Prediction of pre-oxidation efficiency of refractory gold concentrate by ozone in ferric sulfate solution using artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network model was developed to predict the oxidation of refractory gold concentrate （RGC） by ozone and ferric ions. The concentration of ozone and ferric ions, pulp density, oxygen amount, leaching time and temperature were employed as inputs to the network; the output of the network was the percentage of the ferric extraction iron from RGC. The multilayered feed-forward networks were trained by 33 sets of input-output patterns using a back propagation algorithm; a three-layer network with 8 neurons in the hidden layer gave optimal results. The model gave good predictions of high correlation coefficient （R2=0.966）. The predictions by ANN are more accurate when compared with conventional multivariate regression analysis （MVRA）. In addition, calculation with ANN model indicates that temperature is the predominant parameter and ozone concentration is the lesser influential parameter in the pre-oxidation process of refractory gold ore. The ANN neural network model accurately estimates the ferric extraction during pretreatment process of RGC in gold smelter plants and can be used to optimize the process parameters.

Pretreatment and thiosulfate leaching of refractory gold-bearing arsenosulfide concentrates

A hydrometallurgical process for refractory gold-bearing arsenosulfide concentrates at ambient temperature and pressure was presented, including fine grinding with intensified alkali-leaching （FGIAL）, enhanced agitation alkali-leaching （EAAL）, thiosulfate leaching and displacement. Experimental results on a refractory gold concentrate showed that the total consumption of NaOH in alkaline leaching is only 41% of those theoretically calculated under the conditions of full oxidization for the same amount of arse- nides and sulfides transformed into arsenates and sulfates, and 72.3% of gold is synchro-dissoluted by thiosulfate self-generated during alkaline leaching. After alkaline leaching, thiosulfate leaching was carried out for 24 h. The dissolution of gold is increased to 91.9% from 4.6% by cyanide without the pretreatment. The displacement of gold by zinc powder in the solution gets to 99.2%. Due to an amount of thiosulfate self-generated during alkaline leaching, the reagent addition in thiosulfate leaching afterwards is lower than the normal.

Differences of cyanide leaching between calcine and dust from refractory gold concentrates

Differences of cyanide leaching between the calcine and the dust from a refractory gold concentrate were investigated by comparative method. Results showed that gold leaching efficiencies of the calcine and the dust were 85.31% and 54.30%, respectively, with direct cyanidation. Contents and existing forms of arsenic and carbon were the main reasons for those differences. The maximum gold leaching efficiencies of the calcine and the dust were 87.70% and 58.60%, respectively, with cyanidation after NaOH pre-leaching. Harmful elements removal, gold loss in NaOH pre-leaching and iron oxides hindrance codetermined gold leaching efficiencies of the calcine and the dust. After H2SO4 pre-leaching, the maximum gold leaching efficiencies of the calcine and the dust achieved 94.96% and 80.40%, respectively. The effect of carbonaceous matter was the main reason for differences for leaching efficiencies of the calcine and the dust. Based on those differences, two proper gold extraction processes were put forward, and gold leaching efficiencies for the calcine and the dust achieved 94.91% and 91.90%, respectively.

Biooxidation-thiosulfate leaching of refractory gold concentrate

A process of biooxidation followed by thiosulfate leaching of gold from refractory gold concentrate was investigated.Mineralogical studies on the concentrate showed that very fine gold grains(<10μm)were encapsulated in pyrite and arsenopyrite,while the proportion of monomer gold was only 21%.The gold-bearing sample was identified as a high-sulfur fine-sized wrapped-type refractory gold concentrate.The gold leaching efficiency obtained by direct cyanidation was only 59.86%.After biooxidation pretreatment,the sulfide minerals were almost completely decomposed,92 wt%of the mineral particles of the biooxidation residue were decreased to<38μm,and the proportion of monomer gold in the biooxidation residue was over 86%.Meanwhile,the gold content in the biooxidation residue was enriched to 55.60 g/t,and the S,Fe,and As contents were reduced to approximately 19.8 wt%,6.97 wt%,and 0.13 wt%,respectively.Ammoniacal thiosulfate was used for gold extraction from the biooxidation residue of the refractory gold concentrate.The results showed that the optimal reagent conditions were 0.18 M thiosulfate,0.02 M copper(II),1.0 M ammonia,and 0.24 M sulfite.Under these conditions,a maximum gold leaching efficiency of 85.05%was obtained.

