Effect of continuous nursing on treatment compliance and side effect management of coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND There are relatively few studies on continuing care of coronary heart disease(CHD),and its research value needs to be further clarified.AIM To investigate the effect of continuous nursing on treatment compliance and side effect management in patients with CHD.METHODS This is a retrospective study with patients from January 2021 to 2023.The study was divided into two groups with 30 participants in each group.Self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)and Self-rating depression scale(SDS)were used to assess patients'anxiety and depression,and medical coping questionnaire was used to assess patients'coping styles.The pelvic floor dysfunction questionnaire(PFDI-20)was used to assess the status of pelvic floor function,including bladder symptoms,intestinal symptoms,and pelvic symptoms.RESULTS SAS score decreased from 57.33±3.01before treatment to 41.33±3.42 after treatment,SDS score decreased from 50.40±1.45 to 39.47±1.57.The decrease of these two indexes was statistically significant(P<0.05).PFDI-20 scores decreased from the mean 16.83±1.72 before treatment to 10.47±1.3the mean after treatment,which was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that pioneering research in continuous care of CHD has a positive impact on improving patients'treatment compliance,reducing anxiety and depression levels,and improving coping styles and pelvic floor functional status.

Analysis of the Effect of Extended Rehabilitation Care at Home on the Psychological Condition and Adherence to Medical Compliance Behavior of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Combined with Heart Failure

Objective:To analyze the effects of providing extended rehabilitation nursing services at home to patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)combined with heart failure(CHF)on psychological improvement and adherence to medical compliance behavior.Methods:79 patients with CHD with CHF admitted to Sijia Town Central Health Hospital,Haimen District,Nantong City,Jiangsu Province,between June 2021 and June 2023 were selected and grouped according to the randomized numerical table method.The control group(39 cases)was provided with conventional nursing care and extended rehabilitation nursing care at home was provided to the observation group(40 cases).The psychological status,adherence to medical behaviors,cardiac function,and complications between both groups were compared.Results:The scores of anxieties and depression self-assessment scales(SAS,SDS)of patients in the observation group were lower than those of the control group(t=2.954,3.212;P<0.05);the compliance of patients in the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The levels of left ventricular ejection fraction,end-systolic and end-diastolic internal diameters(LVEF,LVESD,LVEDD)of patients in the observation group at 58.02±5.34%,44.49±5.16 mm,and 49.16±5.76 mm respectively were better than those of the control group after nursing care(t=3.205,3.288,2.633;P<0.05);the complication rate of the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Extended rehabilitation nursing at home exhibited a psychological regulation effect on CHD with CHF patients,improved their medical compliance,improved cardiac function,reduced the incidence of complications,and had significant application value.

Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease from the Perspective of Liver Controlling Dispersion

The liver is in charge of distributing and regulating the movement of qi throughout the whole body,coordinating the transportation and transformation of the internal organs in the middle part of the body,promoting the biochemical circulation of qi,blood,and body fluids,and regulating emotions.Liver dysfunction can disrupt the transportation and transformation of qi,blood,and body fluids,causing phlegm turbidity,blood stasis,and other unwanted symptoms.Poor regulation of emotion further aggravates the accumulation of pathological substances,resulting in the obstruction of heart vessels,and ultimately coronary heart disease(CHD).Through regulating lipid metabolism,inflammatory reaction,vasoactive substances,platelet function,neuroendocrine,and other factors,liver controlling dispersing qi plays a comprehensive role in the prognosis of atherosclerosis,the primary cause of CHD.Therefore,it is recommended to treat CHD from the perspective of liver-controlling dispersion.

Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Cardiac Rehabilitation Research for Coronary Heart Disease Patients

Objective: This study visualizes and analyzes the current status, hotspots, and frontiers of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) over the past decade (2012.01-2022.12), and explores the future development trend and research direction of the CR for CHD patients in China. Methods: Relevant literature was searched, screened and downloaded from the Web of Science (WOS) database, and bibliometric and visualization analyses were performed using CiteSpace VI software. Results: Through the search and screening of related literature, 2443 English articles were finally included. Among them, most of the Chinese publishers were mainly universities and had less connection with each other, while the foreign publishers were mainly universities and medical institutions in the United States and Europe, and had close connection with each other. The research content of Chinese scholars mainly focuses on the assessment of patients’ life and psychological status, as well as the assessment of cardiac function. Foreign research focuses on physical training assessment, disease perception, etc. Conclusion: Through visualizing relevant research with CiteSpace VI software in the form of a knowledge map, the research frontiers and trends in the field of cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease patients in China and abroad can be discovered more intuitively. Compared with foreign research, the development of cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease patients in China is relatively slow and insufficient, and institutions lack cooperation. In the future, China should accelerate the connection between regions in the field of cardiac rehabilitation and develop a cardiac rehabilitation model suitable for coronary heart disease patients in China with its own characteristics.

