The dynamic changes and mechanisms of Rehmanniae radix processing based on Maillard reaction

Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.

A NEW ALKALOID FROM THE ROOTS OF REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA

The present phytochenucal study was undertaken to investigate the chemical constituents of the 95%EtOH extract of the dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa.The compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20,Toyopearl HW-40,silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC,and the structures were identified on

Effect of Hoechunyangkyeok-San Extract on Melanogenesis

Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. Hoechunyangkyeok-san (Forsythia viridissima-prescription) is a traditional herbal medicine, which has been clinically used for treating febrile and inflammatory disorders. This work was carried out to investigate the skin whitening effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extract (a hydrolyzed extract of Hoechunyangkyeok-san: SID White HYC) on skin. The effects of SID White HYC were assessed the melanin contents in B161 melanoma cells and the pigmented equivalent with HMB45 and Fontana Masson staining in 3D skin model. Then, we examined the expression of major pigment enzymes regulating melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. SID White HYC significantly inhibited the melanin synthesis (56.7% and 30.6% inhibition at 100 μg/mL, intracellular and secreted, respectively) in B16F1 cells and 3D skin model. In addition, western blotting analysis showed that SID White HYC reduced the expression of melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. In clinical trials, the cream containing 0.05% SID White HYC showed skin depigmentation effect without any irritation. These results suggest that SID White HYC may be useful inhibition of melanogenesis and melanosome transport. Therefore, SID White HYC may have potential as a skin-whitening ingredient in cosmetics.

Chemical comparison of dried rehmannia root and prepared rehmannia root by UPLC-TOF MS and HPLC-ELSD with multivariate statistical analysis

To identify the chemical differences which lead to the different therapeutic effects of dried rehmannia root(DRR)and prepared rehmannia root(PRR),we compared the chemical composition of decoctions of randomly purchased DRR and PRR using ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)coupled with time-of-fight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with evaporative light scattering detection(ELSD)with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis.Both approaches clearly revealed compositional and quantitative differences between DRR and PRR.UPLC-MS data indicated stachyose,rehmaiono-side A(or rehmaionoside B),acteoside(or forsythiaside,or isoacteoside),6-O-coumaroylajugol(or 6-O-E-feruloylajugol,or 6-O-Z-feruloylajugol)as important discriminators between DRR and PRR decoctions.HPLC-ELSD analysis showed that the content of fructose in the decoctions of PRR was about four times greater than that of DRR(P<10^(-5)),while sucrose content in the decoctions of PRR was only about one seventh of that in DRR(P<0.01).Our results suggest that some compounds,such as fructose,stachyose and rehmaionoside,may be responsible for the differing therapeutic effects of DRR and PRR.Furthermore,improvements in quality control for PRR,which is currently lacking in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,are recommended.