The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeogra...The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeographic hypotheses related to the effect of the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on a widespread, eastern Chinese amphibian, Pseudepidalea raddei. Genealogical reconstructions are made and they detect major western and eastern lineages, which overlap in northwestern China, and possibly indicate the secondary contact of the populations that had entered the region from separate glacial refugia. Coalescent tests rejected alternative hypotheses of fragmentation of either a widespread ancestor or panmixia. The tests instead supported the hypothesis of geographic isolation and a remarkable dispersal pattern in one of the lineages. Though the Pleistocene climatic events are known to have affected the historical distributions and intra-specific divergence of Chinese squamates, coalescent and non-coalescent demographic analyses indicated that the toad P. raddei was not adversely affected by glacial cycling. Presumably, an increase in the amount of climatically mild habitats in East Asia is due to the development of monsoons since the Mid-late Pleistocene is responsible for the relatively mild effects.展开更多
Climate refugia can serve as a remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming.The largest freshwater lake by surface area,Lake Superior,USA and Canada,serves as a model system for under...Climate refugia can serve as a remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming.The largest freshwater lake by surface area,Lake Superior,USA and Canada,serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia,as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation.Here,we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior’s shores,and assess future risk to refugia under moderate(+3.5℃)and warmest(+5.7℃)climate warming scenarios.First,we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures,resulting in areas of cooler refugia.Second,we developed an ecological niche model for the presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia(pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species)along the lake’s shoreline.Third,we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots.Finally,we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in the presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots.Bedrock type,elevation above water,inland distance,July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences.Overall,we predicted 2236 km of the shoreline(51%)as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions,but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate(894 km)and warmest(313 km)climate change projections.展开更多
Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible...Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible glacial refugia of Ginkgo biloba L. in China. In total, 220 individuals from 12 populations in China and three populations outside China were analyzed, representing the largest number of populations studied by molecular markers to date. Nineteen haplotypes were produced and haplotype A was found in all populations. Populations in south-western China, including WC, JF, PX, and SP, contained 14 of the 19 haplotypes and their genetic diversity ranged from 0.771 4 to 0.867 6. The TM population from China also showed a high genetic diversity （H = 0.848 5）. Most of the genetic variation existed within populations and the differentiation among populations was low （GsT = 0.2）. According to haplotype distribution and the historical record, we suggest that populations of G. biloba have been subjected to extensive human impact, which has compounded our attempt to infer glacial refugia for Ginkgo. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the center of genetic diversity of Ginkgo is mainly in south-western China and in situ conservation is needed to protect and preserve the genetic resources.展开更多
Combining ecological niche modeling with phylogeography has become a popular approach to understand how historical climate changes have created and maintained population structure. However, methodological choices in g...Combining ecological niche modeling with phylogeography has become a popular approach to understand how historical climate changes have created and maintained population structure. However, methodological choices in geographic extents and environmental layer sets employed in modeling may affect results and interpretations profoundly. Here, we infer range-wide phylogeographic structure and model ecological niches of Cyanoderrna ruficeps, and compare results to previous studies that examined this species across China's Mainland and Taiwan only. Use of dense taxon sampling of closely related species as outgroups question C. ruficeps monophyly. Furthermore, previously unsampled C. ruficeps populations from central Vietnam were closely related to disjunct western populations （Nepal, Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan）, rather than to geographically proximate populations in northern Vietnam and eastern China. Phylogeographic structure is more complex than previously appreciated; niche model projections to Last Glacial Maximum climate scenarios identified larger areas of suitable conditions than previous studies, but potential distributional limits differed markedly between climate models employed and were dependent upon interpretation of non-analogous historical climate scenarios. Previously identified population expansion across central China may result from colonization from refugial distributions during the Last Interglacial, rather than the Last Glacial Maximum, as previously understood [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 901-909, 2015].展开更多
