Analytical study of performance evaluation for seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete building using 3D dynamic nonlinear finite element analysis

This paper presents three-dimensional finite element （FE） analyses of an all-frame model of a three-story reinforced concrete （RC） building damaged in the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake. Non-structural brick walls of the building acted as a seismic resistant element although their contributions were neglected in the design. Hence, the entire structure of a typical frame was modeled and static and dynamic nonlinear analyses were conducted to evaluate the contributions of the brick walls. However, the results of the analyses were considerably overestimated due to coarse mesh discretizations, which were unavoidable due to limited computer resources. This study corrects the overestimations by modifying （1） the tensile strengths and （2） shear stiffness reduction factors of concrete and brick. The results indicate that brick walls improve frame strength although shear failures are caused in columns shortened by spandrel walls. Then, the effectiveness of three types of seismic retrofits is evaluated. The maximum drift of the first floor is reduced by 89.3%, 94.8%, and 27.5% by Steel-confined, FuI1-RC, and Full-brick models, respectively. Finally, feasibility analyses of models with soils were conducted. The analyses indicated that the soils elongate the natural period of building models although no significant differences were observed.

Nonlinear seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete tube in tube structure

Super-highly reinforced concrete tube in tube structure is a developing structure system of high-rise building. The more reasonable derivation process of the multi-vertical-line-element model stiffness matrix is given.On the premise of pointing out the problems of present multi-spring element model, combined with present multivertical-line-element model for analyzing on shear wall, the model is expanded to spatial one, and the stiffness matrix of which is derived. Combined with hysteretic axial model and hysteretic shear model, it is suitable for columns,wall limbs and beams with all kinds of section form. Some examples are calculated and compared with test results,which shows that the models have relatively good accuracy. On the base of the experimental phenomenon and failure mechanism for tube in tube structure specimen, nonlinear seismic responses analysis program on the basis of the advantaged element model for tube in tube structure is developed. Calculation results are in good agreement with those of the pseudo-dynamic tests and the failure mechanism can be well reflected.

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RECTANGULAR SLABS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete rectangular slabs undermonotonic transverse loads is performed by finite element method.The layered rectangu-lar element with 4 nodes and 20 degrees of freedom is developed,in whichbending-stretching coupling effect is taken into account.An orthotropic equivalentuniaxial stress-strain constitutive model of concrete is used.A program is worked out andused to calculate two reinforced concrete slabs.The results of calculation are in goodconformity with the corresponding test results.In addition,the influence of tension stif-fening effect of cracked concrete on the results of calculation is discussed.

Self-centering seismic retrofit scheme for reinforced concrete frame structures:SDOF system study

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation. For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces (BRB) is also considered in this paper. The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building. A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures. The parametric study involves two key parameters -the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame. An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study. The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit. It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme (SCRS) can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme (BHRS) in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.

Earthquake simulation test of circular reinforced concrete bridge column under multidirectional seismic excitation

Structures behave multi-directionally when subjected to earthquake excitation. Thus, it is essential to evaluate the effect of multidirectional loading on the dynamic response and seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns in order to develop more advanced and reliable design procedures. To investigate such effects, a 1/4 scaled circular reinforced concrete bridge column specimen was tested under two horizontal and one vertical components of a strong motion that has long duration with several strong pulses. Damage progress of reinforced concrete columns subjected to strong excitation was evaluated from the test. The test results demonstrate that the lateral force response in the principal directions become smaller than computed flexural capacity due to the bilateral flexural loading effects, and that the lateral response is not significantly affected by the fluctuation of the axial force because the horizontal response and axial force barely reached the maximum simultaneously due to difference of the predominant natural periods between the vertical and the horizontal directions. Accuracy of fiber analyses is discussed using the test results.

