Experimental Performance of Moderate and High Temperature Heat Pump Charged with Refrigerant Mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMPOSITIONS FOR CFC ALTERNATIVE MIXTURE REFRIGERANTS

In this work,eight commonly used and recently developed cubic EOSs have beenextensively tested for the calculation of thermodynamic properties,including vapor pressure,vaporand liquid densities and heat of vaporization for 26 pure CFCs and their alternatives.The modifiedDu-Guo EOS is recommended for the vapor-liquid equilibria calculations of mixtures for its goodaccuracy.A method for the development of the optimized mixture compositions of CFC alternativeshas been proposed by using minimization of deviations between the vapor pressures of CFC and thealternative mixtures of interest.As examples,two binary mixtures R22-R142b and R22-R152a,and aternary R22-R142b-R152a have been tested.The results show that the vapor pressure of R12 can bewell duplicated by a mixture refrigerant with the optimized composition.On the other hand,thedeviations between the heat of vaporization are somewhat apparent within 10 percent.Moreover,allthe mixtures discussed here are of the characteristics of being near azeotropic。

Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants-Based Ethylene BOG Re-liquefaction System

The present study aims to make a thermodynamic analysis of an ethylene cascade re-liquefaction system that consists of the following two subsystems: a liquefaction cycle using ethylene as the working fluid and a refrigeration cycle operating with a hydrocarbon refrigerant. The hydrocarbon refrigerants considered are propane(R290), butane(R600), isobutane(R600a), and propylene(R1270). A computer program written in FORTRAN is developed to compute parameters for characteristic points of the cycles and the system's performance, which is determined and analyzed using numerical solutions for the refrigerant condensation temperature, temperature in tank, and temperature difference in the cascade condenser. Results show that R600 a gives the best performance, followed by(in order) R600, R290, and R1270. Furthermore, it is found that an increase in tank temperature improves system performance but that an increase in refrigerant condensation temperature causes deterioration. In addition, it is found that running the system at a low temperature difference in the cascade condenser is advantageous.

Evaluation of non-azeotropic mixtures containing HFOs as potential refrigerants in refrigeration and high-temperature heat pump systems

With the increasing environmental concern on global warming, hydrofluoro-olefin (HFOs), possessing low GWP, has attracted great attention of many researchers recently. In this study, non-azeotropic mixtures composed of HFOs (HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(z), HFO-1234ze(e) and HFO-1234zf) are developed to substitute for HFC-134a and CFC-114 in air-conditioning and high-temperature heat pump systems, respectively. The cycle performances were evaluated by an improved theoretical cy-cle evaluation methodology. The results showed that all the mixtures proposed herein were favorable refrigerants with excel-lent thermodynamic cycle performances. M1A presented lower discharge temperature and pressure ratio and higher COPc than that of HFC-134a. The volumetric cooling capacity was similar to HFC-134a. It can be served as a good environmentally friendly alternative to replace HFC-134a. M3H delivered similar discharge temperature as CFC-114 did. And the COPh was 3% higher. It exhibits excellent cycle performance in high-temperature heat pump and is a promising refrigerant to substitute for CFC-114. And the gliding temperature differences enable them to exhibit better coefficient of performance by matching the sink/source temperature in practice. Because the toxicity, flammability and other properties are not investigated in detail, ex-tensive toxicity and flammability testing needs to be conducted before they are used in a particular application.

Cycle performance studies on a new HFC-161/125/143a mixture as an alternative refrigerant to R404

In this paper, a new ternary non-azeotropic mixture of HFC-161/125/143a （0.15/0.45/0.40 in mass fraction）, as a promising mixed refrigerant to R404A, is presented. The ozone depletion potential （ODP） of the new refrigerant is zero and its basic thermodynamic properties are similar to those of R404A, but its global warming potential （GWP） is much smaller than those of R507A and R404A. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations show that, under the working condition 1 （the average evaporation temperature： -23℃, the average condensing temperature： 43℃, the superheat temperature： 28℃, the subcooling temperature： 5 ℃）, the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.33% and 15.48% higher, re- spectively, than those of R404A. The coefficient of performance （COP） of the new mixture is 5.19% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is 0.82% lower than that of R404A. Equally, under the working condition II （the average evaporation temperature： -40℃, the average condensing temperature： 35℃, the superheating temperature： 30 ~C, the subcooling temperature： 5℃）, the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.24% and 20.58% higher, respectively, than those of R404A. The COP of the new mixture is 4.60% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is similar to that of R404A. The performances of the new mixture and R404A are compared in a vapor compressor refrigeration apparatus originally designed for R404A under several working conditions （condensing temperatures： 35-45℃, evaporation temperatures： -40--20℃）. Experimental results show that the new mixture can obtain a higher COP, by 6.3% to 12.1%, and a lower pressure ratio, by 1.8% to 6.6%, compared to R404A; although the discharge temperature of the new mixture is slightly higher than that of R404A. The advantages of the new mixture will be further verified in the actual system.