Under global warming,drought will reduce productivity of Pinus halepensis s.l.(subspecies halepensis and brutia)and cause a retreat from its rear edge distribu-tion(latitudinal/elevational)in the Mediterranean.To test...Under global warming,drought will reduce productivity of Pinus halepensis s.l.(subspecies halepensis and brutia)and cause a retreat from its rear edge distribu-tion(latitudinal/elevational)in the Mediterranean.To test whether topography can influence this scenario,we studied for approximately 40 years the growth of six natural pine stands in water-limited habitats on the islands of Zakinthos and Samos(eastern Mediterranean Greece),and determined the critical moisture sources that drove pine growth.Domi-nant pines were selected with no permanent water sources under contrasting moisture conditions created by topogra-phy(“wet”-gulley/valley vs.“dry”-upslope habitats).The responses of P.halepensis s.l.to drought under a moderate and a worst case scenario were tested,projected under global warming(approx.-25%and 40%in annual precipitation compared to 1961–1990 average).Our results show that“wet”habitat pines had higher productivity under normal to wet climate.However,the more precipitation declined,“wet”habitat tree growth was reduced at a significantly faster rate,but also showed a faster recovery,once rainfall returned.Thus,Pinus halepensis s.l.populations in gullies/valleys,may be more drought resilient and less likely to retreat towards higher elevation/latitudes under global warm-ing,compared to pines on dry upslope sites.Under moderate drought,both ecosystems relied on deeper moisture pools supplied by rainfall of the previous 3–6 years(including the year of growth).However,valley/gully habitat pines on significantly deeper soils(and probably on deeper heavily weathered bedrock),appeared to utilize surface moisture from winter/spring rainfall more efficiently for survival and recovery.Thus,deep soils may provide the key“buffer”for pine survival in such ecosystems that could act as potential refugia for P.halepensis s.l.under climate change.展开更多
Designation of critical habitat is an important conservation tool for species listed as threatened or endangered under the United States(U.S.)Endangered Species Act(ESA).While this is an important protective mechanism...Designation of critical habitat is an important conservation tool for species listed as threatened or endangered under the United States(U.S.)Endangered Species Act(ESA).While this is an important protective mechanism,lands designated as critical habitat could still be subject to degradation and fragmentation if they are not also in a protected status that prioritizes biodiversity conservation.Additionally,most designations of critical habitat do not explicitly take climate change into account.The objective of our study was to determine whether and to what extent critical habitats for species listed under the ESA are located within protected areas and areas previously identified as climate refugia or climate corridors,to inform management strategies to better conserve and recover these species.We mapped the designated critical habitats of 153 ESA-listed species and measured their overlap with previously-identified areas of climate refugia and corridors(CRC),and also with lands designated as nature-protected by U.S.Geological Survey’s Gap Analysis Project(GAP Status 1 or 2)and working lands with wildlife habitat potential(GAP Status 3).Only 18%of all designated critical habitat is located on lands that are both in CRC and nature-protected,and only 9%of species had over half of their designated critical habitats in such lands.84%of species had<25%overlap of their critical habitats with these areas.Critical habitats may therefore not fulfill their essential role of helping imperiled species persist and recover.展开更多
Changing climate will jeopardize biodiversity,particularly the geographic distribution of endemic species.One such species is the Javan Hawk-Eagle(JHE,Nisaetus bartelsi),a charismatic raptor found only on Java Island,...Changing climate will jeopardize biodiversity,particularly the geographic distribution of endemic species.One such species is the Javan Hawk-Eagle(JHE,Nisaetus bartelsi),a charismatic raptor found only on Java Island,Indonesia.Thus,it is crucial to develop an appropriate conservation strategy to preserve the species.Ecological niche modeling is considered a valuable tool for designing conservation plans for the JHE.We provide an ecological niche modeling approach and transfer its model to future climate scenarios for the JHE.We utilize various machine learning algorithms under sustainability and business-as-usual(BAU)scenarios for 2050.Additionally,we investigate the conservation vulnerability of the JHE,capturing multifaceted pressures on the species from climate dissimilarities and human disturbance variables.Our study reveals that the ensemble model performs exceptionally well,with temperature emerging as the most critical factor affecting the JHE distribution.This finding indicates that climate change will have a significant impact on the JHE species.Our results suggest that the JHE distribution will likely decrease by 28.41%and 40.16%from the current JHE distribution under sustainability and BAU scenarios,respectively.Furthermore,our study reveals high-potential refugia for future JHE,covering 7,596 km^(2)(61%)under the sustainability scenario and only 4,403 km^(2)(35%)under the BAU scenario.Therefore,effective management and planning,including habitat restoration,refugia preservation,habitat connectivity,and local community inclusivity,should be well-managed to achieve JHE conservation targets.展开更多
