Sounding the alarm:Functionally referential signaling in Azure-winged Magpie

Functionally referential signals are a complex form of communication that conveys information about the external environment.Such signals have been found in a range of mammal and bird species and have helped us understand the complexities of animal communication.Corvids are well known for their extraordinary cognitive abilities,but relatively little attention has been paid to their vocal function.Here,we investigated the functionally referential signals of a cooperatively breeding corvid species,Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus).Through field observations,we suggest that Azure-winged Magpie uses referential alarm calls to distinguish two types of threats:’rasp’ calls for terrestrial threats and ’chatter’ calls for aerial threats.A playback experiment revealed that Azure-winged Magpies responded to the two call types with qualitatively different behaviors.They sought cover by flying into the bushes in response to the ’chatter’ calls,and flew to or stayed at higher positions in response to ’rasp’ calls,displaying a shorter response time to ’chatter’ calls.Significant differences in acoustic structure were found between the two types of calls.Given the extensive cognitive abilities of corvids and the fact that referential signals were once thought to be unique to primates,these findings are important for expanding our understanding of social communication and language evolution.

VQT:value cardinality and query pattern based R-schema to XML schema translation with implicit referential integrity

In this paper,we propose a new relational schema (R-schema) to XML schema translation algorithm, VQT, which analyzes the value cardinality and user query patterns and extracts the implicit referential integrities by using the cardinality property of foreign key constraints between columns and the equi-join characteristic in user queries. The VQT algorithm can apply the extracted implied referential integrity relation information to the R-schema and create an XML schema as the final result. Therefore, the VQT algorithm prevents the R-schema from being incorrectly converted into the XML schema, and it richly and powerfully represents all the information in the R-schema by creating an XML schema as the translation result on behalf of the XML DTD.

The Referential Significance of French Interactive Spoken Corpus to the Construction of Spoken Corpus in China

In the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction,this paper will summarize the development,research background,characteristics and experience of CLAPI interactive spoken corpus which is jointly developed by UniversitéLumière Lyon II andÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon in the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction.Combined with the characteristics of interactive spoken corpus construction,it proposes suggestions for the construction of spoken corpus in China by focusing on the former period of corpus collection,the mid period of corpus annotation as well as the later period of corpus research and promotion.It is predictable that interactive communication spoken corpus should be incorporated into spoken corpus,which not only enriches and improves the corpus itself,but also makes positive exploration on achieving the fact that corpus serve for language teaching and research.

Formulation of Work-Study Combined and Result-Oriented Integrated Curriculum Standards

According to the Annex Technical Regulations for Integrated Curriculum Development(Trial)in Document No.30 of the General Office of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2012),this paper studies the formulation of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production.We focus on the formulation ideas of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,the formulation process of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,including the description of typical work tasks,the determination of curriculum objectives,the analysis of study content,the description of referential study tasks,teaching implementation suggestions,assessment and evaluation suggestions,which can provide a reference for the development and research of other related integrated courses.

Questioning Styles in Vocational College English Classrooms

This study investigates the effects of TBLT reform in Higher Vocational Colleges from the perspective of questioning styles.It employs three methods to collect data:classroom observation,semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion with eight English teachers and their 384 non-English major students from three Higher Vocational Colleges in Guangdong.The results indicated that the teachers assigned students different tasks to perform in class.They seemed to be adopting the TBLT approach,but their English classes were not totally different from the teacher-centered grammar-focused lessons,the student-centered or communicative lessons.

窗无恶

窗是建筑得以成立的基本要素之一。我们今天还在引用的“……凿户牖以为室,有室之用……”足以证明先人在文明之初给予窗的重视。在不同时代与不同文化的建筑中,如果审视墙、柱、顶、台阶、门、窗等这些建筑基本要素,不难发现窗是几乎唯一的总与正向的事物联系在一起的要素。当墙与割裂、柱与耻辱、顶与压迫、台阶与距离、门与特权可以产生各种暗淡的社会文化纠葛时,窗似乎是完全幸免的。

On Peter Newmark's View of Literal Translation

This paper is based on Peter Newmark's view of literal translation as the basic translation method. The author expands it by discussing three situations in which literal translation can be applied as the best translation method, including one provided by Peter Newmark, as well as its advantages over other translation methods.

Foreign Language Classroom Discourse Analysis

This paper reviews some works done to classroom discourse analysis and summaries some peculiarities of foreign language classroom discourse.Some strategies are proposed for the teachers to activate students into communicative teaching activities in classroom for the purpose of improving college English teaching and learning.

Analysis of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Oil Field Drilling Masts

In order to improve the safety of drilling operations, this paper presents a new method for forecasting the ultimate bearing capacity of oil field drilling masts. The method is based on a double nonlinear finite element theory and applies a referential stress method for measuring defects and defacements. The lab mast model was analyzed using the proposed method. The relative error, which was less than 5.0% between the forecast results and the destructive experiment values,verified the correctness of this method. It also forecasts the ultimate bearing capacity for a local drilling mast.