Cardiac rehabilitation knowledge in patients with coronary heart disease in Baoding city of China: A cross-sectional study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness on cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods: Inpatients diagnosed with coronary heart disease were recruited from 3 hospitals in this study.The study employed a cardiac structured questionnaire to assess respondents' level of awareness,and bivariate to analyze the sociodemographic factors that influence the awareness on CR.Results: Of all 500 participants,66.40% were male and the mean age was 62.51 ± 9.96 years.The mean score of knowledge was 44.00 ± 17.00 (score range: 0-93),and the mean level of awareness was 47.31%(awareness range: 0-100%).The highest mean level of awareness was in the reexamination subscale (98%) and the lower were in the basic information about CR program,SP optimized medication and heart rate subscale.Bivariate analysis showed that higher age was associated with less knowledge.Patients with higher education level and better income status had better knowledge.And patients who lived in rural and had no jobs had less knowledge.Conclusions: This study showed low levels of awareness on CR program in CHD patients in Baoding.Therefore,the need for health education is indicated in this study to improve the awareness on CR among CHD patients.

Review of Medical Treatment of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

Medical treatment is the initial treatment strategy and is the cornerstone of management in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (IHD). Many patients are not suitable for percutaneous or surgical revascularization because of unfavourable anatomy, or the presence of co-morbidities. In addition, many patients have recurrence of angina following revascularization due to restenosis or incomplete revascularization. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials comparing optimal medical treatment to revascularization have not clearly shown that myocardial revascularization is superior to optimal medical treatment. Traditional drugs for angina treatment include b-blockers, calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Newer drugs are available with different mechanisms of action and with equal efficacy that do not cause significant hemodynamic deterioration. The availability of these newer drugs expands the therapeutic potential of medical treatment to even a wider population with stable IHD. Revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease has never been shown to reduce hard endpoints (death or myocardial infarction) in randomized clinical trials.

Optimal scheme of Shengmai Injection in the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease based on Louvain algorithm: A real world study

Objective:To explore the optimal scheme of Shengmai Injection combined with other drugs for clinical doctors.Methods:Based on the large-scale data warehouse established by the institute of Clinical Basic Medicine,Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,the hospital information system of 22 large-scale tertiary hospitals in China was collected and 1751 patients with angina pectoris who were treated with Shengmai Injection were selected.Louvain algorithm and complex network analysis are used to build the model to summarize the rule of Shengmai Injection in the treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease.Results:On the basis of Shengmai Injection,according to the symptom treatment of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease,nitrates or Suxiao Jiuxin Pill was used to dilate coronary artery;for the treatment of risk factors of angina pectoris,a combination of"insulin+acarbose+bisoprolol+nifedipine+captopril+estazolam"was used to control blood glucose and blood pressure;"Ganmao Qingre Granule+levofloxacin"to treat upper respiratory tract infection and other medication regimens were used as well.For the complications of angina pectoris of coronary heart disease,"furosemide+spironolactone+potassium chloride+magnesium sulfate"was used to reduce edema and“isosorbide nitrate+metoprolol+Shenmai injection+Wenxin Granule"was used to improve symptom of heart failure of qi and yin deficiency type.Conclusion:The therapeutic regimen of Shengmai Injection combined with traditional chinese medicine and western medicine is basically consistent with the current guidelines,but more clinical studies are still needed to explore more effective combination therapy.

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing phase Ⅲ rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial (with video)

Objective:To explore the effectiveness and safety of cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise in stable coronary artery disease(CAD)patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial.A total of 59 stable CAD patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation treated in Sports Medicine Hospital from March 2017 to September 2017 were enrolled after meeting the inclusion criteria and then divided into cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise group(n=30)receiving a 12-week intervention and control group(n=29).All participants were assessed at baseline and at 12-week intervention for the primary outcome,that was treadmill test parameter and the secondary outcomes including physical fitness,body composition,bone mineral density,and cardiac ultrasound B-mode imaging.Results:There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the two groups.After a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise intervention,compared with the control group,ΔV02(initial 1352.63±340.95 vs 12 weeks 1594.57±467.14)vs(initial 1363.83±322.90 vs 12 weeks 1323.76±318.92)(P=.003),ΔVO2/kg(initial 21.23±3.56 vs 12 weeks 24.75±5.11)vs(initial 21.01±3.71 vs 12 weeks 20.35±3.66)(P=.002),ΔMETS(initial 6.19±1.12 vs 12 weeks 7.16±1.60)vs(initial 6.00±1.19 vs 12 weeks 5.86±1.23)(P=.001),ΔVO2/HR(P=.027),ΔSV(P=.014),ΔOUES(P=.012),Δhand-grip strength(P=.002),Δflexibility(P=.001),Δbalance(P=.002),ΔT-score(P=.042),ΔBQI(P=.018).However,Δresting systolic blood pressure(P=.004)andΔresting diastolic pressure(P=.012)decreased in the cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise group.Conclusion:Cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise can improve cardiopulmonary aerobic capacity,physical fitness,bone mineral density in patients with stable CAD,suggesting that certain effect and safety for stable CAD patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation can be obtained.