This study aims at identifying the microevolutionary processes responsible for the onset of the remarkable phylogeographic structure already recorded for the endangered giant clam Tridacna squamosa across its distribu...This study aims at identifying the microevolutionary processes responsible for the onset of the remarkable phylogeographic structure already recorded for the endangered giant clam Tridacna squamosa across its distribution range.For this purpose,the evolutionary,biogeographic and demographic histories of the species were comprehensively reconstructed in a mitochondrial dataset comprising nearly the whole available published cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene sequences of T.squamosa.Relatively higher level of genetic diversification was unveiled within T.squamosa,in comparison to earlier macro-geographic investigations,whereby five mitochondrial clusters were delineated.The resulting divergent gene pools in the Red Sea,western Indian Ocean,Indo-Malay Archipelago and western Pacific were found to be driven by Early Pleistocene glacial vicariance events among refugial lineages.Accentuated genetic diversification of the species across the Indo-Malay Archipelago was successively triggered by historical dispersal event during the Mid-Pleistocene MIS19c interglacial.This latter historical event might have also enabled genetically distinct giant clams from the Indo-Malay Archipelago to subsequently colonize the western Pacific,accounting for the genetic diversity hotspot detected within this region(comprising three divergent mitochondrial clusters).Late Pleistocene demographic expansion of T.squamosa,during the Last Interglacial period,could have contributed to forging spatial distribution of the so far delineated genetic entities across the Indo-Western Pacific.Overall,being resilient to major climate shifts during the Pleistocene through adaptation and consequent diversification,T.squamosa could be used as a model species to track the impact of climate change on genetic variability and structure of marine species.In particular,the new information,provided in this investigation,may help with understanding and/or predicting the consequences of ongoing global warming on genetic polymorphism of endangered coral reef species among which Tridacna sp.are listed as ecologically important.展开更多
第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探...第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。展开更多
In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Foss...In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20 years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.展开更多
Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate popu...Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate population histories and refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum of two sympatric Eremias lizards （E. argus and E. brenchleyi） inhabiting northern China. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from the ND4 gene for 128 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and 46 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities. Forty-four ND4 haplotypes were determined from E. argus samples, and 33 from E. brenchleyi samples. Population expansion events began about 0.0044 Ma in E. argus, and 0.031 Ma in E. brenchleyi. The demographic history of E. brenchleyi indicates a long-lasting population decline since the most recent common ancestor, while that of E. argus indicates a continuous population growth. Among-population structure was significant in both species, and there were multiple refugia across their range. Intermittent gene flow occurred among expanded populations across multiple refugia during warmer phases of the glacial period, and this may explain why the effective population size has remained relatively stable in E. brenchleyi and grown in E. argus.展开更多
基金supported by the Director Foundation of Experimental Centre, Shenyang Normal University (Syzx1104)a Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to Robert W. MURPHYsupported by a Discovery Grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (A3148)
文摘The impact of the Quaternary glaciation on eastern China’s local fauna and flora is a topic of considerable interest. We use mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeographic hypotheses related to the effect of the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on a widespread, eastern Chinese amphibian, Pseudepidalea raddei. Genealogical reconstructions are made and they detect major western and eastern lineages, which overlap in northwestern China, and possibly indicate the secondary contact of the populations that had entered the region from separate glacial refugia. Coalescent tests rejected alternative hypotheses of fragmentation of either a widespread ancestor or panmixia. The tests instead supported the hypothesis of geographic isolation and a remarkable dispersal pattern in one of the lineages. Though the Pleistocene climatic events are known to have affected the historical distributions and intra-specific divergence of Chinese squamates, coalescent and non-coalescent demographic analyses indicated that the toad P. raddei was not adversely affected by glacial cycling. Presumably, an increase in the amount of climatically mild habitats in East Asia is due to the development of monsoons since the Mid-late Pleistocene is responsible for the relatively mild effects.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(RGPIN-2019-06040).