Microbial oxidation of refractory gold sulfide concentrate by a native consortium

A defined mesophilic consortium including an iron oxidizing bacterium and a sulfur oxidizing bacterium was constructed to evaluate its ability for bioleaching a flotation concentrate from Andacollo mine in Neuquén,Argentina.Experiments were performed in shake flasks with a pulp density of10%(w/v),using a basal salt medium containing ferrous iron at pH1.8.The leaching solutions were analyzed for pH,redox potential(using specifics electrodes),ferrous iron(by UV-Vis spectrophotometry)and metal concentrations(by atomic absorption spectroscopy).The results showed that the consortium was able to reduce the refractory behavior of the concentrate,allowing91.6%of gold recovery;at the same time,high dissolution of copper and zinc was reached.These dissolutions followed a shrinking core kinetic model.According to this model,the copper solubilization was controlled by diffusion through a product layer(mainly jarosite),while zinc dissolution did not show a defined control step.This designed consortium,composed of bacterial strains with specific physiological abilities,could be useful not only to optimize gold recovery but also to decrease the leachates metallic charge,which would be an environmental advantage.

Well-controlled stirring tank leaching to improve bio-oxidation efficiency of a high sulfur refractory gold concentrate

For the high sulfur refractory gold concentrate with 41.82%sulfur and 15.12 g/t gold,of which 82.11%was wrapped in sulfide,a well-controlled stirring tank leaching was carried out to improve the bio-oxidation efficiency.Results show that bio-oxidation pretreatment can greatly improve the gold recovery rate of high-sulfur refractory gold concentrate,and at the optimum pH 1.3 in this study,compared with the process without pH control,the oxidation rate of sulfur increased from 79.31%to 83.29%,while the recovery rate of gold increased from 76.54%to 83.23%;under this condition the activity of mixed culture could be sustained and the formation of jarosite could diminish.The results also displayed that for the high sulfur refractory gold concentrate,the recovery of gold is positively correlated with the oxidation rate of sulfur,and the recovery rate of gold increases with the increase of sulfur oxidation rate within a certain range.

Therapeutic effect of autologous concentrated growth factor on lower-extremity chronic refractory wounds:A case report

BACKGROUND Management of chronic refractory wounds is one of the toughest clinical challenges for surgeons.Because of poor blood supply,less tissue coverage,and easy exposure,the lower leg is a common site for chronic refractory wounds.The current therapeutic regimens often lead to prolonged hospital stay and higher healthcare costs.Concentrated growth factor(CGF)is a novel blood extract that contains various growth factors,platelets,and fibrins to promote wound healing process.However,there has been little research reported on the treatment of lower extremity wounds with CGF.CASE SUMMARY A 37-year-old man,without any past medical history,presented an ulcerated chronic wound on his right lower leg.The skin defect exhibited clear boundaries,with a size of 2.0 cm×3.5 cm.The depth of wound was up to the layer of deep fascia.Staphylococcus aureus was detected by bacterial culture.The final diagnosis was right lower extremity ulcers with infection.Cefathiamidine,silver sulfadiazine,and mupirocin cream were applied to control the infection.CGF gel was prepared from the patient’s blood sample,and was used to cover the wound after thorough debridement.The skin wound was successfully healed after three times of CGF treatment.CONCLUSION CGF displays an excellent wound healing promoting effect in patients with lowerextremity chronic refractory wounds.

Mineralogical characterization and pretreatment for antimony extraction by ozone of antimony-bearing refractory gold concentrates

The mineralogical characterization of antimony-bearing refractory gold concentrates and the antimony extraction by ozonein HCl solution were investigated.The mineralogical study shows that there exist stibnite(Sb2S3),arsenopyrite(FeAsS),pyrite(FeS2)and quartz in the concentrates,and the gold is mainly(67.42%)encapsulated in sulfides.The antimony extraction by ozone inhydrochloric acid was employed and the influences of temperature,liquid/solid ratio,HCl concentration and stirring speed on theextraction of antimony were investigated.High antimony extraction(93.75%)is achieved under the optimized conditions.After thepretreatment by ozone,the antimony is recovered efficiently and the gold is enriched in the leaching residue.