Quantitative approach for damage detection of reinforced concrete frames

The objective of this paper is to provide an analytical basis for the quantitative evaluation of damage to a reinforced concrete structure based on the vibration data obtained by using the damage detection technique. A partial reinforced concrete system of a weak beam/strong column moment frame is chosen as an example. A pushover analysis is carried out in order to numerically examine both the story shear-relative displacement characteristics and the associated damage level. In the analysis, a two dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis is employed considering several constitutive models. As a result, the degradation of the stiffness at the damaged story is characterized in association with the story relative displacement. It is also pointed out that the rotation angle of the column-base is highly correlated with the story relative displacement. Based on the analytical findings, quantitative approaches for a structural health monitoring system are suggested considering both the current sensor technologies and those available in the future. Keywords nonlinear FEM analysis - structural health monitoring - reinforced concrete structure - story stiffness - rotation angle of column-base Supported by: Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Base Research (c) (1), Research No. 14550555)

Seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete frame structures using GFRP-tube-confined-concrete composite braces

This paper presents a new type of structural bracing intended for seismic retrofitting use in framed structures. This special composite brace, termed glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer （GFRP）-tube-confined-concrete composite brace, is comprised of concrete confined by a GFRP tube and an inner steel core for energy dissipation. Together with a contribution from the GFRP-tube confined concrete, the composite brace shows a substantially increased stiffness to control story drift, which is often a preferred feature in seismic retrofitting. An analysis model is established and implemented in a general finite element analysis program - OpenSees, for simulating the load-displacement behavior of the composite brace. Using this model, a parametric study of the hysteretic behavior （energy dissipation, stiffness, ductility and strength） of the composite brace was conducted under static cyclic loading and it was found that the area ratio of steel core to concrete has the greatest influence among all the parameters considered. To demonstrate the application of the composite brace in seismic retrofitting, a three-story nonductile reinforced concrete （RC） frame structure was retrofitted with the composite braces. Pushover analysis and nonlinear time-history analyses of the retrofitted RC frame structure was performed by employing a suite of 20 strong ground motion earthquake records. The analysis results show that the composite braces can effectively reduce the peak seismic responses of the RC frame structure without significantly increasing the base shear demand.

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of reinforced concrete load bearing wall structures

Reinforced concrete(RC) load bearing wall is widely used in high-rise and mid-rise buildings. Due to the number of walls in plan and reduction in lateral force portion, this system is not only stronger against earthquakes, but also more economical. The effect of progressive collapse caused by removal of load bearing elements, in various positions in plan and stories of the RC load bearing wall system was evaluated by nonlinear dynamic and static analyses. For this purpose, three-dimensional model of 10-story structure was selected. The analysis results indicated stability, strength and stiffness of the RC load-bearing wall system against progressive collapse. It was observed that the most critical condition for removal of load bearing walls was the instantaneous removal of the surrounding walls located at the corners of the building where the sections of the load bearing elements were changed. In this case, the maximum vertical displacement was limited to 6.3 mm and the structure failed after applying the load of 10 times the axial load bored by removed elements. Comparison between the results of the nonlinear dynamic and static analyses demonstrated that the "load factor" parameter was a reasonable criterion to evaluate the progressive collapse potential of the structure.

Full－range nonlinear analysis of fatigue behaviors of reinforced concrete structures by finite element method

The offshore reinforced concrete structures are always subject to cyclic load, such as wave load.In this paper a new finite element analysis model is developed to analyze the stress and strain state of reinforced concrete structures including offshore concrete structures, subject to any number of the cyclic load. On the basis of the anal ysis of the experimental data,this model simplifies the number of cycles-total cyclic strain curve of concrete as three straight line segments,and it is assumed that the stress-strain curves of different cycles in each segment are the same, thus the elastoplastic analysis is only needed for the first cycle of each segment, and the stress or strain corresponding to any number of cycles can be obtained by superposition of stress or strain obtained by the above e lastoplastic analysis based on the cyclic numbers in each segment.This model spends less computer time,and can obtain the stress and strain states of the structures after any number of cycles.The endochronic-damage and ideal offshore concrete platform subject to cyclic loading are experimented and analyzed by the finite element method based on the model proposed in this paper. The results between the experiment and the finite element analysis are in good agreement,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.

Arc-length technique for nonlinear finite element analysis

Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.

