CNKI与Web of Siencec数据库中245篇相关文献为对象,利用文献计量的方法,使用CiteSacep软件绘制东北黑土区沟蚀研究知识图谱。[结果]结果表明:(1)黑土区沟蚀研究起步较晚,近十年发文量显著增加,但国际期刊发表成果较少,仅占26%。(2)该领域研究力量主要分布在我国东北,其中水利部松辽流域委员会、北京师范大学、中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所、东北农业大学、沈阳农业大学等机构贡献突出、影响较大;张树文是该领域中文发文量最多的学者,刘宝元和伍永秋是英文发文量最多的学者。(3)关键词共现表明,目前对东北黑土区沟蚀的关注重点主要集中在侵蚀沟发育特征、影响因素和沟蚀防治措施等方面。[结论]东北黑土区沟蚀尚未形成完整的研究框架和全面的认识,在未来的研究中,需进一步注重东北黑土区沟蚀形成和发育过程及机理研究,并深入分析地质、地形、水文、人类活动等因素的影响。

南方红壤区茶果园杂草管理与水土保持技术研究进展

南方红壤区的茶果园因其独特的地理和气候条件而成为重要的农业资源,但同时也面临着杂草问题和水土流失的挑战。本文综合分析了国内外关于茶果园杂草管理和水土保持的研究进展,提出了一系列针对性的管理策略。在杂草管理方面,建议采用综合杂草管理技术,结合化学、物理和生物控制方法,以提高茶果园的生产效率并减少环境影响。在水土保持方面,强调了梯田建设、植被覆盖和土壤改良技术的重要性,这些措施能有效减少水土流失并提升土壤保水保肥能力。文章还指出,未来研究应关注生态友好的杂草管理技术的开发,探索成本效益更高的水土保持技术,并建立完善的长期监测和评估体系。通过跨学科合作,本文旨在为南方红壤区茶果园的可持续发展提供科学指导和实践支持。

Soil loss tolerance in the black soil region of Northeast China

Soil loss tolerance （/） is the maximum rate of annual soil erosion that is tolerated and still allows a high level of crop productivity to be sustained economically and indefinitely. In the black soil region of Northeast China, an empirically determined, default Tvalue of 200 （t/km2.a） is used for designing land restoration strategies for different types of soils. The ob- jective of this study was to provide a methodology to calculate a quantitative T for different black soil species. A field investigation was conducted to determine the typical soil profiles of 21 black soil species in the study area and a quantitative methodology based on a modified soil productivity index model was established to calculate the Tvalues. These values, which varied from 68 t/km2.a to 358 t/km2-a, yielded an average Tvalue of 141 t/km2.a for the 21 soil species. This is 29.5% lower than the current national standard T value. Two significant factors that influenced the T value were soil thickness and vulnerability to erosion. An acceptable reduction rate of soil productivity over a planned time period of 1% is recommended as necessary for maintaining long-term sustainable soil productivity. Compared with the cur- rently used of regional unified standard T value, the proposed method, which determines T using specific soil profile indices, has more practical implications for effective, sustainable management of soil and water conservation.

A study on scheme of soil and water conservation regionalization in China

Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China.

南方红壤区水土流失与社会经济的耦合关系

水土流失与社会经济系统的相互作用关系复杂且具有明显的时空变异性。以南方红壤区为核心,从区域尺度阐述了经济发展、人口规模、农业投入及农业产出等社会经济因素与水土流失及其治理的相互作用。在此基础上,从微观尺度剖析了水土流失治理工程驱动下农户生计方式的改变,以及农户社会网络对水土流失治理工程实施的影响。最后提出今后研究的重点:明确宏观发展规划及区域产业结构调整等对水土流失的影响机制,优化资源配置以提高水土流失治理成效;解析城镇化、农业集约化等新发展模式下农户生产方式、社会网络与水土流失治理工程的相互影响,推动水土流失治理工程的可持续运维。