A new extraction process of refractory gold arsenosulfide concentrates

A new hydrometallurgical process for the refractory gold arsenosulfideconcentrates under normal temperature and pressure was presented. The experimental results of arefractory gold concentrate show that the total consumption of NaOH in alkaline leaching is only 40%of those theoretically calculated under the conditions of full oxidization at the same oxidation ofarsenic to ar-senate and sulfur to sulfate. After alkaline leaching, cyanidation and adsorptionwere carried out for 24 h. The dissolution of gold by NaCN is increased to 95.3% from 12.8% beforepretreatment, and meanwhile 99.3% of the adsorption of gold by activated charcoal. The consumptionof NaCN for one ton ore is 10 kg, which is 1.2 times less than that before pretreatment. As it iscarried out under normal temperature and pressure, the investment of installations is alsodecreased.

Intensified alkaline leaching pretreatment of refractory gold concentrates at common temperature and pressure

A new process for the hydrometallurgy of refractory gold concentrates was presented. The process comprises grinding leaching, intensified alkaline leaching (IAL), cyanidation and adsorption. In a stirring type pulverizing leaching tower mill, the concentrate is ground to <35.6 μm of 95.5 % while simultaneously leached by NaOH of 12 kg/t, then carried out intensified alkaline leaching for 48 h by NaOH of 108 kg/t in enhanced agitation tanks with the pulp concentration of 40% solids at the environmental temperature of 9.5 ～ 13.5 ℃ and the environmental pressure of 10 5 Pa. The oxidation rate of As is 94.9%, and 47.6% for S. The total consumption of NaOH is only 20% of that theoretically calculated under the conditions of full oxidation at the same oxidation rates of arsenic to arsenate and sulfur to sulfate. The gold leaching rate by NaCN in 24 h is increased from 9.2% before pretreatment to 94.2%. The consumption of NaCN is 7.5 kg/t, which is one times less than that before pretreatment. The extraction cost of gold is about 422 Yuan/t.

A new extraction process of carbonaceous refractory gold concentrate

A new hydrometallurgical process for a carbonaceous refractory gold concentrate at ambient temperature and pressure was presented, including grinding-leaching, intensified alkaline leaching(IAL), thiosulfate leaching and cementation by zinc powder. The experimental results show that the grinding-leaching and intensified alkaline leaching process result in the selective oxidation of arsenopyrite and pyrite. The oxidation ratio of As is 96.6%, and 46.7% for S. The total consumption of NaOH in alkaline leaching is only 28% of that theoretically calculated under the conditions of full oxidization for the same amount of arsenopyrite and pyrite transforming into arsenates and sulfates, and 83.6% of gold is synchro-dissoluted by thiosulfate self-generated during pretreatment. Since the carbonaceous matter in concentrate possesses a strong capability of preg robbing, the cyanidation process is not suitable for the extraction of gold after pretreatment. However, the gold leaching rate by thiosulfate leaching for 24h is increased to 91.7% from 03.2% by ultra-fine grinding without the pretreatment. The recovery of gold by zinc cementation gets to 99.6%. Due to the thiosulfate self-generated during alkaline leaching, the reagent addition in thiosulfate leaching afterwards is lower than the normal one.

Bioleaching of refractory gold ore (Ⅲ)--Fluid leaching Jinya refractory gold concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

A novel fluidized bed reactor was designed and installed for bioleaching in a semi continuous way, by which a process for bioleaching cyanidation of Jinya refractory gold arsenical concentrate was studied. The arsenic extraction rate reaches 82.5% after 4 day batch biooxidation of the concentrate under the optimized condition of pH 2.0, ferric ion concentration 6.5?g/L and pulp concentration 10%. And leached rate of gold in the following cyanidation is over 90%. The parameters of three series fluidized bed reactors exhibit stability during the semi continuous bioleaching of the concentrate. Arsenic in the concentrate can be got rid of 91% after 6 day leaching. Even after 4 days, 82% of arsenic extraction rate was still obtained. The recovery rates of gold are 92% and 87.5% respectively in cyaniding the above bioleached residues. The results will provide a base for further commercial production of gold development.

Effect of Pretreatment of Sulfide Refractory Concentrate with Sodium Hypochlorite, Followed by Extraction of Gold by Pressure Cyanidation, on Gold Removal

The majority of the refractory gold and silver occurs in occlusion in sulphides, then precious metal dissolution is possible by first oxidizing auriferous sulfide concentrate using sodium hypochlorite-sodium-hydroxide solution followed of pressure cyanidation of the oxidized concentrate, for the extraction of precious metals. This process was conducted and evaluated under cyanide and oxygen pressure. This versatile approach offers many advantages, including low temperatures, low pressure and less costly materials of construction than conventional pressure oxidation. In this study, the effect of oxygen pressure, concentration of sodium hypochlorite, temperature, and initial pH, in precious metals recovery and As removal were evaluated using a 24 factorial design. Characterization of the ores showed that pyrite and arsenopyrite were the main minerals present on the concentrate. The best results for gold extraction were obtained with oxygen pressure of 80 psi, 10% (w/w) sodium hypochlorite, temperature of 80℃, at pH = 13, and a constant stirring speed of 600 rpm. These conditions allowed an approximated 60% of gold and 90% of silver extractions in 1 hr.