Language-Trained Animals: A Window to the “Black Box”

Animals have to process quantity of information in order to take decisions and adapt their behaviors to their physical and social environment. They have to remember previous events (learning), to cope with their internal (motivational and emotional) states and to display flexible behavioral responses. From a human point of view it is quite impossible to access all those information, not only because of the sensorial channels used that can vary but also because all the processing phase occurs in the “black box” and non-human animals are not able to express verbally what they think, feel or want. Though useful information might lie in the “collected data” (animal mind), extracting them into insightful knowledge with human-accessible form (clear meaning, no interpretation) presents a demanding and sophisticated undertaking. Several scientists decided to trained different individuals from several species (apes, dolphins, grey parrots, dogs) in order to teach them a new communicative system that they could share with us. Here, the different studies (techniques and species used) are presented, their constrains but also the main findings.

A Cognitive Study on the Phenomenon of Metonymy in Cantonese

Different from those in Mandarin Chinese,some references in Cantonese adopt metonymy.From the perspective of cognition,this paper takes the conceptual metonymy as the theoretical framework to analyze the typical metonymic references in Cantonese,so as to illustrate the penetration of metonymic mapping in various languages employed by people.

具有照应关系的名词短语

在英语中,代词照应(即指称)是连接句子的语言手段之一,众多学者对此有很深刻的研究和论述。相比之下。

If Quantum “Wave” of the Universe Then Quantum “Particle” of the Universe: A Resolution of the Dark Energy Question and the Black Hole Information Paradox

We start from a minimal number of generally accepted premises, in particular Hartle-Hawking quantum wave of the universe and von Neumann-Connes’ pointless and self referential spacetime geometry. We then proceed from there to show, using Dvoretzky’s theorem of measure concentration, that the total energy of the universe is divided into two parts, an ordinary energy very small part which we can measure while most of the energy is concentrated as the second part at the boundary of the holographic boundary which we cannot measure in a direct way. Finally the results are shown to imply a resolution of the black hole information paradox without violating the fundamental laws of physics. In this way the main thrust of the two opposing arguments and views, namely that of Hawking on the one side and Susskind as well as tHooft on the other side, is brought to a consistent and compatible coherent unit.

从语义学的角度——谈奈达新的翻译理论

著名的美国翻译理论家奈达(Nida)对西方现代语言的翻译理论颇有研究,并作出了极大的贡献。他共写了一百多篇论文和十多部专著,其中《论翻译科学》和《翻译理论和实践》较为出名,他的理论对学术界有一定的影响。

Meaning in Architecture and Landscape Architecture: Enhancement of Contemporary Design Practices Based on the Review of Postmodernism and Surrealism Aesthetic Philosophies

The study explored surrealist aesthetic philosophies in relation with referential postmodern architecture,and landscape architecture,to communicate meaning with the audience.These philosophies provide lessons about the potential of the built environment to address the emotional and psychological needs of the public,that is,to address the vital social,ecological,and functional needs of modern society.According to this,the purpose of the study was two-fold.The first is to analyze the visual techniques and forms that are used in referential postmodern architecture and landscape architecture in relation with surrealist aesthetic philosophies,to communicate meaning with the audience.Second is to demonstrate the relevance of these visual theories,to enhance contemporary design practices.The study emphasized the potential of art forms that provide meaning to address the physiological and spiritual needs of the society.Hence,it re-established landscape architecture as an art form capable of enriching human psychological and spiritual well-being,which is opposed to the conservative utilitarian natures of the field.

Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their envi- ronment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some spe- cies, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations gener- ated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capaci- ties. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce- bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted tiff monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combi- natorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 680-697, 2012].

语言学的一个核心概念“指称”问题研究

我们今天讨论语言学研究中的一个核心概念＂指称＂的问题,英文是＂referentiality＂,以及与它同根的几个词如＂refer、reference、referent、referential＂等等。我们昨天的讨论范围是以索绪尔结构主义理论为开端的现代语言学,今天将目光延伸到自古希腊时期直到现在的整个时段。

Rationale of Promoting Interaction in Second Language Teaching

Interaction is one of the essential features of language. Through interactive activities, the learner’s interlanguage is developed and ultimately they can achieve language acquisition. Making a contrast with the traditional way of English teaching, the essay explores the advantages of interactive language teaching, and suggests some strategies to promote interaction in second language classroom.

Specific responses of cuckoo hosts to different alarm signals according to breeding stage:a test of the offspring value hypothesis

The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies.When subject to brood parasite attack,avian hosts will often emit alarm calls.To date,few studies have examined whether and how host responses to different alarm calls indicative of different enemies vary with the hosts breeding stage.We carried out alarm call playback experiments during both the egg and nestling stages of the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientals,a host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus.The playback exemplars were selected from recorded alarm calls of the warbler to the presenee of common cuckoos,sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus,and oriental turtle doves Streptopelia orientalis,which represented brood parasite,predator,and harmless control,respectively.The results showed that the oriental reed warblers did not discriminate alarm calls issued to different intruder types,but the intensity of the response was significantly higher in the nestling stage than in the egg stage.Attack behavior related to sparrowhawk alarm calls was absent in the egg stage,but aggressive behavior in creased dramatically and exceeded the attack frequency in response to the cuckoo alarm call in the nestling stage,implying a shift in the tradeoff between the parents'own survival and the loss of offspring.Alarm calls attracted a larger nu mber of con specifics tha n members of other species.In gen eral,the oriental reed warbler had consistently stronger responses to different alarm calls in the nestling stage than in the egg stage,supporting the offspring value hypothesis.