钢筋混凝土T梁受弯性能试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土T梁的受弯性能,笔者设计了全长3.6m的T梁试验模型,采用模型试验与有限元分析方法开展研究。研究结果表明,混凝土T梁的受弯破坏模式与混凝土矩形梁不同,表现为主钢筋屈服、荷载不再增长;T梁破坏时,受压区混凝土已经进入塑性阶段,但是并未达到极限压应变;采用非线性有限元分析得到的受弯破坏模式、荷载-变形曲线与试验测试结果吻合较好,极限荷载模拟值与试验值的相对误差为4.52%,文中采用的有限元模拟方法能够准确模拟钢筋混凝土T梁的受弯行为。

装配式钢筋混凝土框架薄壳结构抗震性能研究

为了实现抗震性能好、节约建材的结构体系,设计了框架薄壳结构代替框架梁板结构。与框架梁板结构相比,框架薄壳结构能有效减少建筑材料用量。多条不同强度地震波作用下的弹塑性动力时程分析结果表明,在多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震作用下,框架薄壳结构最大层间位移角的包络线值分别为1/1760、1/543和1/238,框架薄壳结构可以达到“三水准”的抗震设防目标。在强震作用下,框架薄壳结构的框架柱大部分处于轻度损坏状态,部分处于无损状态。少数封边梁处于重度损坏和轻微损坏状态,大部分封边梁处于无损坏状态;牛腿和预应力钢束处于无损状态;少部分薄壳轻微受损,大部分未受损;结构的整体抗震性能良好。

The role of soil in structure response of a building damaged by the 26 December 2018 earthquake in Italy

Local soil conditions can significantly modify the seismic motion expected on the soil surface.In most cases,the indications concerning the influence of the underlying soil provided by the in-force European and Italian Building Codes underestimate the real seismic amplification effects.For this reason,numerical analyses of the local seismic response(LSR)have been encouraged to estimate the soil filtering effects.These analyses are generally performed in free-field conditions,ignoring the presence of superstructures and,therefore,the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction(DSSI).Moreover,many studies on DSSI are characterised by a sophisticated modelling of the structure and an approximate modelling of the soil(using springs and dashpots at the foundation level);while others are characterised by a sophisticated modelling of the soil and an approximate modelling of the structure(considered as a simple linear elastic structure or a single degree of freedom system).This paper presents a set of finite element method(FEM)analyses on a fully-coupled soil-structure system for a reinforced concrete building located in Fleri(Catania,Italy).The building,designed for gravity loads only,was severely damaged during the 26 December 2018 earthquake.The soil was modelled considering an equivalent visco-elastic behaviour,while the structure was modelled assuming both the visco-elastic and visco-inelastic behaviours.The comparison made between the results of the FEM analyses and the observed damage is valuable.

Influence of Vertical Irregularity on the Seismic Behavior of Base Isolated RC Structures with Lead Rubber Bearings under Pulse-Like Earthquakes

Nowadays,an extensive number of studies related to the performance of base isolation systems implemented in regular reinforced concrete structures subjected to various types of earthquakes can be found in the literature.On the other hand,investigations regarding the irregular base-isolated reinforced concrete structures’performance when subjected to pulse-like earthquakes are very scarce.The severity of pulse-like earthquakes emerges from their ability to destabilize the base-isolated structure by remarkably increasing the displacement demands.Thus,this study is intended to investigate the effects of pulse-like earthquake characteristics on the behavior of low-rise irregular base-isolated reinforced concrete structures.Within the study scope,investigations related to the impact of the pulse-like earthquake characteristics,irregularity type,and isolator properties will be conducted.To do so,different values of damping ratios of the base isolation system were selected to investigate the efficiency of the lead rubber-bearing isolator.In general,the outcomes of the study have shown the significance of vertical irregularity on the performance of base-isolated structures and the considerable effect of pulse-like ground motions on the buildings’behavior.

钢筋混凝土结构裂缝宽度计算

钢筋混凝土结构内部初始微裂缝分布和扩展的非线性特征较为明显,合理估计混凝土劣化过程中的损伤范围和裂缝宽度对减少工程经济损失、保证结构安全运行具有重要意义。在建立四参数等效应变和应变空间四参数破坏准则的基础上,求解混凝土结构在复杂多轴应力状态下的损伤变量,通过应变分解方法得到混凝土非连续开裂部分的相关信息后,根据损伤力学和弥散裂缝理论推导结构损伤开裂全过程的裂缝宽度表达式,以四点弯曲梁为例进行有限元计算。结果表明,上述方法能细致描述钢筋混凝土梁从加载到破坏整个受力过程的变形特征和开裂规律,数值模拟结果与试验数据较为吻合,验证了计算模型的合理性和准确性。研究结果可为实际工程中钢筋混凝土结构的维修和加固提供决策依据。