Prediction of saturated liquid enthalpy of refrigerant mixtures

New corresponding temperature and corresponding enthalpy of refrigerant mix- tures were defined. The relationship between saturated liquid corresponding en- thalpy and corresponding temperature of refrigerant mixtures accorded with that of pure components. The characteristic parameters of saturated liquid enthalpy dif- ference of refrigerant mixtures were calculated by three methods according to the different application conditions. The generalized equation of saturated liquid en- thalpy of refrigerant mixtures was presented. The calculated values were compared with the values in literature for five ternary and binary refrigerant mixtures, namely R404A, R407A, R407B, R32/R134a, and R410A. The overall average absolute devia- tion was less than 1.0%.

He-H_2 mixture and Er_3NiH_χ packing for the refrigeration enhancement of pulse tube refrigerator

The computation with the theory of modified Brayton Cycle indicates that higher cooling power and coefficient of performance for a pulse tube refrigerator can be achieved with He-H2 mixture as working gas than those with pure He in the temperature region of 30 K. In addition, it is found that Er3Ni, a regenerative material, is able to absorb H2 and produces Er3NiHx. The computation presents that the regenerative performance of Er3NiHx is better than that of Er3Ni due to its higher volume specific heat. Experimental results show that the pulse tube refrigeration performance in 30 K temperature region is enhanced greatly with He-H2 mixture and Er3NiHx packing.

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

Several media report highlight on that the pharmaceutical companies require ultra-low temperatures -80°C to transport and store its COVID-19 vaccines. This research presents the thermodynamic analysis on cascade refrigeration system (CRS) with several refrigerant pairs which are R32/R170, R123/R170, R134a/R170, R404A/R170, R407c/R170, R410/R170, and the hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant pair Propane/Ethane, namely R290/R170. Besides, the results of R22/R170 pair, which is not recommended to be used due to phase out of R22 as per Montréal Protocol, are included as base case to compare the novel hydrocarbon pairs in CRS and the old trend of refrigerant pairs. Thermodynamic properties of all these pairs were investigated and compared under different intermediate temperature used in CRS heat exchanger, which thermally connected both the Low and High temperature cycles (LTC) and (HTC). By applying the first law of thermodynamics, the coefficients of performance (COPs) and the specific power consumptions (SPC) in kW/TR are presented and compared. In addition, by applying the second law of thermodynamics the exergetic efficiencies were estimated. The results reveal the promising opportunity of using the HC pair (R290/R170). The minimum SPC in kW/TR is recorded for the pair R123/R170. One the other hand, the highest exegetic efficiency values are observed to be 40%, 38%, and 35% for the pairs R123/R170, R290/R170, and R134/R170, respectively. This research concludes that the HC pair (R290/R170) is highly recommended for CRS applications either to transport the COVID-19 or store it in cold storage rooms in hospitals and clinics. All precautionary measures should be carefully applied in design and operation of HC pair (R290/R170) due to its flammability hazard.

Research methods and performance analysis for the moderately high temperature refrigerant

In China, directly dropping high temperature refrigerant into conventional compressor is considered as a dominant technical route for development of moderately high temperature heat pump. Based on this route, selection criteria for high temperature refrigerant were presented with consideration of several influencing factors. Moreover, a set of research methods were built including theoretical calculations and experimental tests. Four high temperature refrigerants from HTR01 to HTR04 were compared and analyzed. In results, firstly, HTR03 and HTR04 belonging to non-ozone depleting refrigerants could bring outstanding environmental benefits; secondly, the condenser outlet water efficiently generated by heat pump using high temperature refrigerants could cover 60°C–90°C;; finally, the feasibility of the technical route and the research methods were proved.

