Theoretical investigation of the stereoselectivity of some Diels-Alder reactions involving cyclopentadiene

The stereoselectivity of some Diels-Alder reactions was investigated by means of ABEEM-oTr model. Combined with local hard-soft and acid-base （HSAB） principle, we made reasonable explanation by calculating local softness of atom and bond regions for the stereoselectivity of four Diels-Alder reactions involving cyclopentadiene.

On QSAR Study of Stereoselectivity for Wittig Reaction

Molecular structures of reactants were characterized by molecular electronegativity distance vector （VHMED） considering hydrogen association. A reasonable molecular modeling equation with 4-parameters was achieved for quantitative structure-property/activity relationship （QSPR/QSAR） by stepwise multiple regression （SMR） that the variable was introduced item by item in significant level order. A high correlation coefficient （R = 0.980） demonstrates that the model is able to well express a quantitative relation between stereoselectivity and the reactant structures as quantitative structure-reactivity/stereoselectivity relationship （QSRR/QSSR）. The multiple correlation coefficient （Rcv= 0.964） was tested through cross-validation with the leave-one-out （LOO） procedure. The above results show that the model possesses high estimation stability and good prediction ability between the amount of both cis and trans isomers in products and reactants.

Regioselective and Stereoselective Synthesis of the 3-Aryl-4- phosphoryl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-5-ones

A novel and efficient route of synthesizing 1, 2, 4-triazoline-5-ones is reported. The title compounds can be prepared in high yield and purity by the one-pot oxidation and cyclization of 1-acylthiosemicarbazides. The reaction is regioselective and stereoselective. The reaction condition is mild.

STEREOSELECTIVITY IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DIADENYLYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE

Stereoselectivity was found during the coupling reaction to form 2',5'-and 3', 5'-linked diadenylyl methylphosphonate.

Highly efficient synthesis of(R)-1,3-butanediol via anti-Prelog reduction of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone with absolute stereoselectivity by a newly isolated Pichia kudriavzevii

(R)-1,3-butanediol is an important pharmaceutical intermediate, and the synthesis of(R)-1,3-butanediol using green biological methods has recently been of interest for industrial application. Here, a novel strain QC-1 that efficiently transforms 4-hydroxy-2-butanone to(R)-1,3-butanediol was isolated from soil samples. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests and 5.8 S-internal transcribed spacer sequencing, the strain was identified as Pichia kudriavzevii QC-1. The reaction conditions were optimized to 35 ℃, pH 8.0, rotation speed 200 rpm, and 6:5 mass ratio of glucose to 4-hydroxy-2-butanone. Evaluation of the effects of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone concentrations on yield and cell survival rate showed that 85.60 g·L^-1 product accumulated, with an enantiomeric excess of more than 99%, when 30 g·L^-14-hydroxy-2-butanone was added at 0, 10, and 30 h in a 3-L bioreactor. Thus, strain QC-1 showed excellent catalytic activity and stereoselectivity for the synthesis of(R)-1,3-butanediol from 4-hydroxy-2-butanone.

Regio-and Stereoselective Polymerization of Bio-based Ocimene by Rare-Earth Metal Catalysts

Coordination polymerization of renewable β-ocimene has been investigated using asymmetric diiminophosphinate lutetium complex1, β-diketiminate yttrium complex 2, bis(phosphino)carbazolide yttrium complex 3, half-sandwich benzyl fluorenyl scandium complex 4 and pyridyl-methylene-fluorenyl rare-metal complexes 5a–5c. Complexes 1, 4 and 5a–5c show trans-1,2-regioselectivities and high activities, of which 5c exhibits excellent isoselectivity(mmmm>99%). Conversely, complexes 2 and 3 promote β-ocimene polymerization to produce isotactic cis-1,4-polyocimenes(cis-1,4>99%, mm>95%). Diblock copolymers cis-1,4-PIP-block-cis-1,4-POc and cis-1,4-PBD-block-cis-1,4-POc are obtained in one-pot reactions of β-ocimene with isoprene and butadiene using complex 3. Epoxidation and hydroxylation of polyocimene afford functionalized polyolefins with enhanced T_(g)(from-20 ℃ to 79 ℃ and 74 ℃) and hydrophilicity.