钢筋混凝土柱二阶配筋的不同计算方法对比

计算钢筋混凝土柱的配筋,需要迭代求解材料非线性和几何非线性问题,不便实际应用。基于混凝土和钢筋的本构关系,根据截面应变求解精确的截面内力-曲率关系,简化杆件变形曲线为二次抛物线来计算外部作用。根据精确的截面内力-曲率曲线和外部作用曲线的特点,分别按照我国《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2010)和欧洲规范(Eurocode 2),对截面的极限曲率进行了简化,最后绘制了计算杆件二阶总弯矩和配筋的总诺模图。通过具体算例对比分析,结果显示欧洲规范的简化与精确值更相符,且更经济。

混凝土密肋式锥面网壳的几何非线性分析

混凝土密肋式锥面网壳是通过将圆锥面等分成密肋平板后,再由其在谷(脊)线处交汇形成的新型空间结构。为掌握该类结构的稳定性,在弹性稳定分析的基础上,采用弧长法进行几何非线性分析。并讨论矢跨比、边梁刚度、初始几何缺陷等因素对结构承载力的影响。结果表明:结构薄弱部位主要为谷线跨中与密肋平板交汇处;屈曲失稳具有壳体结构的特征,在跳跃失稳后承载力急剧下降;矢跨比的增大会降低结构极限承载力;因边梁作为主要传力构件在增大其刚度时,能有效提高结构整体刚度;脊(谷)线梁刚度和屋面板板厚的变化对提高结构整体稳定贡献较小;增大密肋梁刚度会有效增强结构抵抗失稳能力;初始几何缺陷对结构极限承载力影响较小,将幅值L/300作为结构可接受的最大初始缺陷。对此类结构进行稳定承载力公式的拟合,发现其误差在工程精度可接受的范围之内。

主要设计参数对规则RC框架结构抗连续倒塌性能的影响

连续倒塌是指由意外事件造成工程结构的局部破坏并形成连锁反应,最终导致结构大范围破坏甚至整体倒塌,其中结构系统的冗余承载力对其抗连续倒塌性能具有显著影响。为满足工程快速评估的需要,分析、总结了主要设计参数对规则框架结构抗连续倒塌性能的影响规律。按照规范设计了18个典型钢筋混凝土(RC)规则框架,分别考虑了不同抗震设防烈度、结构总楼层数、结构跨度3个主要设计参数对结构冗余承载力的影响;采用纤维梁模型建立了所有典型框架的有限元模型,其中梁采用T形截面建模考虑有效翼缘宽度范围内楼板的贡献;采用非线性动力拆除构件法分析了框架在不同部位发生初始破坏时的连续倒塌响应,以及主要设计参数对结构连续倒塌影响的规律。

装配式钢骨混凝土组合柱非线性静力分析

本文借助ABAQUS有限元软件,对9个装配式钢骨混凝土组合柱模型进行了单调加载仿真分析,研究了不同剪跨比、轴压比对试件承载力、初始刚度和延性的影响规律。结果表明,不同剪跨比和轴压比影响下,装配式钢骨混凝土组合柱具有良好的承载能力、初始刚度以及塑性变形性能,整个加载过程中具有明显弹性、弹塑性和破坏三个阶段。随着剪跨比的增大,试件受力性能降低明显,但试件仍能保持良好变形能力。随着轴压比增大,塑性变形能力与延性明显下降,承载力呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,当轴压比为3~4时,峰值承载力达到最大。在进行试件设计时应合理控制其轴压比。

核电厂严重事故下预应力混凝土安全壳极限承载力分析

安全壳作为反应堆和环境之间的实体屏障,需要在各种事故工况下能够防止或缓解放射性物质向环境的释放,其中严重事故下的极限承载能力是衡量安全壳完整性的重要指标。通过构建预应力混凝土安全壳结构模型,分别考虑材料本构模型、预应力损失和严重事故下的温度压力耦合效应,对不同内压载荷下安全壳的结构特性进行非线性有限元分析计算,并结合失效准则,研究安全壳极限承载力的确定方法。结果表明:安全壳极限承载力由设备闸门附近区域的应力水平控制,当内压增大到0.96 MPa时,安全壳筒壁混凝土全截面达到抗拉强度,大部分混凝土退出工作,当内压增大到1.21 MPa时,设备闸门附近的钢衬里出现一定的屈服,安全壳达到承载力极限状态。