An Improved Prediction Equation of Refrigerants Surface Tension Based on the Principle of Corresponding States

The surface tensions of 21 pure refrigerants have been predicted by a new improved equation based on the principle of corresponding states with double referenced fluids.The average absolute deviation between the calculated surface tensions from the equation and the experimental result is-0.015 mN/m.The surface tensions of 9 binary mixtures were calculated in consideration of certain mixing rules.And the average absolute deviation between the calculated surface tensions from the equation and the experimental result is-0.251 mN/m.The new improved prediction equation can be used for calculating the surface tension of environmental friendly refrigerants.

自复叠制冷系统及其组分分离、迁移与调控研究进展

自复叠制冷技术因具有较宽的制冷温区、结构简单且运行可靠等优势,在普冷及深冷领域具有广阔的应用前景。对自复叠制冷循环的新流程构建与混合工质多元化的研究已较为广泛,但如何主动调控系统内混合工质的组分质量分数进而提升系统性能一直是技术瓶颈和研究难点。首先综述了国内外关于自复叠制冷系统的总体研究现状,阐述了其循环流程构建的发展历程。然后,总结了影响系统效率的组分分离与组分偏移特性两方面的研究进展。文中从制冷循环改进与关键元件—气液分离器性能讨论了组分分离方面的研究,并总结了组分迁移的原因、组分迁移特性的研究现状及相积存的理论计算模型。在此基础上,介绍了现有研究中对于自复叠制冷系统工质组分质量分数调控的方法。通过总结自复叠制冷技术在以上4方面的研究现状,提出未来领域内应重点关注的研究方向——组分优化调控,为进一步提升自复叠制冷系统性能提供借鉴与参考。

R600a/R32用于自复叠低温冰箱的实验研究

设计搭建了一套小型低温冰箱自复叠制冷系统,实验对比分析了R600a/R32和R600a/R290两种制冷剂组合的系统循环性能,结果表明R600a/R32组合更符合-50℃低温冰箱的工况要求。通过实验进一步对比了R600a/R32在不同充注比例下的系统循环特性,得到R600a/R32最佳充注比例为0.61/0.39。此配比下,环境温度为25℃时,该系统冷冻室温度可以达到-51.8℃。由于小型制冷装置的空间限制,部分运行参数无法测得,对此提出一种制冷运行数据的分析模型,利用回热器换热平衡和气液分离器质量守恒计算出关键数据,并得到混合工质总运行浓度比例,以便进行系统性能的分析。

冷媒水综合利用方案分析

为了提高中海石油宁波大榭石化有限公司冷媒水的利用率,对现有装置提出相应的利用方案,并采用流程模拟软件对各方案的改造效果进行了分析。结果表明:通过采用冷媒水替代重整再接触系统氨压机,以及利用冷媒水进行加氢脱硫干气轻烃分离,乙苯装置干气脱丙烯系统深冷分离,苯乙烯装置尾气压缩机入口深冷分离等方案,可解决加氢脱硫干气带烃、苯乙烯装置尾气压缩机超负荷等问题,并为企业增效2827万元/a。

CO_(2)/HCs跨临界热泵系统仿真模拟与优化

为了研究CO_(2)/HCs混合工质跨临界单级带节流阀系统的性能,针对CO_(2)/R1270和CO_(2)/R290这2种混合工质建立系统模型,并通过试验对其进行了验证。模拟分析了蒸发器入口温度、气冷器出口温度、高压压力、冷却水温度和流量对系统性能的影响;对系统进行优化计算,分析了气冷器内管管径、外管管径和管长对换热系数和换热量的影响。结果表明:当蒸发器入口温度升高,气冷器出口温度和冷却水入口温度降低,冷却水流量升高时,COP_(c)增大;CO_(2)/R1270的最优制冷高压压力在9 MPa左右,比纯CO_(2)降低了3%,CO_(2)/R290的最优制冷高压压力在8.5 MPa左右,比纯CO_(2)降低了8%;适当增大气冷器的内管管径或减小其外管管径,可以有效提高其换热性能。研究结果可为CO_(2)/HCs混合工质跨临界系统的优化设计提供参考。

天然气轻烃回收工艺关键参数分析与节能研究

为提高油田伴生气中的轻烃回收质量,在梳理丙烷收率计算方法的基础上,确定了影响丙烷收率的参数,并通过单一参数变化和敏感性分析确定了丙烷收率及综合能耗的调参策略,最后将丙烷制冷替换为混合冷剂制冷,进一步降低工艺能耗。结果表明,丙烷收率与诸多参数相关,DHX塔塔顶进料温度是影响丙烷收率和综合能耗的主控因素,当低温分离器温度为-33℃、DHX塔塔顶进料温度-52℃、DHX塔塔压2 MPa、膨胀机出口压力1.9 MPa时,综合能耗从3 364 kW降至3 241 kW,同时液化石油气和稳定轻油的质量满足产品要求;当制冷剂中C_(2)、C_(3)和n-C_(4)的摩尔流量分别为19.16 kmol/h、53.43 kmol/h、37.41 kmol/h时,综合能耗可进一步降低,与最初优化前相比,能耗降幅9.06%。