预造球强化难制粒精矿烧结工艺

随着进口铁矿石价格的增长,充分利用廉价的难处理铁矿资源成为钢铁企业降本增效的关键。本文针对难制粒精矿在烧结中利用率低的问题,在复合造块法的基础上开发了预造球工艺,显著提高了难制粒精矿的配入量,有效改善了制粒效果与烧结产、质量指标。研究表明,在难制粒精矿配比达到36%时,采用预造球制粒可以使准颗粒平均粒径提高1.53 mm,透气性指数提高0.17。在此基础上,垂直烧结速度提高13.97 mm/min,利用系数提高0.815 t/(m^(2)·h),转鼓强度提高3.39%。预造球烧结中,由于难制粒精矿的分离,常规制粒料部分的制粒性能得到优化,局部碱度得到提高,形成大量的针柱状铁酸钙。在常规制粒料与球团料交界处固相固结与液相固结同时存在,铁酸钙与铁氧化物相互交织,形成球团嵌入式分布的成品矿结构,具有良好的成矿效果和强度性能。

异体浓缩血小板治疗慢性难愈性创面的影响因素

背景:自体富血小板血浆的临床应用受患者本身以及血小板数量和活性的限制。由采供血机构制备的浓缩血小板,来源广泛,可程序化、标准化制备,其临床应用日益广泛。目的:综述白膜法制备浓缩血小板治疗慢性难愈性创面的影响因素。方法:应用计算机检索2000年1月至2023年4月PubMed数据库、中国知网、万方医学网与血小板相关的文章,中文检索词为“异体血小板,白膜法,皮肤溃疡,难愈性创面”,英文检索词为“allogeneic platelets(concentrate),buffy-coat method,skin ulcer,refractory wounds”。筛选标题和摘要,查阅全文,最后纳入符合主题标准的文献有51篇。结果与结论:(1)采供血机构供应的浓缩血小板对糖尿病足创面、压疮、下肢静脉溃疡等慢性难愈性创面具有一定的效果,主要体现在缩小溃疡面积、缩短伤口愈合时间,特别是在浓缩血小板使用的前2周,促愈合效果显著;(2)制备浓缩血小板的原料保存条件(全血过夜/白膜过夜、振荡/静置时间)、离心条件(离心参数、装罐方式)以及血袋的结构等会影响浓缩血小板的浓度,间接影响异体浓缩血小板的疗效;(3)异体浓缩血小板对慢性难愈性创面治疗的研究也存在一些问题,现有证据样本量较小,结果缺乏一定说服力,浓缩血小板促进不同创面愈合的最佳制备参数、最佳剂量以及治疗方案未知,还需要更多随机、多中心临床试验进行验证。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lightweight Ti_(3)Zr_(1.5)NbVAl_(x)(x=0,0.25,0.5 and 0.75) refractory complex concentrated alloys

Combining high strength and good ductility is an urgent requirement for traditional structural materials,but yet a challenge.Newly emerging ductile Ti_(3)Zr_(1.5)VNbAl_(x)(x=0,0.25,0.5,0.75) refractory complex concentrated alloys(RCCAs) with high specific strength were designed and synthesized via vacuum arc-melting.Alloying effects of Al on microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated.It was found that the phase composition in this alloy system changes from the single disordered body-centered cubic(BCC) phase to a nano-scale mixture of co-continuous disordered BCC and ordered B2 phases with the increase of Al concentration.This structure transition results in a remarkable increase in the yield strength of the RCCAs,i.e.,from 790 to 1118 MPa,leading to a superior specific yield strength of 199.4 MPa cm^(3)g^(-1)for the Al0.75 alloy,meanwhile,the tension plasticity maintained at~10%.TEM observation demonstrates that cell-forming structure and HDDWs induced by wave slip play a crucial role of considerable plasticity in Al0.25 alloy,whereas in Al0.5 alloy,microbands induced by planar slip dominant deformation behavior.The current work is important not only for providing novel high strength and tough structural materials with low density,but also sheds light on designing highperformance lightweight alloys with tunable microstructure.