SnCl_(2)促进的Pt1/PS-PPh_(2)催化剂高选择性催化高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应

氢甲酰化作为工业上制备醛、醇等含氧化合物的重要反应,广泛应用于制备洗涤剂、增塑剂、表面活性剂和香料等.目前,氢甲酰化反应主要使用HCo(CO)_(4),HCo(CO)_(3)(PR_(3))和HRh(CO)(PPh_(3))_(2)等配合物作为催化剂.尽管Co基催化剂可以将高碳烯烃、内烯烃以及支链烯烃高选择性地转化为直链醛,但其反应条件(5-30 MPa,140-200℃)较苛刻,且容易发生烯烃加氢等副反应.相比之下,Rh催化剂的活性比Co基催化剂高1-2个数量级,且反应条件较为温和.但Rh储量稀少,价格昂贵,而且对于高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应,Rh催化剂难以分离和循环使用.因此,研究者开展了其他金属催化剂的研究,其中Pt-Sn催化剂因其出色的区域选择性而备受关注.但目前Pt-Sn催化剂多局限于均相催化体系,而且Sn助剂的作用尚不明确.本文采用商业化三苯基膦嫁接的聚苯乙烯小球为载体,通过浸渍法制备了SnCl_(2)-Pt_(1)/PS-PPh_(2)单原子催化剂,考察了其在长链-烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的催化性能,并研究了Sn的促进作用.首先,以1-己烯氢甲酰化为探针反应,对催化剂的组成以及反应条件进行了优化.当Pt/P/Sn=1/2/5时,催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,在90-120℃和4-6 MPa合成气条件下,催化剂转化频率(TOF)为40 h^(-1),产物醛的正异比>42.随后,考察了催化剂的底物适用性.结果表明,C6-C12的高碳烯烃均可被高选择性地转化为相应的醛(正异比>20).然而,在循环使用实验中,由于SnCl_(2)不能稳定锚定在载体上,第二次循环时催化活性降低.但通过补加SnCl_(2),催化活性可以完全恢复.高压热过滤实验及元素检测结果表明,反应过程中Pt没有流失.X射线吸收光谱(XAFS)表征结果表明,反应后Pt仍以单原子形式存在,说明Pt1/PS-PPh_(2)具有良好的稳定性.通过准原位X-射线吸收谱、Mössbauer谱和红外光谱表征对反应过程中Pt和Sn的电子性质和配位结构进行了研究.结果表明,SnCl_(2)在反应过程中逐渐转化为Sn(dioxane)Cl3-物种(1,4-二氧六环为反应溶剂),并与Pt原子形成Pt-Sn键.当反应体系中没有Sn时,Pt(II)会被合成气过度还原并发生团聚.当没有膦配体时,Pt原子也会发生聚集,而且SnCl_(2)会在Pt(II)的催化作用下发生水解生成SnO.因此Sn(dioxane)Cl3-与膦配体共同抑制了Pt(I)在反应过程中的还原与聚集.最后,通过XAFS表征深入研究了反应机理.分析结果表明,CO在催化剂上具有较强的吸附作用,而H_(2)则可能以异裂的方式在催化剂上被活化.据此提出可能的反应机理:首先,H_(2)在催化剂上活化先形成Pt-H物种;随后,烯烃插入Pt-H,形成Pt-烷基物种;接着,CO迁移并插入,生成Pt-酰基物种;最后,经过还原消除步骤,得到最终的产物醛.综上,本文制备了一种对高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应具有良好催化性能的SnCl_(2)-Pt1/PS-PPh_(2)单原子催化剂,为低成本非Rh基催化剂的开发提供借鉴.同时,揭示了催化体系中Sn的促进作用,为通过Lewis酸来调控催化剂的性能提供了参考.

正癸烷/空气旋转爆轰波形成与传播数值模拟

针对气液两相旋转爆轰波形成与传播问题,本文以液态正癸烷为燃料,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,通过三维数值模拟给出了两相旋转爆轰波的形成演变特点和自持传播机理。研究结果表明:在起爆阶段,通过调控初始燃料分布能够获得强度不同的爆轰波和压力波;在对撞阶段,爆轰波与压力波共发生4次对撞,由于缺乏燃料供给,压力波逐渐衰减并消失,爆轰波以单波模态传播;在稳定传播阶段,未燃燃料在三叉点处聚集形成未反应气流区并诱导产生局部爆炸。未反应气流区的周期性出现和局部爆炸是两相爆轰波自持传播的重要影响因素。

脯氨酸催化的不对称羟醛缩合反应的改进与拓展

“脯氨酸催化的不对称羟醛缩合反应”是展现“对映异构”概念的经典实验。然而,受限于反应物活性和实验设计,“非对映异构”和“外消旋化”等“立体化学”概念未能在实验中体现。为进一步增强实验教学与理论教学的支撑融合,让学生通过实验充分理解有机化学中“立体化学”章节内容,我们对该反应进行了改进和拓展:(1)将常规的两组分反应升级到三组分,通过芳基醛向高活性醛亚胺的转化,快速构建含有非对映异构体的连续手性中心产物;(2)设置相反构型催化剂对照实验,并通过相反构型产物混合物旋光度的测定,引入“外消旋化”概念;(3)引入核磁共振技术测定非对映异构体比例,加深对“非对映异构”概念的认识。结果表明,该实验重复性好、时长合适,内容设计兼具探索性和创新性,有助于激发学生的科学精神和创新意识,培养学生进行创新性实验研究的能力。