Evidence-based optimization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies for prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease： design and implementation

As a chronic disease that seriously endangers public health, the number of coronary heart disease （CHD） patients in China has increased in recent years. There is great potentiality to integrate traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies to prevent and treat CHD in clinical practice. However, most of the current integrated therapies still lack sufficient high-quality evidence, and the key links in how to apply are unclear. It is urgent to optimize them through evidence-based research to further improve the effectiveness. Therefore, we propose strategies to conduct evidence-based optimization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapies in prevention and treatment of progressive cardiovascular diseases. These are integrated clinical trial design, attention to the key links of taking effect, combination of clinical and basic research. Based on the strategies, we started the national key research and development project ＂Evidence-based optimization research of TCM therapies in prevention and treatment of CHD （angina pectoris - myocardial infarction - heart failure）＂, which is expected to be a new paradigm in the field.

Lifestyle changes in coronary heart disease—Effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs with focus on intensity, duration and content—A systematic review

Background: Although coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death worldwide the literature shows a wide variation in the arrangement of cardiac rehabilitation and achieved lifestyle changes. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intensity (number of patient follow-ups), duration (length of intervention) and content in cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) regarding lifestyle changes in patients with CHD. Method: A systematic literature review of articles published in the databases PubMed and CINAHL between 1990 and 2007 was conducted. This resulted in 1120 hits of which 25 articles finally met the set criteria for inclusion. Results: The majority of significant positive results on lifestyle factors were shown among the studies describing high intensity and long duration. Included studies showed a wide variation in content, but four different interventions (informative content, educational content, practical content, behavioral and self care-oriented content) emerged. The group of studies which contained all four interventions focused on most lifestyle factors and achieved the most significant positive results. Conclusion: This systematic literature review shows that CRP should include high intensity, long duration and an intervention content covering information, knowledge, practical training, self care-activity and behavior changes in order to achieve effect on all four lifestyle factors of diet, physical activity and exercise, smoking and stress. Lifestyle changes can be reached in less lifestyle factors, with a longer duration and a variation of intensity of contacts but in combining with an informative and educational content with an additional content of a practical nature or self activity.

A systematic review of the effect of mobile health on cardiac rehabilitation among coronary heart disease patients

Objective： Mobile health （mHealth） provides an innovative and effective approach to promote prevention and management of coronary heart disease. However, the magnitude of its effects is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the impact of mHealth-based cardiac rehabilitation outcomes among coronary heart disease patients. Methods： Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, NICE, and Cochrane library were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2002 and March 2017 which compared mHealth with conventional cardiac rehabilitation programs among coronary heart disease patients. Results： Eight articles were included in this review. The impact of mHealth interventions on physical activity, medicine adherence, smoking cessation, level of anxiety, and quality of life was inconsistent among the articles. Conclusions： Further research is needed to conclusively determine the impact of mHealth interventions on cardiac rehabilitation outcomes. The limitations of the included studies （e.g., inadequate sample size, failure to address the core components of cardiac rehabilitation programs, and lack of theory-based design） should be taken into account when designing future studies.

Effect of exercise rehabilitation combined with trimetazidine on endothelial function, inflammatory response and blood lipid metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI

Objective:To study the effect of exercise rehabilitation combined with trimetazidine on endothelial function, inflammatory response and blood lipid metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: The patients with stable angina pectoris who received PCI in our hospital between July 2015 and November 2017 were chosen and randomly divided into the observation group who received postoperative exercise rehabilitation combined with trimetazidine and the control group who received conventional intervention combined with trimetazidine. The reactive hyperemia index (RHI) as well as serum contents of endothelial markers, inflammatory cytokines and blood lipid indexes were determined before intervention and after intervention for 3 months.Results:After intervention for 3 months, the RHI levels as well as serum NO, HDL-C and Omentin-1 contents of both groups significantly increased while serum ET-1, vWF, M-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, LDL-C and Chemerin contents significantly decreased;the RHI level as well as serum NO, HDL-C and Omentin-1 contents of the observation group was significantly higher than those of the control group while serum ET-1, vWF, M-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, LDL-C and Chemerin contents were significantly lower than those of the control group.Conclusion:Exercise rehabilitation combined with trimetazidine can improve the endothelial function, inhibit the inflammatory response and regulate the blood lipid metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI.