文摘Climate refugia can serve as a remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming.The largest freshwater lake by surface area,Lake Superior,USA and Canada,serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia,as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation.Here,we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior’s shores,and assess future risk to refugia under moderate(+3.5℃)and warmest(+5.7℃)climate warming scenarios.First,we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures,resulting in areas of cooler refugia.Second,we developed an ecological niche model for the presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia(pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species)along the lake’s shoreline.Third,we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots.Finally,we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in the presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots.Bedrock type,elevation above water,inland distance,July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences.Overall,we predicted 2236 km of the shoreline(51%)as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions,but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate(894 km)and warmest(313 km)climate change projections.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program2007CB411605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30670139, 30300020).
文摘Variations in the trnK region of chloroplast DNA were investigated in the present study using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism to detect the genetic structure and to infer the possible glacial refugia of Ginkgo biloba L. in China. In total, 220 individuals from 12 populations in China and three populations outside China were analyzed, representing the largest number of populations studied by molecular markers to date. Nineteen haplotypes were produced and haplotype A was found in all populations. Populations in south-western China, including WC, JF, PX, and SP, contained 14 of the 19 haplotypes and their genetic diversity ranged from 0.771 4 to 0.867 6. The TM population from China also showed a high genetic diversity （H = 0.848 5）. Most of the genetic variation existed within populations and the differentiation among populations was low （GsT = 0.2）. According to haplotype distribution and the historical record, we suggest that populations of G. biloba have been subjected to extensive human impact, which has compounded our attempt to infer glacial refugia for Ginkgo. Nevertheless, the present results suggest that the center of genetic diversity of Ginkgo is mainly in south-western China and in situ conservation is needed to protect and preserve the genetic resources.
基金We thank Nikki Boggess, who assisted in labwork. Fieldwork in Vietnam was facilitated by Dr. Le Mahn Hung, and supported by the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration. Fieldwork in China was supported by the National Science Foundation （DEB-0344430 to ATP）. The laboratory portions of this work were supported by the National Science Foundation （DEB-0743576 to RGM）. We thank recordists who shared their Stachyris/Cyanoderma recordings on Xeno-canto.
文摘Combining ecological niche modeling with phylogeography has become a popular approach to understand how historical climate changes have created and maintained population structure. However, methodological choices in geographic extents and environmental layer sets employed in modeling may affect results and interpretations profoundly. Here, we infer range-wide phylogeographic structure and model ecological niches of Cyanoderrna ruficeps, and compare results to previous studies that examined this species across China's Mainland and Taiwan only. Use of dense taxon sampling of closely related species as outgroups question C. ruficeps monophyly. Furthermore, previously unsampled C. ruficeps populations from central Vietnam were closely related to disjunct western populations （Nepal, Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan）, rather than to geographically proximate populations in northern Vietnam and eastern China. Phylogeographic structure is more complex than previously appreciated; niche model projections to Last Glacial Maximum climate scenarios identified larger areas of suitable conditions than previous studies, but potential distributional limits differed markedly between climate models employed and were dependent upon interpretation of non-analogous historical climate scenarios. Previously identified population expansion across central China may result from colonization from refugial distributions during the Last Interglacial, rather than the Last Glacial Maximum, as previously understood [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 901-909, 2015].
基金supported by the Research Committee of the University of Patras(“Karatheodori”research program code:Β.090)the COST Action ES1308-Climate Change Manipulation Experiments in Terrestrial Ecosystems-Networking and Outreach(ClimMani)and Exchange Grant(reference number 2850).