东北黑土区水土保持重点工程措施保存现状及其问题

[目的]系统评估国家水土保持重点工程的措施保存情况,为东北黑土区水土流失治理提质增效提供依据,促进黑土地保护和水土保持高质量发展。[方法]以2019年以前在东北黑土区实施的国家水土保持重点工程为对象,选取52个小流域的坡面治理工程和8个小流域(项目区)的侵蚀沟治理工程开展调研,共抽核325个坡面图斑和32条侵蚀沟,并对结果进行分析诊断。[结果]全区水土保持重点工程中的治沟措施保存情况明显优于坡面措施,平均保存率分别为95.00%和56.51%。坡面治理措施的保存率存在明显的类别和空间分异,侵蚀沟治理措施普遍保存完好,生态节地型措施保存率较高,个别措施在部分地区需提质增效和加强管护。[结论]今后应加强东北黑土区梯田、地埂植物带等传统措施的优化和管护,研发适应现代农业的生态节地型水土保持新措施,并探索建设黑土地水土保持技术中试基地;定期开展重点工程成效评估,提出分区分类措施推荐名录,打造不同类型示范样本。

南方红壤侵蚀区芒萁对聚乙二醇6000模拟干旱胁迫的响应

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)6000模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了芒萁对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示,干旱胁迫显著提高了芒萁的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脯氨酸(Pro)、相对电导率(REC)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在10%PEG 6000浓度下显著提高,但在较高浓度时下降。随着PEG 6000浓度的增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先降低后升高。通过相关分析和主成分分析发现,在30%PEG 6000浓度时芒萁表现出较强的抗旱性。综上,较高的SOD和CAT活性以及较高的Pro浓度共同提高了芒萁的抗旱性,是协助芒萁抵御季节性土壤干旱的主要因子,而极端干旱仍会破坏芒萁的抗旱生理活动。

红壤区林下侵蚀劣地次降雨土壤及碳氮养分流失对恢复措施的响应:基于^(7)Be示踪技术

为评价红壤区林下侵蚀劣地恢复措施的有效性,以江西宁都典型马尾松退化林地为对象,设置7个处理:无恢复措施(CT)、鱼鳞坑+乔草(FG)、鱼鳞坑+乔灌(FS)、鱼鳞坑+乔灌草(FGS)、小水平沟+乔草(FGP)、小水平沟+乔灌(FSP)、小水平沟+乔灌草(FGSP),利用^(7)Be示踪技术评价了林下劣地次降雨事件土壤侵蚀及碳氮养分流失对不同恢复措施的响应。结果表明,试验4年后,各恢复措施土壤^(7)Be面积活度显著高于CT,面积活度残留率为-6.84%~-33.13%,土壤侵蚀速率(RBe)为4.43~24.04 t·hm^(-2)·event^(-1),各恢复措施减蚀效率为21.19%~85.49%,其中FGSP和FGS减蚀量最大(分别为85.49%和83.81%);与CT相比,各恢复措施土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)含量的增幅为25.10%~65.71%、9.79%~46.85%、-30.68%~1.29%;鱼鳞坑和小水平沟区组下,乔灌草复合植被措施(FGSP和FGS)可显著减少土壤碳氮养分流失,但两种工程措施无显著差异。简单相关和逐步回归分析表明,土壤^(7)Be面积活度与SOC、TN、AN含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),RBe和植被盖度(VC)解释了SOC流失94.7%的变异,RBe、TN和VC共同解释了TN流失98.3%的变异,而RBe解释了AN流失85.6%的变异,说明SOC、TN、AN组分与^(7)Be同一物理运移,土壤碳氮养分流失受植被-土壤-水土过程耦合互作影响。综上,7 Be可有效评价不同恢复措施下林下侵蚀劣地短期土壤侵蚀及养分流失状况,实施恢复措施4年后,草灌乔复合植被措施相对于工程措施对降低土壤侵蚀及碳氮养分流失作用更显著。本研究结果为林下侵蚀劣地恢复和生态效益评估提供了科学依据。