某高硫含砷低品位金精矿选矿工艺研究

为提高某高硫含砷低品位难处理金精矿选别指标,分别采用尼尔森离心重选和高效旋流器分级工艺进行金精矿分选试验研究。试验结果表明:在保障金精矿冶炼净返系数等级的基础上,采用试验条件为重力倍数60G、反冲洗水量4 L/min、给矿速度400 g/min的尼尔森离心重选工艺,可获得金品位为30.97 g/t,金回收率为19.97%的重选精矿;采用试验条件为矿浆浓度20%、沉砂口直径22 mm的高效旋流器分级工艺,可获得金品位为26.02 g/t,金回收率为12.50%的溢流。尼尔森离心重选、高效旋流器分级工艺可使最终精矿产品的金回收率分别提高1.6%~1.9%和0.7%~1.0%。考虑到尼尔森离心重选工艺成熟工艺少、后期投资高,故推荐高效旋流器分级工艺进行该金精矿分选试验,以提高该金精矿利用价值。

塔吉克斯坦某难处理金精矿低温二段焙烧预处理试验研究

高砷高硫金精矿中的金矿物被毒砂(As_(2)O_(3))和黄铁矿(FeS_(2))包裹,直接氰化浸出浸出率较低,其预处理工艺一直是研究关注的热点。本文以塔吉克斯坦高砷高硫金精矿为研究对象,在热重分析和热力学分析的基础上采用二段焙烧法进行预处理,脱除大部分砷、硫、有机碳等有害杂质,并对工艺参数进行优化。试验考察了添加剂及焙烧温度、时间对金精矿中碳、硫、砷脱除率的影响,并在最终焙烧产物物相分析基础上进行了焙烧-氰化浸出验证试验,得到以下主要结论。一段焙烧采用弱氧焙烧气氛焙烧脱砷,不需使用添加剂,较优工艺参数为焙烧温度500~550℃、焙烧时间2 h;二段焙烧采用富氧气氛焙烧脱硫,较优工艺参数为焙烧温度650~700℃、时间2 h;在上述较优工艺参数下的焙烧-氰化浸出的碳脱除率、硫脱除率和砷脱除率分别为91.16%、96.93%和92.52%,金浸出率达到95.30%。该结果相对于直接氰化浸出,金浸出率提高了20%,一定程度上实现了资源的高值化利用,为难处理金精矿高效提金提供了技术依据。

含碳难处理金精矿生物预氧化-TCCA浸金实验研究

某含碳难处理金精矿中金含量15.9 g/t,铁、砷、硫和总碳的质量分数分别为23.17%、3.41%、24.7%和6.06%。金主要以次显微颗粒的形式被包裹于黄铁矿和砷黄铁矿中,同时碳引发“劫金”效应。本文针对该金精矿的特点开展了生物预氧化-TCCA(三氯异氰尿酸)浸金实验研究,建立多元线性回归模型分析浸金过程各因素对浸金效率的显著性影响。结果表明:经生物预氧化作用后,金精矿中硫和砷的分解效率分别可达63.59%和85.77%。拉曼光谱显示金精矿中碳质物缺陷减少,碳质物吸附能力下降。另外,多元线性回归模型分析显示,TCCA浓度、NaCl质量浓度和反应温度对浸金效率产生显著的影响,并呈正相关。TCCA浸金的最优化条件为:TCCA浓度0.22 mol/L,NaCl质量浓度30 g/L,反应温度45℃,矿浆中固体质量分数20%和反应时间3 h。在最优条件下,浸金效率可达87.49%,浸出液中金浓度为6.004 mg/L。

新型捕收剂MC在微细粒难选金矿浮选中的应用

河南省某微细粒难选金矿存在金回收率低的问题,急需对原工艺进行优化。烷基胺可在催化剂作用下与反应剂进行主反应,再进行分离、交连、螯合及乳化反应,从而制成新型捕收剂MC。引进MC进行浮选试验及工业试验,通过原矿性质分析,详细掌握金的赋存状态、嵌布特征和粒度特性等,通过实验室浮选试验确定最佳的磨矿细度、MC用量、矿浆pH值和活化剂用量等工艺参数,并与现场捕收剂体系浮选指标进行对比。试验结果表明,使用MC作为捕收剂,金精矿品位由原来的28.09 g/t提高到34.46 g/t,金回收率由84.85%提高到88.31%,回收率提高3.46%,取得良好的技术指标,实现金精矿品位与回收率的同步提升,预计年增加经济效益1300余万元。