文摘Under global warming,drought will reduce productivity of Pinus halepensis s.l.(subspecies halepensis and brutia)and cause a retreat from its rear edge distribu-tion(latitudinal/elevational)in the Mediterranean.To test whether topography can influence this scenario,we studied for approximately 40 years the growth of six natural pine stands in water-limited habitats on the islands of Zakinthos and Samos(eastern Mediterranean Greece),and determined the critical moisture sources that drove pine growth.Domi-nant pines were selected with no permanent water sources under contrasting moisture conditions created by topogra-phy(“wet”-gulley/valley vs.“dry”-upslope habitats).The responses of P.halepensis s.l.to drought under a moderate and a worst case scenario were tested,projected under global warming(approx.-25%and 40%in annual precipitation compared to 1961–1990 average).Our results show that“wet”habitat pines had higher productivity under normal to wet climate.However,the more precipitation declined,“wet”habitat tree growth was reduced at a significantly faster rate,but also showed a faster recovery,once rainfall returned.Thus,Pinus halepensis s.l.populations in gullies/valleys,may be more drought resilient and less likely to retreat towards higher elevation/latitudes under global warm-ing,compared to pines on dry upslope sites.Under moderate drought,both ecosystems relied on deeper moisture pools supplied by rainfall of the previous 3–6 years(including the year of growth).However,valley/gully habitat pines on significantly deeper soils(and probably on deeper heavily weathered bedrock),appeared to utilize surface moisture from winter/spring rainfall more efficiently for survival and recovery.Thus,deep soils may provide the key“buffer”for pine survival in such ecosystems that could act as potential refugia for P.halepensis s.l.under climate change.
文摘Designation of critical habitat is an important conservation tool for species listed as threatened or endangered under the United States(U.S.)Endangered Species Act(ESA).While this is an important protective mechanism,lands designated as critical habitat could still be subject to degradation and fragmentation if they are not also in a protected status that prioritizes biodiversity conservation.Additionally,most designations of critical habitat do not explicitly take climate change into account.The objective of our study was to determine whether and to what extent critical habitats for species listed under the ESA are located within protected areas and areas previously identified as climate refugia or climate corridors,to inform management strategies to better conserve and recover these species.We mapped the designated critical habitats of 153 ESA-listed species and measured their overlap with previously-identified areas of climate refugia and corridors(CRC),and also with lands designated as nature-protected by U.S.Geological Survey’s Gap Analysis Project(GAP Status 1 or 2)and working lands with wildlife habitat potential(GAP Status 3).Only 18%of all designated critical habitat is located on lands that are both in CRC and nature-protected,and only 9%of species had over half of their designated critical habitats in such lands.84%of species had<25%overlap of their critical habitats with these areas.Critical habitats may therefore not fulfill their essential role of helping imperiled species persist and recover.
文摘Changing climate will jeopardize biodiversity,particularly the geographic distribution of endemic species.One such species is the Javan Hawk-Eagle(JHE,Nisaetus bartelsi),a charismatic raptor found only on Java Island,Indonesia.Thus,it is crucial to develop an appropriate conservation strategy to preserve the species.Ecological niche modeling is considered a valuable tool for designing conservation plans for the JHE.We provide an ecological niche modeling approach and transfer its model to future climate scenarios for the JHE.We utilize various machine learning algorithms under sustainability and business-as-usual(BAU)scenarios for 2050.Additionally,we investigate the conservation vulnerability of the JHE,capturing multifaceted pressures on the species from climate dissimilarities and human disturbance variables.Our study reveals that the ensemble model performs exceptionally well,with temperature emerging as the most critical factor affecting the JHE distribution.This finding indicates that climate change will have a significant impact on the JHE species.Our results suggest that the JHE distribution will likely decrease by 28.41%and 40.16%from the current JHE distribution under sustainability and BAU scenarios,respectively.Furthermore,our study reveals high-potential refugia for future JHE,covering 7,596 km^(2)(61%)under the sustainability scenario and only 4,403 km^(2)(35%)under the BAU scenario.Therefore,effective management and planning,including habitat restoration,refugia preservation,habitat connectivity,and local community inclusivity,should be well-managed to achieve JHE conservation targets.