Plasma levels of omentin-1 and visfatin in senile patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure

Objective:To investigate the alteration of plasma levels of omentin-1 and visfatin in elderly patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)and heart failure.Methods:Plasma omentin-1 and visfatin levels were measured in 90 subjects(29 stable angina pectoris(SAP)cases,30 unstable angina pectoris(UAP)cases and 31 age-and sex-matched healthy controls(age≥60 years)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.According to the New York Heart Association classification.59 CHDs were divided into three groups:functional I class,11 cases;functional II/III class,36 cases;and functional IV class,12 cases.Results:The plasma level of omentin-1in CHO patients was significantly lower than thai of the control group.Otnenlin-lin SAP group and UAP group were significantly lower compared to the control group(there was no statistical significance between UAP group and SAP group;P>0.05).The plasma level of visfatin in CHD patients was significandy higher than that of the control group.Similarly,visfatin in SAP group and UAP group were all significantly higher compared to the control group,while there was no statistical significance between UAP group,and SAP group.The plasma omentin-1 level was negatively correlated with SBP(r=-0.264,P<0.05),positively correlated with HDL-c level(r=0.271,P<0.05);the plasma visfatin level was positively correlated with TC(r=0.292,P<0.05),negatively correlated with HDL-c level(r=-0.266,P<0.05).There was a negative correlation between plasma omentin-1 and visfatin levels(r=-0.280,P<0.05).Moreover,multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that omentin-1 and visfatin levels might be affected by HDL-c level.Logistic regression analysis showed that visfatin could be an independent risk factor of CHD.Conclusions:Decreased levels of omentin-1 and increased levels of visfatin may be involved in the occurrence and development of CHD.Omentin-1 and visfatin,independently,may be protective and pro-inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,both omentin-1 and visfatin may be related to lipid metabolism.Visfatin may be an independent risk factor of CHD.

Novel Imaging Approaches for the Diagnosis of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease in Women

Conventional recommendations for diagnostic testing for the evaluation of stable ischemic heart disease in women have largely paralleled those in men.Although they are designed primarily for the identifi cation of obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD),traditional approaches can lead to overtesting in women without differentiating who is truly at risk.Several unique factors related to the presentation,diagnosis,and underlying pathophysiology of stable ischemic heart disease in women necessitate a more specific approach to the assessment of their risk,complete with separate guidelines when appropriate.This overview highlights how advanced noninvasive imaging tools,including cardiac computed tomography angiography,positron emission tomography,and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,are enabling very sensitive assessments of anatomic atherosclerotic plaque burden,macrovessel-and microvessel-related ischemia,and myocardial fi brosis,respectively.Moving forward,effective diagnostic testing will need to identify women at high risk of adverse cardiovascular events(not anatomically obstructive CAD per se)without overtesting those at low risk.Judicious application of novel imaging approaches will be critical to broadening the defi nitions of CAD and ischemia to better refl ect the whole spectrum of pathological phenotypes in women,including nonobstructive CAD and coronary microvascular dysfunction,and aid in the development of needed evidence-based strategies for their management.

Contemporary Management of Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

The overall goals of therapy for patients with stable ischemic heart disease are to minimize the likelihood of death while maximizing health and function.Initial risk assessment with noninvasive testing is indicated to determine whether invasive evaluation is needed in addition to medical therapy.All patients with stable ischemic heart disease need optimal medical therapy,which includes risk factor management with lifestyle modifi cations and pharmacologic therapy.First-line pharmacologic therapy is focused on preventing myocardial infarction and death with antiplatelet agents,lipid-lowering therapy,and antihypertensive therapies.In addition,antianginal therapy and anti-ischemic therapy are indicated to alleviate symptoms,reduce ischemia,and improve quality of life.The commonly used antianginal agents include nitrates,beta-blockers,calcium channel blockers,and ranolazine.When medical therapy is not adequate to relieve angina,revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting is indicated.We review the indications and evidence for antianginal agents and other therapies for angina.