Photoredox-Catalyzed Metal-Free Regio-&Stereoselective C(sp^(2))-H Amination of Enamides with N-Aminopyridium Salts

A visible-light-induced photoredox-catalyzed regioselective and stereoselective C(sp')-H amination of enamides with bench-stable and A visible-light-induced photoredox-catalyzed regioselective and stereoselective C(sp)-H amination of enamides with bench-stable and easily accessible N-aminopyridium salts is developed,affording synthetically and biologically prominent vicinal 1,2-diamine scaffolds with broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility.The transformation proceeded through a radical pathway involving the Giese addition of the relatively electrophilic N-centered sulfonamidyl radical species to nucleophilicβ-olefinic position of enamides followed by the ensuing single electron oxidation andβ-H elimination,delivering geometrically-defined Z-configuredβ-sulfonamidylated enamides.The operational simplicity,environmental friendliness and cost efficiency of this methodology allowed it to pave a new avenue to enrich the arsenal of synthetically crucial functionalized enamides and their related derivatives.

Recent Advances in Cobalt-Catalyzed Regio-or Stereoselective Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes

Hydrofunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes is increasingly important in preparing and modifying carbon-centered organic molecules such as pharmaceuticals,agrochemicals,andmaterial precursors.The development of transition-metal-catalysts has revolutionized the hydrofunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons,greatly improving the synthetic efficiency and selectivity of these reactions.In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in low-cost metal-catalyzed alkene and alkyne hydrofunctionalization reactions following the utilization of traditional precious metal catalysts,including palladium,platinum,and rhodium.Earth-abundant cobalt catalysts,which are low in toxicity and exhibit unique reactivity and selectivity,are widely implemented in academic and industrial research.In this review,we highlight recent examples of cobalt-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes to provide an overview of hydrofunctionalization methods,particularly hydroalkylation reactions.Hydroalkylation reactions greatly expand the scope and utility of cobalt-catalyzed couplings of carbon—carbon bonds.We also highlight the mechanistic considerations and selective determinants involved.We hope our discussion will be informative for future developments in cobalt catalysis and hydrofunctionalization reactions.

Nickel-Catalyzed Regio-and Stereoselective Defluorinative Arylation of gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes

Comprehensive Summary,Herein,we report nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes with boronic acids,providing the corresponding arylated 2-fluoroallylic scaffolds.This approach used commercially available phosphine ligand Xantphos to obtain monofluorinated alkenes with high regioselectivity and Z-stereoselectivity.Mechanistic studies proposed a Ni(II)-fluoroallyl pathway and excluded the radical pathway.

环状三价碘试剂在区域和立体选择性多取代烯烃合成上的进展

多取代烯烃是众多药物分子、天然产物、生物活性分子以及有机材料等的重要构建部分,是有机合成中极具吸引力的合成目标分子。但是如何准确实现炔烃的区域及立体选择性控制是研究其相关性的瓶颈,也是有机合成方法学等相关学科中的研究热点和难点。环状三价碘试剂作为氧化剂和亲电基团转移剂在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用。此外,环状三价碘试剂还可以作为新型亲电试剂与炔烃发生1,2-双官能团化反应,实现多取代烯烃的区域和立体选择性合成。

手动膜片钳检测盐酸罗哌卡因及其右旋异构体对HEK293细胞hERG电流的影响

目的研究比较盐酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体对高表达hERG钾通道的HEK293细胞hERG电流的影响。方法用手动膜片钳检测转染后hERG钾通道稳定表达的HEK293细胞电流,多菲莱德做阳性药,将盐酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体依次稀释成30.00、10.00、3.33、1.11、0.37μmol·L^(-1),依次作用于细胞,记录电流变化,计算抑制率。结果盐酸罗哌卡因0.37、1.11、3.33、10、30μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(6.12±0.30)%、(13.04±1.20)%、(19.21±0.33)%、(35.56±0.66)%、(65.37±4.17)%,IC_(50)为19.482μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体0.37、1.11、3.33、10.00、30.00μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(4.13±3.43)%、(7.34±5.60)%、(9.49±2.75)%、(16.60±0.87)%、(31.36±1.45)%,IC_(50)>30μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。阳性对照药品多菲莱德0.00185、0.00556、0.01667、0.05000、0.15000μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(7.81±2.77)%、(19.67±1.88)%、(57.16±4.39)%、(89.71±3.55)%、(99.66±0.89)%、IC_(50)为0.015μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。结论和阳性对照药品多菲莱德比较,盐酸罗哌卡因对hERG通道为弱抑制作用,盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体对hERG通道为无明显抑制作用。