文摘This study aims at identifying the microevolutionary processes responsible for the onset of the remarkable phylogeographic structure already recorded for the endangered giant clam Tridacna squamosa across its distribution range.For this purpose,the evolutionary,biogeographic and demographic histories of the species were comprehensively reconstructed in a mitochondrial dataset comprising nearly the whole available published cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene sequences of T.squamosa.Relatively higher level of genetic diversification was unveiled within T.squamosa,in comparison to earlier macro-geographic investigations,whereby five mitochondrial clusters were delineated.The resulting divergent gene pools in the Red Sea,western Indian Ocean,Indo-Malay Archipelago and western Pacific were found to be driven by Early Pleistocene glacial vicariance events among refugial lineages.Accentuated genetic diversification of the species across the Indo-Malay Archipelago was successively triggered by historical dispersal event during the Mid-Pleistocene MIS19c interglacial.This latter historical event might have also enabled genetically distinct giant clams from the Indo-Malay Archipelago to subsequently colonize the western Pacific,accounting for the genetic diversity hotspot detected within this region(comprising three divergent mitochondrial clusters).Late Pleistocene demographic expansion of T.squamosa,during the Last Interglacial period,could have contributed to forging spatial distribution of the so far delineated genetic entities across the Indo-Western Pacific.Overall,being resilient to major climate shifts during the Pleistocene through adaptation and consequent diversification,T.squamosa could be used as a model species to track the impact of climate change on genetic variability and structure of marine species.In particular,the new information,provided in this investigation,may help with understanding and/or predicting the consequences of ongoing global warming on genetic polymorphism of endangered coral reef species among which Tridacna sp.are listed as ecologically important.
文摘第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant Nos. 30470125, 40671066the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. KSCX2-SW-132.
基金supported by National Research,Development and Innovation Office,Hungary by a Grant of Hungarian Scientific Research Fund(OTKA K101600)
文摘In this review we summarized recent historical records and molecular studies on evolutionary history and phylogeography of Scots pine with focus on the European highly fragmented distribution area of the species. Fossilized pollen, plant micro- and macrofossil records provided evidences on the large-scale species’ range shifts and demographic changes during the Quaternary. Populations of Scots pine were documented both in the glacial (incl. full glaciation) and interglacial periods. Recolonization of Europe after the glaciation originated from the (Sub) Mediterranean areas like the Balkan Peninsula but also from around the Eastern Alps and the surroundings of the Danube plain. Fennoscandia and northern European Baltic regions were most probably colonized from two main directions, from Western Europe and from the Russian Plain. Modern history of Scots pine was hardly affected by anthropogenic activities that started to strengthen in the Bronze and Iron Age. Along with the fossil records, molecular genetic tools were used to infer the origin and putative history including migration, differentiation and demography of the species. In this paper we compiled the major publications (30) of molecular genetic studies of the past 20 years derived from distinctly inherited organelle genomes (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) revealed by different marker systems (mtDNA-cox1, -nad1, -nad3, -nad7, ISSR, cpSSR, nSSR, B-SAP, SNP). It is important to consider that different phylogeographic patterns can be drawn by the analysis of different DNA marker types. Accordingly the use of more than one marker simultaneously outlines the most sophisticated phylogeographical pattern on the genetic lineages and can reveal high differentiation of the European distribution. Combined marker systems and markers derived from coding sequences have also been used to detect species’ phylogeographic patterns, but these were rarely applied to Scots pine. Although new molecular techniques can provide higher resolution data for populations, the reviewed results can shape the direction of further studies.
基金supported by grants from Chinese Ministry of Education (20070319006)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate population histories and refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum of two sympatric Eremias lizards （E. argus and E. brenchleyi） inhabiting northern China. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from the ND4 gene for 128 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and 46 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities. Forty-four ND4 haplotypes were determined from E. argus samples, and 33 from E. brenchleyi samples. Population expansion events began about 0.0044 Ma in E. argus, and 0.031 Ma in E. brenchleyi. The demographic history of E. brenchleyi indicates a long-lasting population decline since the most recent common ancestor, while that of E. argus indicates a continuous population growth. Among-population structure was significant in both species, and there were multiple refugia across their range. Intermittent gene flow occurred among expanded populations across multiple refugia during warmer phases of the glacial period, and this may explain why the effective population size has remained relatively stable in E. brenchleyi and grown in E. argus.