Research Progress on the Influence of Movement Instruction on Community Life in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

The incidence of coronary heart disease increases year by year with the material level of our country.It has a harmful effect on the patient’s life health and quality of life.Movement Instruction is an important aspect of the secondary prevention project of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease.Although it has a history of decades at inland and abroad,the present situation in China is not optimistic.Some studies have shown that the popularization and participation of cardiac rehabilitation is true and lacking.This paper sums up the relevant knowledge of coronary heart disease,coronary heart disease movement instruction and its impact on community life of patients at home and abroad,and reviews the research results of movement instruction on community rehabilitation of coronary heart disease in recent years,which provides a theoretical reference and prospect for the future research of community exercise rehabilitation of coronary heart disease.

Stable ischemic heart disease in the older adults

1 Introduction Ischemic heart disease is caused by atherosclerotic and/or thrombotic obstruction of coronary arteries. Clinical spec- trum of ischemic heart disease expands from asymptomatic atherosclerosis of coronary arteries to acute coronary syn- dromes （ACS） including unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction （non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction）. Stable ischemic heart dis- ease （SIHD） refers to patients with known or suspected SIHD who have no recent or acute changes in their symp- tomatic status, suggesting no active thrombotic process is underway.

Quo vadis cardiac rehabilitation;the role of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in modern cardiology

In accordance with the guidelines established by prominent European and global cardiology associations,comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation(CR)stands as an officially endorsed and highly recommended therapeutic approach(class I recommendations;level of evidence A)for a diverse spectrum of cardiac patients.Nevertheless,it is a cause for concern to observe that fewer than 50%of eligible patients are being effectively referred for CR,whether in an outpatient or in-patient setting.Concurrently,studies reveal that a substantial proportion of individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease maintain unhealthy lifestyles and exhibit suboptimal management of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors,including hypertension,lipid levels,and diabetes.Beyond the conven-tional patient profile encompassing those recovering from acute coronary syndrome with or without percutaneous coronary intervention,as well as patients who have undergone coronary or valvular surgery,contemporary CR now emphasizes specialized subgroups of patients.These include frail elderly patients,the female population with its unique considerations,individuals burdened by multiple cardiovascular comorbidities,those who have developed psychological consequences due to a cardiac illness and particularly those grappling with chronic heart failure.This editorial seeks to offer a state-of-the-art assessment of the significance and role of comprehensive CR within modern cardiology.

Rehabilitation training improves exercise tolerance after percutaneous coronary intervention

The aim of this present study was to investigate the effects of training on exercise tolerance of patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention.Fifty-seven cases of coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention were divided randomly into the rehabilitation training group（26 cases） and control group（31 cases）.Patients in the rehabilitation training group received rehabilitation training at different stages and exercise intensities 3 d after percutaneous coronary intervention for 3 months.The heart rate,blood pressure,ECG changes in treadmill exercise test,and the frequency of anginal episodes were observed.The results showed that NST and ΣST of ECG and the frequency of anginal episodes were significantly reduced in the rehabilitation training group.In addition,exercise tolerance was improved and the total exercise time was lengthened in these patients.Moreover,ST segment depression time and emergence time of angina with exercise were also lengthened compared with controls（P 〈 0.05,or 0.01）.However,the heart rate and blood pressure before and after exercise of the two groups were similar.The study indicated that rehabilitation training could significantly relieve angina,amend ischemic features of ECG,and improve exercise tolerance of coronary heart disease patients after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Application of appropriate use criteria for percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan

The aim of this review was to summarize the concept of appropriate use criteria(AUC) regarding percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) and document AUC use and impact on clinical practice in Japan, in comparison with its application in the United States. AUC were originally developed to subjectively evaluate the indications and performance of various diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, including revascularization techniques. Over the years, application of AUC has significantly impacted patient selection for PCI in the United States, particularly in non-acute settings. After the broad implementation of AUC in 2009, the rate of inappropriate PCI decreased by half by 2014. The effect was further accentuated by incorporation of financial incentives(e.g., restriction of reimbursement for inappropriate procedures). On the other hand, when the United States-derived AUC were applied to Japanese patients undergoing elective PCI from 2008 to 2013, about one-third were classified as inappropriate, largely due to the perception gap between American and Japanese experts. For example, PCI for low-risk non-left atrial ascending artery lesion was more likely to be classified as appropriate by Japanese standards, and anatomical imaging with coronary computed tomography angiography was used relatively frequently in Japan, but no scenario within the current AUC includes this modality. To extrapolate the current AUC to Japan or any other region outside of the United States, these local discrepancies must be taken into consideration, and scenarios should be revised to reflect contemporary practice. Understanding the concept of AUC as well as its perception gap between different counties will result in the broader implementation of AUC, and lead to the quality improvement of patients' care in the field of coronary intervention.