肟的立体选择性合成概述

立体化学纯的肟被广泛应用于有机合成、药物、食品添加剂等领域。传统方法合成肟的立体选择性取决于底物取代基的空间位阻,其立体选择性合成一直是有机合成领域的难点与挑战。本文简要介绍了立体选择性合成肟的新方法和技术的研究进展。本文的内容来源于基础有机化学,将此内容融入到教学中可以拓展学生的视野,也有助于激发学生发现和解决难题的兴趣。

烯还原酶不对称还原(R)-香芹酮的研究

(2R,5R)-二氢香芹酮是一种重要的手性中间体,可用于合成多种活性化合物,常采用不对称还原(R)-香芹酮的方法合成。相较于化学方法,烯还原酶催化还原(R)-香芹酮不需要危险的氢气、贵金属催化剂和高温等苛刻的条件,且来源于Corynebacterium casei的烯还原酶(CcER)能有效地还原(R)-香芹酮产生(2R,5R)-二氢香芹酮。考察了pH、反应温度、辅酶NAD~+浓度和辅底物葡萄糖浓度对反应的影响,研究表明最佳反应条件为pH 8、反应温度30℃、NAD^(+)浓度0.6 mmol/L、葡萄糖浓度30 mmol/L;反应6 h后,(R)-香芹酮的转化率可达96%,产物(2R,5R)-二氢香芹酮的光学纯度可达95%;烯还原酶催化能力强,具有生产(2R,5R)-二氢香芹酮的潜力。

金星Beta Regio地区构造与成因分析研究进展

金星的火山作用曾十分活跃,形成了占总面积70%的平原。由于缺少有意义的侵蚀和沉积作用,金星表面5亿年来形成的地形地貌和构造特征保存得十分完好。Beta Regio地区位于金星中北纬地带,是金星分区中的V17区,在地貌上是一个面积2 000 km×2 500 km的、伴随抬升和火山作用的隆起地形。主要地形有高地、冠状构造、沟谷、锥状隆起、线状带、平原、脊状带和放射状系统8种;共分为瓦片状地形、密集断裂平原、断裂和脊状平原、盾状平原、皱脊平原、平坦平原、叶状平原和陨击坑8种物质构造单元。最新研究表明金幔柱是造成Beta Regio地区的抬升、断裂形成和火山作用的唯一因素。

Stereoselective HPLC Assay of TJ0711 Enantiomers by Precolumn Derivatization with GITC Using UV Detection and Its Application in Pharmacokinetics in Rats

This investigation describes a new precise, sensitive and accurate stereoselective RP-HPLC method for determination of the enantiomers of a novel α- and β-receptor blocking agent, 1-[4-（2-methoxyethyl） phenoxy]-3-[[2-（2- methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]amino]-2-propanol （T J0711）, in rat plasma. GITC was used for precolunm derivatization of T J0711 enantiomers. Enantiomeric resolution was achieved on a Eurospher-100 C18 column （250 mm×4.6 mm ID, 5-μm particle size）, with UV detection at 255 nm, and the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water （58：42, v/v） containing 0.02% glacial acetic acid （v/v）. Using the chromatographic conditions described, T J0711 enantiomers were well resolved with mean retention time of 10.2 and 11.5 min, respectively. Linear response （r〉0.999） was observed over the range of 0.125-12.5 μg/mL of TJ0711 hydrochloride enantiomers. The mean relative standard deviation （RSD%） of the results of within-day precision was ≤ 10%. The proposed method was found to be suitable and accurate for the quantitative determination of T J0711 enantiomers in rat plasma, and it can be used in pharmacokinetic studies.

Study on the Stereoselective Synthesis of Carbapenem Sidechain (2S,4S)-4-Acetylsulphanyl-2-[(S)-1-phenylethylcarbamoyl]-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic Acid 4-Nitrobenzyl Ester

A stereoselective and economic synthesis of the carbapenem sidechain (2S, 4S)-4-ace-tylsulphanyl-2-[(S)1-phenylethyl-carbamoyl] pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-nitrobenzylester was developed. Due to the effect of spatial hindrance, only the (2S,4S) diastereomer 3 wasobtained by coupling 1 and the inexpensive racemic 2 catalyzed by EEDQ.