新型环保制冷剂的研究进展及发展趋势

近年来,为了应对气候变化,国内外学者一直在加紧推进二氟一氯甲烷(HCFC-22)制冷剂的替代进程,制冷剂正在经历重大变革。针对HCFC-22的替代问题,回顾了制冷剂的发展历史,介绍了国内外制冷剂的研究现状和发展趋势,从安全性能和制冷性能两个方面对现有的制冷剂进行了分析和讨论。

船舶多温冷库新型自复叠制冷循环的研究

针对传统船舶一机多温冷藏系统在不同蒸发压力下提供不同蒸发温度所存在的问题,提出将改进的自复叠制冷循环用于船舶多温冷库.新型自复叠制冷循环使用非共沸混合工质,可以在相同的蒸发压力下提供不同的蒸发温度.根据船舶双温冷库的间室温度,选取R600a和R32组成的非共沸混合工质作为制冷剂,并对系统进行了流程设计、模拟计算,得到了设计工况下蒸发压力、冷凝压力、压缩机压缩比和性能系数随R600a质量分数变化的曲线,发现当R600a/R32的质量分数为0.7/0.3时系统的综合性能最优.为了更好地满足船舶储存食物的温度要求,设计了自复叠三温冷库的流程图,为进一步研究三温冷库提供了新方法.

一种四级自动复叠制冷系统混合工质组分选取及配比研究

对于多级自动复叠制冷系统,混合制冷工质的选取和组分配比具有重要的影响作用。针对四级自动复叠制冷系统,运用REFPROP8.0软件建立了混合工质种类选择及其配比研究的理论模拟方法,通过分析比较混合工质的饱和压力、蒸发温度,模拟出混合工质组分和配比:R600a/R23/R14/R740=45/21/19/16,充入该混合工质配比进行实验研究,获得了-150℃的设计柜温。研究表明,该混合工质理论模拟方法,能够有效指导实验研究,取得理想的制冷温度。

R290/R744新型混合工质汽-液相平衡研究

为了适应节能与环境保护的需求,研究了一种适用于自复叠制冷系统的新型绿色混合制冷工质(R290/R744)的汽液相平衡特性。根据相平衡条件采用PT状态方程结合Van der Waals混合规则推导出该混合制冷工质的相平衡计算式,通过软件编程计算了两种有工程实用意义的相平衡问题,一种是已知混合物压力和液相摩尔分数,计算泡点温度和气相摩尔分数;另一种是已知混合物压力和气相摩尔分数,计算露点温度和液相摩尔分数,并根据计算数据绘制了汽液平衡曲线。数据显示最大相对误差为4.840%,最小相对误差为0.005%。计算结果表明,采用给出的R290/R744混合制冷剂相平衡计算式具有较高的计算精度,从而为采用该混合制冷剂的自复叠制冷循环研究奠定基础。

天然气浅冷—油吸收复合轻烃回收工艺

中国大庆喇萨杏油田伴生气甲烷含量为 73.4 %～ 88.1% ,采用氨制冷和丙烷制冷的 10套浅冷装置回收C3 + 轻烃组分 ,制冷深度为 - 2 0～ - 35℃ ,丙烷收率为 18.2 %～ 4 7.1% ,C2 + 组分的回收率只有 5 2 .72 % ,轻烃资源回收率低。在对大庆油田伴生气冷凝规律研究的基础上 ,提出了浅冷—油吸收复合轻烃回收工艺 ,并在萨中30× 10 4m3 /d浅冷装置上进行了现场试验研究。结果表明 ,浅冷—油吸收复合轻烃回收工艺丙烷收率可达到 6 1%～ 85 % ,比氨制冷、丙烷制冷回收工艺提高 30～ 5 5个百分点 ,轻烃收率可提高 30 %～ 5 0 %。浅冷—油吸收复合轻烃回收工艺装置的试验成功 ,为我国油田伴生气轻烃回收提供了新的工艺路线 ,特别适合于丙烷收率低于 6 0 %的轻烃回收装置改造和新建装置的工艺设计。